Heterogeneity and longevity of antibody memory to viruses and vaccines
Open accessAbstract
Determining the duration of protective immunity requires quantifying the magnitude and rate of loss of antibodies to different virus and vaccine antigens. A key complication is heterogeneity in both the magnitude and decay rate of responses of different individuals to a given vaccine, as well as of a given individual to different vaccines. We analyzed longitudinal data on antibody titers in 45 individuals to characterize the extent of this heterogeneity and used models to determine how it affected the longevity of protective immunity to measles, rubella, vaccinia, tetanus, and diphtheria. Our analysis showed that the magnitude of responses in different individuals varied between 12- and 200-fold (95% coverage) depending on the antigen. Heterogeneity in the magnitude and decay rate contribute comparably to variation in the longevity of protective immunity between different individuals. We found that some individuals have, on average, slightly longer-lasting memory than others-on average, they have higher antibody levels with slower decay rates. We identified different patterns for the loss of protective levels of antibodies to different vaccine and virus antigens. Specifically, we found that for the first 25 to 50 years, virtually all individuals have protective antibody titers against diphtheria and tetanus, respectively, but about 10% of the population subsequently lose protective immunity per decade. In contrast, at the outset, not all individuals had protective titers against measles, rubella, and vaccinia. However, these antibody titers wane much more slowly, with a loss of protective immunity in only 1% to 3% of the population per decade. Our results highlight the importance of long-term longitudinal studies for estimating the duration of protective immunity and suggest both how vaccines might be improved and how boosting schedules might be reevaluated.
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Longer-term follow-up will likely show further slowing of neutralizing antibody decay, with titres reaching a stable level similar to other viral pathogens.
“It is likely that longer-term follow-up studies will reveal a further slowing of decay, with titres reaching a stable level analogous to humoral responses to other viral pathogens22,23.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Antia, A., Ahmed, H., Handel, A., Carlson, N. E., Amanna, I. J., Antia, R., & Slifka, M.
- Affiliations
- Carleton College (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Najít Technologies (United States) (US)
- Oregon National Primate Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Antia, Rustom
- Slifka, Mark
- Venue
- PLOS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-08-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e2006601
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- PMC
- PMC6105026
- OpenAlex
- W2886131304
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 6.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- new_version (2018-08-22)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AI117891, GM111274, P51OD011092)
- Oregon National Primate Research Center (P51OD011092)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U54GM111274)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI132186, U19AI109948, R01AI110720, U19AI117891)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- antibody titers, antibody waning, individual heterogeneity, measles vaccine, rubella vaccine, smallpox vaccine, tetanus vaccine, diphtheria vaccine, vaccine immunogenicity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Antibodies, Viral, Child, Child, Preschool, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Immunologic Memory, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Viruses, Young Adult
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