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Duration of Humoral Immunity to Common Viral and Vaccine Antigens
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Maintenance of long-term antibody responses is critical for protective immunity against many pathogens. However, the duration of humoral immunity and the role played by memory B cells remain poorly defined. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody titers specific for viral antigens (vaccinia, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus) and nonreplicating antigens (tetanus and diphtheria) in 45 subjects for a period of up to 26 years. In addition, we measured antigen-specific memory B cells by means of limiting-dilution analysis, and we compared memory B-cell frequencies to their corresponding serum antibody levels. RESULTS: Antiviral antibody responses were remarkably stable, with half-lives ranging from an estimated 50 years for varicella-zoster virus to more than 200 years for other viruses such as measles and mumps. Antibody responses against tetanus and diphtheria antigens waned more quickly, with estimated half-lives of 11 years and 19 years, respectively. B-cell memory was long-lived, but there was no significant correlation between peripheral memory B-cell numbers and antibody levels for five of the eight antigens tested. CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide quantitative analysis of serologic memory for multiple antigens in subjects followed longitudinally over the course of more than one decade. In cases in which multiple exposures or repeated vaccinations were common, memory B-cell numbers did not correlate with antibody titers. This finding suggests that peripheral memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells may represent independently regulated cell populations and may play different roles in the maintenance of protective immunity.
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“It is likely that longer-term follow-up studies will reveal a further slowing of decay, with titres reaching a stable level analogous to humoral responses to other viral pathogens22,23.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Previous work has found that antibodies and memory B cells correlate for some vaccines or antigens, but do not correlate for many others (34).”
From Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals after mRNA vaccination (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“We focused on the RBD since it is the target of the majority of the more potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies discovered to date21–26.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Class 1 and 2 antibodies are among the most potent and also the most abundant antibodies7,8,21,22,25,39.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“The vaccines elicit antibody responses against the RBD, the major target of neutralizing antibodies21–26, in a manner that resembles natural infection.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Amanna, I. J., Carlson, N. E., & Slifka, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2007-11-08
- Volume
- 357
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1903-1915
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2128666074
- Cited by
- 1,286
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 17.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG023664)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR000163, P51RR000163, M01RR000334, UL1RR024140, RR024140, RR 000334)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- humoral immunity, antibody half-life, memory B cells, long-term antibody persistence, vaccine antigens, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, protective immunity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibodies, Viral, Antibody Formation, Antigens, Bacterial, Antigens, Viral, B-Lymphocytes, Diphtheria, Female, Half-Life, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Plasma Cells, Tetanus, Time Factors, Vaccines, Virus Diseases, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Lymphocyte Count
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