Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUNDStudies have shown that long-term exposure to air pollution increases mortality.However, evidence is limited for air-pollution levels below the most recent National Ambient Air Quality Standards.Previous studies involved predominantly urban populations and did not have the statistical power to estimate the health effects in underrepresented groups. METHODSWe constructed an open cohort of all Medicare beneficiaries (60,925,443 persons) in the continental United States from the years 2000 through 2012, with 460,310,521 person-years of follow-up.Annual averages of fine particulate matter (particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm [PM 2.5 ]) and ozone were estimated according to the ZIP Code of residence for each enrollee with the use of previously validated prediction models.We estimated the risk of death associated with exposure to increases of 10 μg per cubic meter for PM 2.5 and 10 parts per billion (ppb) for ozone using a two-pollutant Cox proportionalhazards model that controlled for demographic characteristics, Medicaid eligibility, and area-level covariates. RESULTSIncreases of 10 μg per cubic meter in PM 2.5 and of 10 ppb in ozone were associated with increases in all-cause mortality of 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.1 to 7.5) and 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.2), respectively.When the analysis was restricted to person-years with exposure to PM 2.5 of less than 12 μg per cubic meter and ozone of less than 50 ppb, the same increases in PM 2.5 and ozone were associated with increases in the risk of death of 13.6% (95% CI, 13.1 to 14.1) and 1.0% (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.1), respectively.For PM 2.5 , the risk of death among men, blacks, and people with Medicaid eligibility was higher than that in the rest of the population. CONCLUSIONSIn the entire Medicare population, there was significant evidence of adverse effects related to exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone at concentrations below current national standards.This effect was most pronounced among self-identified racial minorities and people with low income.(Supported by the Health Effects Institute and others.)a bs tr ac t Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other estimates of relative risk for ambient ozone are even smaller; e.g., 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.04) and 1.01 (95% CI 0.9-1.1).
“Other estimates of relative risk are even smaller; e.g., 1.02 (95% CI 1.01–1.04) [74] and 1.01 (95% CI 0.9–1.1) [75].”
From Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
The Results (Cohort Analyses; page not provided) report a small ozone-associated mortality increase: 1.1% per 10 ppb, broadly consistent with a relative risk near 1.01. They give a 95% CI of 1.0%–1.2% for that increase, not a relative-risk CI of 0.9–1.1. The 1.02 estimate has a separate citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDi et al. analyzed the entire US Medicare population of 60 million older adults from 2000 through 2012 and found a positive association between annual averages of ozone and all-cause mortality rate.
“Di et al. (76) analyzed the entire US Medicare population of 60 million older adults from the years 2000 through 2012 and found a positive association between annual averages of ozone and all-cause mortality rate.”
From Ozone pollution: A Major health hazard worldwide (2019) · cites this paper as [76]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · see citing works
An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities
Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., & Speizer, F. E. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199312093292401 · Cited by 8,018 · see citing works
Brook, R. D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope, C. A., Brook, J. R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A. V., Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R. V., Mittleman, M. A., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1 · Cited by 6,548 · see citing works
Pope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thurston, G. D., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., & Godleski, J. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000108927.80044.7f · Cited by 2,592 · see citing works
Long-term ozone exposure and mortality
Jerrett, M., Burnett, R. T., Pope, C. A., Ito, K., Thurston, G., Krewski, D., Shi, Y., Calle, E., & Thun, M. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0803894 · Cited by 1,602 · see citing works
Beelen, R. M. J., Raaschou‐Nielsen, O., Stafoggia, M., Andersen, Z. J., Weinmayr, G., Hoffmann, B. H., Wolf, K., Samoli, E., Fischer, P. H., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62158-3 · Cited by 1,335 · see citing works
Krewski, D. R., Jerrett, M., Burnett, R. T., Ma, R., Hughes, E., Shi, Y., Turner, M. C., Pope, C. A., Thurston, G. D., Calle, E. E., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Lepeule, J., Laden, F., Dockery, D., & Schwartz, J. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1104660 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in a large prospective study
Turner, M. C., Jerrett, M., Pope, C. A., Krewski, D., Gapstur, S. M., Diver, W. R., Beckerman, B. S., Marshall, J. D., Su, J., Crouse, D. L., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201508-1633oc · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Mortality and Exposure to Airborne Fine Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke
Pope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Krewski, D. R., Jerrett, M., Shi, Y., Calle, E. E., & Thun, M. J. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.857888 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Lee, E. W., Wei, L. J., Amato, D. A., & Leurgans, S. (1992) · Survival Analysis: State of the Art · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7983-4_14 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Crouse, D. L., Peters, P. A., van Donkelaar, A., Goldberg, M. S., Villeneuve, P. J., Brion, O., Khan, S., Atari, D. O., Jerrett, M., Pope, C. A., et al. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1104049 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Crouse, D. L., Peters, P. A., Hystad, P., Brook, J. R., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Villeneuve, P. J., Jerrett, M., Goldberg, M. S., Pope, C. A., et al. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1409276 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Di, Q., Kloog, I., Koutrakis, P., Lyapustin, A., Wang, Y., & Schwartz, J. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b06121 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Ostro, B. D., Hu, J., Goldberg, D. E., Reynolds, P., Hertz, A., Bernstein, L., & Kleeman, M. J. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1408565 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Shi, L., Zanobetti, A., Kloog, I., Coull, B. A., Koutrakis, P., Melly, S. J., & Schwartz, J. D. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1409111 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Mortality Associations with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution in a National English Cohort
Carey, I. M., Atkinson, R. W., Kent, A. J., van Staa, T. P., Cook, D. G., & Anderson, H. R. (2013) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1758oc · Cited by 305 · see citing works
A Multiyear Global Surface Wind Velocity Dataset Using SSM/I Wind Observations
Atlas, R. M., Hoffman, R. N., Bloom, S. C., Jusem, J. C., & Ardizzone, J. V. (1996) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Thurston, G. D., Ahn, J., Cromar, K. R., Shao, Y., Reynolds, H. R., Jerrett, M., Lim, C. C., Shanley, R. P., Park, Y., & Hayes, R. B. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1509676 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The Effect of Dose and Timing of Dose on the Association between Airborne Particles and Survival
Schwartz, J. D., Coull, B. A., Laden, F., & RYAN, L. M. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9955 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Pinault, L. L., Tjepkema, M., Crouse, D. L., Weichenthal, S., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Brauer, M. D., Chen, H., & Burnett, R. T. (2016) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0111-6 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Atkinson, R. W., Butland, B. K., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Heal, M. R., Stedman, J. R., Carslaw, N., Jarvis, D., Heaviside, C., Vardoulakis, S., Walton, H., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009493 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Long-term Exposure to PM2.5 and Mortality Among Older Adults in the Southeastern US
Wang, Y., Shi, L., Lee, M., Liu, P., Di, Q., Zanobetti, A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2016) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000614 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Mortality Displacement in the Association of Ozone with Mortality
Zanobetti, A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2007) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200706-823oc · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Estimating Causal Effects of Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure on Mortality in New Jersey
Wang, Y., Kloog, I., Coull, B. A., Kosheleva, A., Zanobetti, A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1409671 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Di, Q., Rowland, S. T., Koutrakis, P., & Schwartz, J. D. (2016) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10962247.2016.1200159 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality
Eftim, S., Samet, J. M., Janes, H., McDermott, A., & Dominici, F. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181632c09 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
PM2.5and mortality in 207 US cities
Kioumourtzoglou, M., Schwartz, J. D., James, P., Dominici, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000422 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Ozone, Fine Particulate Matter, and Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease Mortality in the United States
Hao, Y., Balluz, L. S., Strosnider, H. M., Wen, X. J., Li, C., & Qualters, J. R. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201410-1852oc · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Estimating the Causal Effect of Low Levels of Fine Particulate Matter on Hospitalization
Makar, M., Antonelli, J., Di, Q., Cutler, D., Schwartz, J. D., & Dominici, F. (2017) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000690 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Reassessing the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. urban communities
Smith, R. L., Xu, B., & Switzer, P. (2009) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958370903161612 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Spiegelman, D. L. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303377 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter
Burnett, R., Chen, H., Szyszkowicz, M., Fann, N., Hubbell, B., Pope, C. A., Apte, J. S., Brauer, M., Cohen, A., Weichenthal, S., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1803222115 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
Wu, X., Nethery, R. C., Sabath, M. B., Braun, D., & Dominici, F. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4049 · Cited by 1,976 · see citing works
Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions
McDonald, B. C., de Gouw, J. A., Gilman, J. B., Jathar, S. H., Akherati, A., Cappa, C. D., Jimenez, J. L., Lee-Taylor, J., Hayes, P. L., McKeen, S. A., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaq0524 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease
Rajagopalan, S., Al-Kindi, S. G., & Brook, R. D. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works
Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1
Joseph, P. G., Leong, D. P., McKee, M., Anand, S. S., Schwalm, J.-D., Teo, K. K., Mente, A., & Yusuf, S. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.308903 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Chen, J., & Hoek, G. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105974 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
The Imperative for Climate Action to Protect Health
Haines, A., & Ebi, K. L. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1807873 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Lelieveld, J., Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Pöschl, U., Fnais, M. S., Daiber, A., & Münzel, T. F. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz135 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Ozone pollution: A Major health hazard worldwide
Zhang, J. (., Wei, Y., & Fang, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02518 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Vohra, K., Vodonos, A., Schwartz, J. D., Marais, E. A., Sulprizio, M. P., & Mickley, L. J. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective
Lelieveld, J., Pozzer, A., Pöschl, U., Fnais, M., Haines, A., & Münzel, T. (2020) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
The acidity of atmospheric particles and clouds
Pye, H. O. T., Nenes, A., Alexander, B., Ault, A. P., Barth, M. C., Clegg, S. L., Collett, J. L., Fahey, K. M., Hennigan, C. J., Herrmann, H., et al. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Di, Q., Amini, H., Shi, L., Kloog, I., Silvern, R. F., Kelly, J. T., Sabath, M. B., Choirat, C., Koutrakis, P., Lyapustin, A., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104909 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
The changing risk and burden of wildfire in the United States
Burke, M., Driscoll, A., Heft‐Neal, S., Xue, J., Burney, J. A., & Wara, M. W. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011048118 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Association of short-term exposure to air pollution with mortality in older adults
Di, Q., Dai, L., Wang, Y., Zanobetti, A., Choirat, C., Schwartz, J. D., & Dominici, F. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.17923 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Self-citationParticulate Matter Air Pollution: Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Hamanaka, R. B., & Mutlu, G. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00680 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Air pollution exposure disparities across US population and income groups
Jbaily, A., Zhou, X., Liu, J., Lee, T.-H., Kamareddine, L., Verguet, S., & Dominici, F. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04190-y · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Estimating PM 2.5 Concentrations in the Conterminous United States Using the Random Forest Approach
Hu, X., Belle, J. H., Meng, X., Wildani, A., Waller, L. A., Strickland, M. J., & Liu, Y. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b01210 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
PM2.5 air pollution and cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality
Hayes, R. B., Lim, C., Zhang, Y., Cromar, K. R., Shao, Y., Reynolds, H. R., Silverman, D. T., Jones, R. R., Park, Y., Jerrett, M., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz114 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution in Developing Countries
Mannucci, P. M., & Franchini, M. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14091048 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Diener, A., & Mudu, P. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148605 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment
Khomenko, S., Cirach, M., Barboza, E. P., Mueller, N., Barrera‐Gómez, J., Rueda, D. R., de Hoogh, K., Hoek, G., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30272-2 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Global air pollution exposure and poverty
Rentschler, J., & Leonova, N. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Huangfu, P., & Atkinson, R. W. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105998 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
“5related risk of death that was three times greater than that of the overall population (Di et al. 2017).”
BackgroundFleming, Z. L., Doherty, R. M., von Schneidemesser, E., Malley, C. S., Cooper, O. R., Pinto, J. P., Colette, A., Xu, X., Simpson, D. M., Schultz, M. G., et al. (2018) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.273 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Comunian, S., Dongo, D., Milani, C., & Palestini, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124487 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Disparities in distribution of particulate matter emission sources by race and poverty status.
Mikati, I., Benson, A. F., Luben, T. J., Sacks, J. D., & Richmond-Bryant, J. (2018) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.304297 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Fine particulate air pollution and human mortality: 25+ years of cohort studies
Pope, C. A., Coleman, N. C., Pond, Z. A., & Burnett, R. T. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108924 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Abrupt but smaller than expected changes in surface air quality attributable to COVID-19 lockdowns
Shi, Z., Song, C., Liu, B., Lu, G., Xu, J., Vu, T. V., Elliott, R., Li, W., Bloss, W. J., & Harrison, R. M. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6696 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Stafoggia, M., Bellander, T., Bucci, S., Davoli, M., de Hoogh, K., de'Donato, F. K., Gariazzo, C., Lyapustin, A., Michelozzi, P., Renzi, M., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.016 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Effects of gaseous and solid constituents of air pollution on endothelial function
Münzel, T. F., Gori, T., Al-Kindi, S. G., Deanfield, J. E., Lelieveld, J., Daiber, A., & Rajagopalan, S. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy481 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Premature mortality related to United States cross-state air pollution
Dedoussi, I. C., Eastham, S. D., Monier, E., & Barrett, S. R. H. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1983-8 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990–2010
Liu, J., Clark, L. P., Bechle, M. J., Hajat, A., Kim, S., Robinson, A. L., Sheppard, L. A., Szpiro, A. A., & Marshall, J. D. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp8584 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Bowe, B., Xie, Y., Yan, Y., & Al-Aly, Z. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15834 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Xiao, Q., Chang, H. H., Geng, G., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02917 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Li, X., Cao, X., Guo, M., Xie, M., & Liu, X. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m234 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Stafoggia, M., Oftedal, B., Chen, J., Rodopoulou, S., Renzi, M., Atkinson, R. W., Bauwelinck, M., Klompmaker, J. O., Mehta, A., Vienneau, D., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00277-1 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Robust relationship between air quality and infant mortality in Africa
Heft‐Neal, S., Burney, J. A., Bendavid, E., & Burke, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0263-3 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe – Evaluation of spatiotemporal stability
de Hoogh, K., Chen, J., Gulliver, J., Hoffmann, B. H., Hertel, O., Ketzel, M., Bauwelinck, M., van Donkelaar, A., Hvidtfeldt, U. A., Katsouyanni, K., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.036 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Rajagopalan, S., & Landrigan, P. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2030281 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Chen, J., de Hoogh, K., Gulliver, J., Hoffmann, B. H., Hertel, O., Ketzel, M., Bauwelinck, M., van Donkelaar, A., Hvidtfeldt, U. A., Katsouyanni, K., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104934 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Kucherov, F. A., Romashov, L. V., Galkin, K. I., & Ananikov, V. P. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00971 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM 2·5 air pollution
Bowe, B., Xie, Y., Li, T., Yan, Y., Xian, H., & Al-Aly, Z. (2018) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30140-2 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Joshi, N., Walter, J. M., & Misharin, A. V. (2018) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.005 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Vodonos, A., Awad, Y. A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.021 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Li, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Xu, D., Yin, Z., Chen, H., Lv, Y., Luo, J., Zeng, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30144-0 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Strak, M., Weinmayr, G., Rodopoulou, S., Chen, J., de Hoogh, K., Andersen, Z. J., Atkinson, R., Bauwelinck, M., Bekkevold, T., Bellander, T., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1904 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States
Liang, D., Shi, L., Zhao, J., Liu, P., Sarnat, J. A., Gao, S., Schwartz, J. D., Liu, Y., Ebelt, S., Scovronick, N., et al. (2020) · The Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100047 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Sang, S., Chu, C., Zhang, T., Chen, H., & Yang, X. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113588 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Di, Q., Choirat, C., Wang, Y., Koutrakis, P., Zanobetti, A., Dominici, F., & Schwartz, J. D. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l6258 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Rajagopalan, S., Brauer, M. D., Bhatnagar, A., Bhatt, D. L., Brook, J. R., Huang, W. Y., Münzel, T. F., Newby, D. E., Siegel, J. A., & Brook, R. D. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000931 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Mortality Risk and Fine Particulate Air Pollution in a Large, Representative Cohort of U.S. Adults
Pope, C. A., Lefler, J. S., Ezzati, M., Higbee, J. D., Marshall, J. D., Kim, S., Bechle, M. J., Gilliat, K. S., Vernon, S. E., Robinson, A. L., et al. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp4438 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Anenberg, S., Haines, S., Wang, E., Nassikas, N., & Kinney, P. (2020) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-020-00681-z · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Hvidtfeldt, U. A., Sørensen, M., Geels, C., Ketzel, M., Khan, J., Tjønneland, A. M., Overvad, K., Brandt, J. G., & Raaschou‐Nielsen, O. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Secondary organic aerosol association with cardiorespiratory disease mortality in the United States
Pye, H. O. T., Ward-Caviness, C. K., Murphy, B. N., Appel, K. W., & Seltzer, K. M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27484-1 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Fascista, A. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22051824 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Long-Term Exposure to Ozone and Cause-Specific Mortality Risk in the United States
Lim, C. C., Hayes, R. B., Ahn, J., Shao, Y., Silverman, D. T., Jones, R. R., Garcia, C., Bell, M. L., & Thurston, G. D. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201806-1161oc · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Huang, K., Liang, F., Yang, X., Liu, F., Li, J., Xiao, Q., Chen, J., Liu, X., Cao, J., Shen, C., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l6720 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Wu, X., Braun, D., Schwartz, J. D., Kioumourtzoglou, M., & Dominici, F. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba5692 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Huang, K., Xiao, Q., Meng, X., Geng, G., Yujie Wang, A., Lyapustin, A., Gu, D., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.016 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives
Lan, R., Eastham, S. D., Liu, T., Norford, L. K., & Barrett, S. R. H. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34093-z · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Weuve, J., Bennett, E. E., Ranker, L., Gianattasio, K. Z., Pedde, M., Adar, S. D., Yanosky, J. D., & Power, M. C. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp8716 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Hystad, P., Larkin, A., Rangarajan, S., AlHabib, K. F., Avezum, Á., Tümerdem, B. Ç., Chifamba, J., Dans, A., Díaz, R., du Plessis, J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30103-0 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
The contribution of the exposome to the burden of cardiovascular disease
Münzel, T. F., Sørensen, M., Hahad, O., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Daiber, A. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00873-3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Kim, H., Kim, J., Kim, S., Kang, S., Kim, H., Kim, K., Heo, J., Yi, S., Kim, K., Youn, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007170 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Increased ozone levels during the COVID-19 lockdown: Analysis for the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Siciliano, B., Dantas, G., da Silva, C. M., & Arbilla, G. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139765 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Bosello, O., & Vanzo, A. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00815-4 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Gu, J., Shi, Y., Zhu, Y., Chen, N., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., & Chen, T. (2020) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003188 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Pinault, L. L., Weichenthal, S., Crouse, D. L., Brauer, M. D., Erickson, A. C., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Hystad, P., Chen, H., Finès, P., et al. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.037 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Berg, C. D., Schiller, J. H., Boffetta, P., Cai, J., Connolly, C., Kerpel-Fronius, A., Kitts, A. B., Lam, D. C.-L., Mohan, A., Myers, R. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2023.05.024 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
An overview of GeoAI applications in health and healthcare
Boulos, M. N. K., Peng, G., & VoPham, T. (2019) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-019-0171-2 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Stavroulas, I., Grivas, G., Michalopoulos, P., Liakakou, E., Bougiatioti, A., Kalkavouras, P., Fameli, K.-M., HATZIANASTASSIOU, N., Mihalopoulos, N., & Gerasopoulos, E. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11090926 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Associations of wildfire smoke PM2.5 exposure with cardiorespiratory events in Colorado 2011–2014
Stowell, J., Geng, G., Eri Saikawa, B., Chang, H. H., Fu, J. S., Yang, C.-E., Zhu, Q., Liu, Y., & Strickland, M. J. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105151 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Ding, Z., Xiang, Q., Wang, W., Huang, L., & Mao, F. (2019) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.11.001 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Yin, H., Brauer, M. D., Zhang, J. J., Cai, W., Ståle Navrud, A., Burnett, R. T., Howard, C., Deng, Z., Kammen, D. M., Schellnhuber, H. J., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00131-5 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Lu, Q., Zhao, Y., & Robinson, A. L. (2018) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-18-17637-2018 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Real-Time Profiling of Fine-Grained Air Quality Index Distribution Using UAV Sensing
Yang, Y., Zheng, Z., Bian, K., Song, L., & Han, Z. (2017) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2017.2777820 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The effect of pollution on crime: Evidence from data on particulate matter and ozone
Burkhardt, J., Bayham, J., Wilson, A., Carter, E. M., Berman, J. D., O’Dell, K., Ford, B., Fischer, E. V., & Pierce, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102267 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Air pollution: the emergence of a major global health risk factor
Boogaard, H., Walker, K. D., & Cohen, A. (2019) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihz078 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Kumar, P., Patton, A. P., Durant, J. L., & Frey, H. C. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.046 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Understanding the pathogenesis of occupational coal and silica dust-associated lung disease
Vanka, K. S., Shukla, S. D., Gomez, H. M., James, C. L., Thavamani, P., Williams, K. C., Chambers, D. C., Britton, W. J., Ilic, D., Hansbro, P. M., et al. (2022) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0250-2021 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
Ndrepepa, G., Colleran, R., & Kastrati, A. (2017) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.026 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The 17-y spatiotemporal trend of PM 2.5 and its mortality burden in China
Liang, F., Xiao, Q., Huang, K., Yang, X., Liu, F., Li, J., Lu, X., Liu, Y., & Gu, D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1919641117 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants and Cancer Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Kim, H.-B., Shim, J., Park, B., & Lee, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112608 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The impact of human health co-benefits on evaluations of global climate policy
Scovronick, N., Budolfson, M. B., Dennig, F., Errickson, F., Fleurbaey, M., Peng, W., Socolow, R. H., Spears, D., & Wagner, F. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09499-x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Short- and intermediate-term exposure to NO2 and mortality: A multi-county analysis in China
He, M. Z., Kinney, P. L., Li, T., Chen, C., Sun, Q., Ban, J., Wang, J., Liu, S., Goldsmith, J., & Kioumourtzoglou, M. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114165 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Kim, S., Bechle, M. J., Hankey, S., Sheppard, L. A., Szpiro, A. A., & Marshall, J. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228535 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Air quality improvement in response to intensified control strategies in Beijing during 2013–2019
Li, W., Shao, L., Wang, W., Li, H., Wang, X., Li, Y., Li, W., Jones, T. P., & Zhang, D. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140776 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Yazdi, M. D., Wang, Y., Di, Q., Zanobetti, A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.073 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Li, T., Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Sun, Z., He, M. Z., & Shi, X. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.073 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Laughner, J. L., Neu, J. L., SCHIMEL, D. S., Wennberg, P. O., Barsanti, K. C., Bowman, K. W., Chatterjee, A., Croes, B. E., Fitzmaurice, H. L., Henze, D. K., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2109481118 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Eye: A Review
Lin, C., Chiu, C., Lee, P., Chen, K., He, C., Hsu, S., & Cheng, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031186 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Social Safety Theory: Conceptual foundation, underlying mechanisms, and future directions
Slavich, G. M., Roos, L. G., Mengelkoch, S., Webb, C. A., Shattuck, E. C., Moriarity, D. P., & Alley, J. C. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2171900 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Josey, K., Kamareddine, L., Caine, M. C., Liu, T., Mickley, L. J., Cooper, M., & Dominici, F. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi8789 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Li, D., Zhang, R., Cui, L., Chen, C., Zhang, H., Sun, H., Luo, J., Zhou, L., Chen, L., Cui, J., et al. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.097 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
How low can you go? Air pollution affects mortality at very low levels
Weichenthal, S., Pinault, L. L., Christidis, T., Burnett, R. T., Brook, J. R., Chu, Y. L., Crouse, D. L., Erickson, A. C., Hystad, P., Li, C., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abo3381 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Hajat, A., MacLehose, R. F., Rosofsky, A., Walker, K. D., & Clougherty, J. E. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7980 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Novel evidence for a greater burden of ambient air pollution on cardiovascular disease
Mannucci, P. M., Harari, S. A., & Franchini, M. (2019) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.225086 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Meng, X., Wang, W., Shi, S., Zhu, S., Wang, P., Chen, R., Xiao, Q., Xue, T., Geng, G., Zhang, Q., et al. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118865 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
- Authors
- Di, Q., Wang, Y., Zanobetti, A., Wang, Y., Koutrakis, P., Choirat, C., Dominici, F., & Schwartz, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2017-06-29
- Volume
- 376
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 2513-2522
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC5766848
- OpenAlex
- W2725857760
- Cited by
- 1,510
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 189 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 25 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 80.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA134294, R35CA197449)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES024012, R01ES024332, P30ES000002, R01ES026217, R21ES022585, R01ES012054)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Keywords
- air pollution, PM2.5, ozone, all-cause mortality, Medicare beneficiaries, low-income populations, racial minorities, Medicaid eligibility, health disparities, cohort studies, dose-response relationship, sex differences in mortality, air pollution health effects, United States, California, New York State, New Jersey
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Environmental Exposure, Female, Medicare, Humans, Male, Mortality, Ozone, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models, Racial Groups, Particulate Matter, Mortality, Premature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
