The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
7 of 15 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 79Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 21Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
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A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
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Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643 · cited 4×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · cited 1×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M. J., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Bloomfield, M., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7 · Cited by 1,540
Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
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Items 901–1,000 of 1,154
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.005.0002
An Overview of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0002
Personal Care for the Therapist
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.005.0001
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0008
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.002.0004
EMBARK Mechanisms of Change in the Treatment of Depression
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0004
Medical Use of Cannabinoids and Psychedelic Compounds
Inserra, A., Gregorio, D. D., & Gobbi, G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_141-2
Recording the Brain in Vivo : Emerging Technologies for the Exploration of Mental Health Conditions
Free, T. (2024) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/btn-2024-0013
Invited Commentary on Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians
Morski, L. M. (2024) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001719
Borgwardt, S., Majić, T., Avram, M., & Herwig, U. (2024) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-2264-6472
SANTOS, R. G. D., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18496-3.00015-x
POTENCIAL TERAPÊUTICO DA PSILOCIBINA NO TRATAMENTO DA DEPRESSÃO: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA
Coelho, B. B., Astrath, I. F., & Vismari, L. (2024) · Congresso Nacional de Neurologia Multidisciplinar · doi:10.29327/1399766.1-5
Petrovitch, D., Mitchell, S. M., Allen, J. V., & Littlefield, A. K. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/adnpg
Oliva, A. B., Earleywine, M., Low, F., Altman, B. R., & Leo, J. A. D. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00334
Psilocybin and other Psychedelics
Kaye, A. P., Kelmendi, B., Rivera, M. N., & Pittenger, C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00178-0
(2024) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9798894551289.cd03
Rana, A., Bamrah, P. K., Priyanak, & Gautam, H. (2024) · International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) · doi:10.69580/ijppr.15.3.2024.1-17
Guo, T., Feng, Y., Zhou, J., Meng, L., Zhu, X., Xu, C., Xiao, L., Feng, L., Zhang, L., Xiang, Y., et al. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s462884
“This indicates that older participants exhibit significantly stronger connections between their satisfaction in physical health and their mood status.”
BackgroundMedical Use of Cannabinoids and Psychedelic Compounds
Inserra, A., Gregorio, D. D., & Gobbi, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_141
Ferreira, A. S. M., Martindale, S., & Luke, D. P. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00368
“…social anxiety (e.g., Grob et al., 2013); psylocibin for depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (e.g., Carhart-Harris et al., 2017; Goodwin et al., 2022; Grif fi ths et al., 2016; Grob et al., 2011; Gukasyan et al., 2022; van Rotz et al., 2023), and for alcohol and tobacco…”
BackgroundObituary: Professor Ivor Browne, FRCPI FRCPsych MSc (Harv.) DPM
Kelly, B. D. (2024) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2024.24
“…times, there has been a resurgence of interest in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy which is now being explored chiefly on a research basis (Kelly et al., 2022), with greater emphasis on patient selection, dosage regimes, consent processes, and studying outcomes (e.g., Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Gillespie, C. F., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19176-3.00046-7
Anisman, H., Hayley, S. P., & Kusnecov, A. W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23565-8.00006-5
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23565-8.09996-8
Rodrigues, R. M. D. M. (2024) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp024c.0022
Terao, I., & Kodama, W. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70042
“IV ketamine demonstrated significant antidepressant effects in seven out of nine studies, 25,26,34,42,44,47,50 and psilocybin showed significant effects in all three studies, 30,40,45 despite being single ‐ dose studies.”
Phenotypic Polypharmacology Drug Discovery for CNS Applications
Ambesi‐Impiombato, A., McDermott, L. A., Pehrson, A. L., & Brunner, D. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394182862.ch19
Microdosing Psychedelics as a Promising New Pharmacotherapeutic
Kuypers, K. P. C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61992-2_26
Anhedonia: a unifying symptom and a transdiagnostic therapeutic target
Rosso, G., Pesci, N. R., PERACCHIA, S., Garrone, C., Salvo, G. D., & Maina, G. (2025) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.24.02572-7
Quah, S. K. L., Glick, C., Roseman, L., Pasquini, L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Saggar, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641592
Self-citationSupervised Machine-Learning Classification of Treatment-Resistant Depression in U.S. Claims DataPreprint
Wing, V. K., Lerner, J., Clarke, P., O’Connor, S. J., Tran, S., Darer, J. D., Gill, J. S., & Orsini, L. S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.25324691
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment Resistant Depression: Systematic Review
Vanleuven, J., Hori, Y. S., Osama, T., Harary, P., Lui, A., Persad, A. R. L., Tayag, A., Emrich, S., Ustrzynski, L., Purger, D., et al. (2025) · World Neurosurgery: X · doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2025.100451
Exploring psilocybin’s role in mental health and palliative medicine: a path to improved well-being
Umbacia, M. A., León, M., Quintero, J.-M., Castro, L.-M., Páez, V., Dodd, S., & Bustos, R. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1080/14728214.2025.2488786
“Despite the encouraging results, the study had some limitations, mainly due to the lack of an active comparator and the difficulty in maintaining a double-blind design due to the subjective effects of the high doses [46].”
Totomanova, I., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Hurks, P. P. M., Ramaekers, J. G., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2025) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.002
A Toad Less Traveled: Should 5-MeO-DMT Have a Role in Treating Depression?
Hayes, C. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0049
Psychedelics for Depression: Between Hopes and Uncertainties
Suppes, T., & Fradet, M. (2025) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20250005
Clarifying the Concept of Psychological Support in Psychedelic Clinical TrialsPreprint
Schettino, J. R., Cheung, K., Nayak, S. M., & Yaden, D. B. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5225420
Oliva, A. B. (2024) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/q14h-xgen
Humphreys, J., Lukas, L. A., Beaussant, Y., Fischer, S. M., Araujo, T. S., Spence, D., Harris, J. P., Anderson, B. T., & Grob, C. S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197760864.003.0002
Kong, Y., & Chen, Q. (2025) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2025.175036
Joseph, K., Collins, J., Genovese, T. S., Maxwell, M., LIEBERMAN, J., & Osten, P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.655791
“…a naturally occurring prodrug of the hallucinogenic serotonergic agonist psilocin, suggest that a single dose, typically combined with psychological support, can yield rapid and sustained antidepressant effects lasting weeks (Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023).”
Barlati, S., Bulgari, V., Calzavara‐Pinton, I., Nibbio, G., Bertoni, L., Zardini, D., Zucchetti, A., Baglioni, A., Paolini, S., Poddighe, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2025.2512305
“In another trial on treat-ment resistant depression (Goodwin et al., 2022), the impact of single-dose psilocybin was assessed using the QIDS-SR16, the GAD-7, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson et al., 1988), the SDS, the WSAS and the Euro-Qol-5-Dimensions 3-Levels (EQ-5D-3L)…”
Is there mush-room to improve the environmental sustainability of psilocybin production?
Lanham, L., McTaggart, A. R., & Falconer, J. R. (2025) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103137
Patel, P. C., & Wolfe, M. T. (2025) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2025.e00549
Australia’s psychedelic experiment: reflections from a psychiatrist clinical researcher
Bayes, A. J. (2025) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562251347890
Larsen, J., Kølbæk, P., & Østergaard, S. D. (2025) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2025.2529449
“Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous, renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatry [1–5].”
Recent advances in rapid-acting antidepressants
Pan, L., He, Y., Wang, G., & Shen, J. (2025) · Scientia Sinica Chimica · doi:10.1360/ssc-2025-0157
Preparing Social Work for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
ALLEN, H. L., & Stott, B. L. (2025) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swaf031
Rabinovitch, B. S., Hu, W., Tang, C., Silverman, N., Lewis, E. C., & Carlen, P. L. (2025) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100704
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“With measured treatment, clinical trials have demonstrated a decrease in symptoms of depression, and significantly reduced Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores [15].”
Boehnke, K. F. (2024) · doi:10.64628/aai.pjrhwgred · Cited by 1
Psychedelic studies in nonhuman primates: Past and future
Masthay, J. C., Kwan, A. C., & Chang, S. W. C. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03240-5 · Cited by 2
“These effects persisted for 14 days after DMT administration, potentially mirroring the long-term reductions in depressive behaviors seen after single administrations of psychedelics in some human studies [2, 3, 108].”
Zhang, X., Liu, D.-N., Miao, Q.-S., Cai, X., Zong, L.-X., Hou, Y.-K., & Xiong, J. (2025) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174099
Pharmacotherapies for Hallucinogen Use Disorder
Spitz, N. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57159-6_75-1
Calin, A., Burlec, A. F., Mircea, C., Macovei, I., Hăncianu, M., & Corciovă, A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14186613
“Additionally, the relatively short follow-up window (6 weeks) provides limited insight into the durability of therapeutic benefit, while industry funding has sparked debates over conflicts of interest and whether results may be applied outside of a strictly regulated clinical setting [19,54].”
InfluentialUzzan, S., Rostevanov, I. S., Prager, O., Nujedat, H., KAPLANSKI, J., Picton, P., Friedman, A., & Azab, A. N. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118599
Self-Integration after Recreational Psychedelic Use: Is it a Bulwark against Identity Disturbance?
Versace, J., & Rucker, J. (2025) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678251369932
Self-citationHimmelseher, S., Vogelmann, U., & Priller, J. (2025) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4603-8_11
McConnell, P., Raffety, J., Li, A., Steinberg, E., Rahim, S., Valtierra, C., Gazzaley, A. H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Pasquini, L. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7625999/v1
Self-citationEfficacy and Safety of Psychoactive Tryptamines in Addiction: A Systematic Review
van der Meer, P. B., Schukking, N., Dik, M., van Reemst, A., Fuentes, J. J., Kaptein, A. A., Schoones, J. W., Verboeket, S. O., de Waal, M. M., Goudriaan, A. E., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251364182
“60,61 Currently, phase III RCTs are underway, addressing methodological rigor by using active placebo control groups, multiple dosages to confound the ability to accurately assess the dose condition, and therapist training and assessment of fi delity to the psychological support model.”
Self-citationPsilocybin’s effect on human brain synaptic plasticityPreprint
Knudsen, G. M., Johansen, A., Plavén‐Sigray, P., Madsen, M. K., Søndergaard, A., Messell, C., Geisler, M., Nasser, A., McCulloch, D. E.-W., Beliveau, V., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469144/v1
Jin, S., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2025) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp025v.0038
Epistemic phenomenology in psychedelic experience
Kochevar, C. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05340-9
“Although drug levels in dried mushroom will vary, 2.5 grams is expected to contain about the effective dose of psilocybin (25 mg) recently compared to escitalopram (Lexapro) in a study of treatment-resistant depression (Goodwin et al., 2022; MacCallum et al., 2022).”
InfluentialBorbón, D. (2025) · Revista de Bioética y Derecho · doi:10.1344/rbd2025.65.49541
McGuigan, A. (2025) · Drugs & Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1007/s40267-025-01199-5
“…b (29% of pts) at wk 3 compared with the 10 mg group [19% (5% at wk 12) and 9% of pts] and the 1 mg group [18% (10% at wk 12) and 8% of pts] [9] In an exploratory, open-label phase 2 study in 19 pts with TRD who continued to take SSRI medication, 1 dose of psilo-cybin 25 mg induced a…”
InfluentialRoseby, W., & Moar, C. O. (2025) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives4040041
The medical sociological and social epidemiological psychedelics paradigm (MSSEPP)
Viña, S. M. (2025) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245251401023
“For instance, evidence suggests that while psychedelics are associated with improved health outcomes for some groups, such as Whites, they are associated with less positive or even adverse outcomes for others, such as Asians, due to intersecting stigmas around mental health and drug use (Viña, 2024c).”
InfluentialBrakha, T. A., Buchard, A., Mabilais, C., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.12.01.25341335
Machado, T. L. G. N., Rodrigues, A. S. L., & Costa, J. N. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251397590
“In Goodwin et al., 2 which carries the greatest weight in the meta-analysis, mean scores on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale increased in all groups, showing a minor worsening in suicidal ideation.”
Kleditzsch, N., Gattuso, J. J., Hannan, A. J., & Renoir, T. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70351
Psilocybin reporting in media (PRiMe) for the treatment of depression
Brar, G., Burke, T., Gribben, A. D., Harrington, C., Thuery, G., & Kelly, J. R. (2025) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2025.10142
Self-citationCheng, M., Brakha, T. A., Buchard, A., Anastasova, R., Girani, L., Breitenmoser, A., Alaux, S., Mabilais, C., Amberger, C., Seragnoli, F., et al. (2025) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint8010001
Causal Inference in Studies with Functional Unmasking: Psychedelics and BeyondPreprint
Loewinger, G. C., Stensrud, M. J., Nayak, S. M., Yaden, D. B., & Levis, A. W. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.25341713
“For example, dose-response psychedelic designs (Goodwin et al., 2022) and/or use of low-dose psychedelics as controls may not alone resolve the expectancy-mediated challenges of functional unmasking because expectancy levels may exhibit a dose-response relationship with the psychedelic dose as we…”
Gordon, A. R., Carrithers, B. M., Pagni, B. A., Kettner, H., MRes, A. M., Nayak, S. M., Weiss, B., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roberts, D. E., Erritzøe, D., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251382930
Self-citationWoodruff, S., Hibicke, M., & Nichols, C. D. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251393186
Pallavicini, C., Llobenes, L., Cavanna, F., de la Fuente, L. A., Müller, S., Costa, M. I., Gumiy, N., Bruno, N. M., D’Amelio, T. A., Basran, J. K., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694940
Houff, J., Williams, A., Allen, O., Gisabella, B., Pantazopoulos, H., & Arco, A. D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696123
“Importantly, these studies emphasize that one single dose of psilocybin is sufficient to produce long-lasting therapeutic and/or behavioral effects (Goodwin et al. 2022; Knudsen 2023).”
Past-Year Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Use in United States Sexual Minorities from 2015 to 2019
Barnett, B. S., Anand, A., Falcone, T., Altinay, M. I., Dewey, E. N., & Weleff, J. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251410086
Rabinovitch, B. S., Silverman, N., Ji, D., Shizgal, D., Lewis, E. C., & Carlen, P. L. (2026) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150142
Psilocybin and Bipolar Depression: Promise and Prudence
Marques, M. G., Patarroyo-Rodríguez, L., & Singh, B. (2026) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01255-8
“While not yet approved for any psychiatric disorder by major agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), initial short-term studies show promising results for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) [10–14].”
Aday, J. S., Zong, Z. Y., Song, J., O’Donovan, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2026) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245251412692
Wittenkeller, L. M., Gudelsky, G. G., Winhusen, T. M., & Amato, D. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8544354/v1
Animal models in psychedelic research – Tripping over translationPreprint
Hay, M. Y. A. E., Cukić, A., Schölvinck, M. L., & Havenith, M. N. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699469
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Insights into psilocybin use among people with bipolar disorder: A thematic analysis of Reddit posts
Mills, L., Rossell, S. L., & Carruthers, S. P. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121220
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The Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Narrative Review
Siwek, L., Nowocień, M., Balajewicz, B., Samborska, A., Szukalska, S., Karczewska, M., Lichwala, K., Wroblewski, K., & Wróblewska, P. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.102694
“However, due to the failure of hierarchical testing, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn [36].”
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“(Goodwin et al., 2022; Gukasyan, 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPsilocybin-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder: A pilot trial
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Santé mentale et psychédéliques : révolution ou promesse utopique ?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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