The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
7 of 15 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 79Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 21Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
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A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962
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Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643 · cited 4×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · cited 1×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M. J., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Bloomfield, M., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7 · Cited by 1,540
Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
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Sandbrink, J. D., Johnson, K., Gill, M., Yaden, D. B., Savulescu, J., Hannikainen, I. R., & Earp, B. D. (2024) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2024.2303154 · Cited by 14
“…forming, psilocybin, in combination with psychotherapy in appropriately prepared and prescreened individuals, has been found efficacious in treating a variety of psychiatric conditions including major depressive disorder (MDD) (Carhart-Harris et al. 2021; Davis et al. 2021; Goodwin et al. 2022).”
BackgroundSchmid, Y., & Bershad, A. K. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.001 · Cited by 15
The involvement of serotonin in major depression: nescience in disguise?
Arnone, D., Wise, T., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Harmer, C. J. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02459-y · Cited by 14
Atiq, M. A., Baker, M. R., Voort, J. L. V., Vargas, M. V., & Choi, D. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06599-5 · Cited by 16
“…and EBI) with the primary endpoint (change in total Montgomery-Asberg Depression rating Scale, MADRS, score from baseline to week 3 and 12) have yet to be published, preliminary results suggest a dose–response relationship supporting the role of ASE in mediating therapeutic outcomes (Goodwin 2022).”
Study protocol for “Psilocybin in patients with fibromyalgia: brain biomarkers of action”
Bornemann, J., Close, J. B., Ahmad, K., Barba, T., Godfrey, K., Macdonald, L., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320780 · Cited by 15
“Such increases in psychological fl exibility make FM is a particularly attractive target for investigation due to its hallmark psychological rigidity (55) and signi fi cant cross-over with depression which is potentially positively impacted by PAT (32, 33).”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical Effects of Psychedelic Substances Reported to United States Poison Centers: 2012 to 2022
Simon, M. W., Olsen, H. A., Hoyte, C. O., Black, J. C., Reynolds, K. M., Dart, R. C., & Monte, A. A. (2024) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.06.025 · Cited by 14
Nicholas, C. R. N., Banks, M. I., Lennertz, R. C., Wenthur, C. J., Krause, B. M., Riedner, B. A., Smith, R., Hutson, P. R., Sauder, C. J., Dunne, J. D., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03059-8 · Cited by 13
Kwaśny, A., Wilkowska, A., & Cubała, W. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1477996 · Cited by 17
Harnessing Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Research on Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy
Halman, A., Conyers, R. K., Moore, C., Khatri, D., Sarris, J. J., & Perkins, D. (2024) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.3459 · Cited by 16
“3 7–10 However, currently, no psychedelics are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory agencies, although limited access pathways have been created in some jurisdictions such as Australia.”
Mechanisms of psilocybin on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Choi, C. Q., Johnson, D. E., Chen-Li, D. C. J., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241286771 · Cited by 14
“In many studies, psilocybin use also often takes place with the aid of music, and participants are often advised to stay with and describe the subject matter which comes to mind (Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Von Rotz et al., 2023).”
Expert recommendations for Germany’s integration of psychedelic-assisted therapy
Rosal, S. P., Torre, J. T. L., Birnkammer, S., Chernoloz, O., Williams, M. T., & Faber, S. C. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06141-3 · Cited by 13
How to Make Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Safer
Villiger, D. (2024) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180124000604 · Cited by 13
Larsen, K., Lindberg, U., Ozenne, B., McCulloch, D. E.-W., Armand, S., Madsen, M. K., Johansen, A., Stenbæk, D. S., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251323364 · Cited by 14
Elfrink, S., & Bergin, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1528253 · Cited by 16
Glynos, N. G., Huels, E. R., Groenhout, T., Raghu, A., Nelson, A. G., Kim, Y., Zeid, A. M., Liu, T., Mashour, G. A., Kennedy, R. T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0742-24.2025 · Cited by 18
Gukasyan, N. (2023) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2022.12.003 · Cited by 13
Reducing the Harms of Nonclinical Psychedelics Use Through a Peer-Support Telephone Helpline
Pleet, M. M., White, J. T., Zamaria, J. A., & Yehuda, R. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2022.0017 · Cited by 15
Psychedelic neuroplasticity of cortical neurons lacking 5-HT2A receptors
Ekins, T. G., Rybicki-Kler, C., Deng, T., Brooks, I. A. W., Jedrasiak‐Cape, I., Donoho, E., & Ahmed, O. J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03257-w · Cited by 13
Erritzøe, D., Barba, T., Benway, T. A., Joel, Z., Good, M., Layzell, M., Baker-Jones, M., Campbell, G., Murphy-Beiner, A., Rands, P., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04154-z · Cited by 15
“…present study ( d = 0.82) is comparable to the effect size observed in a previous trial of psilocybin (25 mg versus niacin) with psychological support in MDD participants ( d = 0.90) 23 and greater than the 3-week between-group effect size of psilocybin (25 mg versus 1 mg) in TRD ( d = 0.55) 24 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationWang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Ma, H., Zhao, J., Ismtula, D., & Guo, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1770711 · Cited by 15
Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., Stavdal, A., Wu, C., Naylor, A., & Kumari, V. (2026) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00201-1 · Cited by 17
Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Clinical studies and regulatory aspects
McCulloch, D. E.-W., Liechti, M. E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Nutt, D., Lundberg, J., Stenbæk, D. S., Goodwin, G. M., Gründer, G., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Haberkamp, M., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.103938 · Cited by 14
“These short-acting psychedelic administrations contrast with orally bioavail-able psychedelics which have shown clinical efficacy (e.g., psilocybin 5 – 7 h and LSD 8 – 16 h (Holze et al., 2022; Gasser et al., 2015; Goodwin et al., 2022)).”
Self-citationMiller, E. A., Afshar, H. T., Mishra, J., McIntyre, R. S., & Ramanathan, D. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115858 · Cited by 12
“…shed light on how ketamine affects specific symptoms and dimensional features of depression, and the method for identifying non-responders may prove useful for informing rational treatment recommendations among a growing list of novel therapeutics for treatment resistant depression [14–17].”
BackgroundPsychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Historical Perspective and Overview
Tabaac, B. J., Shinozuka, K., Arenas, A., Beutler, B. D., Cherian, K. N., Evans, V. D., Fasano, C., & Muir, O. S. (2024) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001727 · Cited by 13
“20,25 These results point to the need to enroll more participants in clinical trials on psychedelics.”
BackgroundPsychedelics, OCD and related disorders: A systematic review
Graziosi, M., Rohde, J. S., Tiwari, P., Siev, J., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100873 · Cited by 20
Sakai, K., Bradley, E., Zamaria, J. A., Agin-Liebes, G., Kelley, D. P., Fish, A., Martini, V., Ferris, M. C., Morton, E. E., Michalak, E. E., et al. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06585-x · Cited by 15
“In the largest trial to date, which enrolled participants with treat-ment resistant depression and excluded SSRI use, rates were notably higher than what we observed (headache: 15% of those who received 10 mg and 24% of those who received 25 mg; nausea: 7% and 22%; (Goodwin et al. 2022).”
Jiao, C., Yuan, L., Yu, S., Gu, B., Luo, Q., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Gai, C., Li, T., Li, T., et al. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115028 · Cited by 14
Szafoni, S., Gręblowski, P., Grabowska, K., & Więckiewicz, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1406888 · Cited by 16
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD)
Olivier, B., & Olivier, J. D. A. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_3 · Cited by 12
Evaluating the potential for psilocybin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
Miller, C., & Zoladz, P. R. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002237 · Cited by 13
Rucker, J., Butler, M., Hambleton, S., Bird, C., Seynaeve, M., Cheema, S., Campbell‐Coker, K., Maggio, C., Dunbar, F., Lambru, G., et al. (2024) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14837 · Cited by 13
Self-citationPsychedelics and Consciousness: Expanding the Horizons of Mind and Therapy
Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Gao, T., & Wang, X. (2024) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0495 · Cited by 16
“A single or few doses can maintain therapeutic effects for extended periods, ranging from several months to years, or even a lifetime [ 15 , 16 ].”
BackgroundWhat should constitute a control condition in psychedelic drug trials?
Colloca, L., & D, M. F. M. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00321-2 · Cited by 15
“A trial adopting this approach, such as the psilocybin trial in treatment-resistant depression 5 , has not fully assessed the degree of the psychedelic experience, and therefore the relationship with clinical outcomes.”
InfluentialJones, G. M., Lowe, M. X., Nayak, S. M., Sepeda, N. D., Kettner, H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Jackson, H., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.058 · Cited by 12
Self-citationAghajanian, S., Shafiee, A., Omran, S. P., Nejad, A. R., Jafarabady, K., Gargari, O. K., Firouzabadi, S. R., Mohammadi, I., Babaheidari, T. B., & Bakhtiyari, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241287542 · Cited by 13
“Among the more recent reports, Goodwin et al. (2022) conducted a phase 2 double-blind trial, comparing the effect of a single 25, 10, or 1 mg (control) dose of psilocybin on treatment-resistant depression.”
InfluentialPrimum non nocere: The onus to characterize the potential harms of psychedelic treatment
Ghaznavi, S., Ruskin, J. N., Haggerty, S. J., King, F., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230914 · Cited by 12
Billard, É., Torbey, A. G., Inserra, A., Grant, E., Bertazzo, A., Gregorio, D. D., Comai, S., Chatenet, D., Gobbi, G., & Hébert, T. E. (2025) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111588 · Cited by 11
Suicide of a patient shortly after psilocybin-assisted psychedelic therapy: A case report
Müller, F., Sauer, T., Hänny, C., Mühlhauser, M., & Lang, U. E. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116381 · Cited by 13
De Novo Biosynthesis of Antidepressant Psilocybin in Escherichia coli
Huang, Z., Yao, Y., Di, R., Zhang, J., Pan, Y., & Liu, G. (2025) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.70135 · Cited by 13
Unblinding and demand characteristics in the treatment of depression
Goodwin, G. M., Croal, M., Marwood, L., & Malievskaia, E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.030 · Cited by 14
Self-citationChanged Substance Use After Psychedelic Experiences Among Individuals in Canada
Boehnke, K. F., Kruger, D. J., & Lucas, P. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01085-z · Cited by 17
“…other conditions, with recent clinical trials for major depression disorder and treatment resistant depression showing substantial improvements in depressive symptoms after 1–2 doses of psilocybin in concert with psychotherapy (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Social Psychopharmacology: Novel Approaches to Treat Deficits in Social Motivation in Schizophrenia
Bershad, A. K., & de Wit, H. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad094 · Cited by 12
Assessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders
Kozak, Z., Johnson, M. W., & Aaronson, S. T. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493 · Cited by 11
“Several studies demonstrated a rapid (i.e. within 1 or 2 days) reduction in depressive symptoms [12,37,42], even among patients who were concurrently taking SSRI medications [52].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationReframing psychedelic regulation: Tools, not treatments
Wolff, M., Gukasyan, N., Roseman, L., & Liknaitzky, P. (2025) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245251348272 · Cited by 12
“For example, in the largest published study to date testing psilocybin for depression (Goodwin et al., 2022), the treatment is referred to as psilocybin administered with “ psychological support ” .”
New and emerging pharmacologic treatments for MDD
Uyar, A., & Gönül, A. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621887 · Cited by 16
National and regional trends in seizures of shrooms (psilocybin) in the United States, 2017–2022
Palamar, J. J., Fitzgerald, N. D., Carr, T. H., Rutherford, C. G., Keyes, K. M., & Cottler, L. B. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111086 · Cited by 12
Therapeutic potential of psychedelics: History, advancements, and unexplored frontiers
Maia, J. M., de Oliveira, B. S. A., Branco, L. G. S., & Soriano, R. N. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110951 · Cited by 11
Yao, H., Wang, X., Chi, J., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Jiayi, Y., Yu, J., Ruan, Y., Xiang, X., Pi, J., et al. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29050964 · Cited by 11
Varty, G. B., Canal, C. E., Mueller, T. A., Hartsel, J. A., Tyagi, R., Avery, K., Morgan, M. E., Reichelt, A. C., Pathare, P., Stang, E. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01961 · Cited by 11
Feng, Y.-Y., Bromberg-Martin, E. S., & Monosov, I. E. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114341 · Cited by 18
Preclinical models for evaluating psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive disorder
Alexander, L., Anderson, D., Baxter, L., Claydon, M. D. B., Rucker, J., & Robinson, E. S. J. (2024) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.17370 · Cited by 12
“…antidepressant effects have been seen following single doses of the serotonergic psychedelics (referred to as psychedelics in the remainder of this article) psilocybin (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Goodwin et al., 2022; Von Rotz et al., 2023) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (D’Souza et al., 2022).”
InfluentialSelf-citationZhang, M., Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Wen, X., Zhang, C., Xiao, P., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117049 · Cited by 12
Research and Implementation of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Veterans Health Administration
Wolfgang, A. S., McClair, V. L., Schnurr, P. P., Holtzheimer, P. E., Woolley, J. D., Stauffer, C. S., Wolf, R. C., States, L. J., Benedek, D. M., Capaldi, V. F., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240751 · Cited by 12
Catalyst for change: Psilocybin’s antidepressant mechanisms—A systematic review
Liebnau, J., Betzler, F., & Kerber, A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241312866 · Cited by 13
“Microdosing was excluded, as current evidence indicates that significant antidepressant effects are primarily observed at moderate to higher doses in clinical trials (e.g., Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Pharmacological Monotherapy for Depressive Disorders: Current and Future—A Narrative Review
Gao, K., Oruc, E. B., & Koparal, B. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61040558 · Cited by 13
“Several small-scale studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin in the treatment of depression and TRD [88,90,91].”
Extending ketamine’s antidepressant effects
Hashimoto, K. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adx4559 · Cited by 11
Berkovitch, L., Fauvel, B., Preller, K. H., & Gaillard, R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239 · Cited by 16
Psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders
Hoyer, D. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70088 · Cited by 17
“…in healthy subjects and MDD patients before and after treatment (see, e.g., Carhart-Harris et al., 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018; Copa et al., 2024; Goodwin, Aaronson, et al., 2022; Preller et al., 2018; Roseman et al., 2018; Timmermann et al., 2023; Vollenweider, Leenders, Scharfetter, Antonini,…”
The serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice
Fleury, S., & Nautiyal, K. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03387-1 · Cited by 15
“Clinical studies report that one to two doses of psilocybin can produce antidepressant effects in MDD and treatment resistant depression patients that persist for weeks to months [5, 7, 10 – 14].”
Towards Novel Potential Molecular Targets for Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapies
Kositsyn, Y. M., de Abreu, M. S., Kolesnikova, T. O., Lagunin, A. A., Poroikov, V., Harutyunyan, H. S., Yenkoyan, K. B., & Kalueff, A. V. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119482 · Cited by 11
The Relationship Between Naturalistic Psychedelic Use and Clinical Care in Canada
Glynos, N. G., Kruger, D. J., Kolbman, N., Boehnke, K. F., & Lucas, P. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2242353 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, psilocybin-assisted therapy shows potential for treating major depressive disorder (Carhart-Harris et al. 2021; Davis et al. 2021; Goodwin et al. 2022), as well as alcohol (Bogenschutz et al. 2015, 2022) and tobacco dependence (Johnson et al. 2014; Johnson, Garcia-Romeu, and Griffiths 2016).”
BackgroundNeuropsychopharmacology of hallucinogenic and non‐hallucinogenic 5‐HT 2A receptor agonists
Sharp, T., & Ippolito, A. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70050 · Cited by 14
“Today, several Phase 2 clinical trials report convincing evidence of rapid-onset antidepressant effects of psilocybin , even in patients previously resistant to other treatments (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023).”
Hosein, M., Reid, M. J., Walser, S. A., Charney, S., Fonzo, G. A., Lewis, B. R., Yaden, D. B., Suppes, T. M., Cordner, Z. A., & Barrett, F. S. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517 · Cited by 15
Antidepressants enter cells, organelles, and membranes
Blumenfeld, Z., Bera, K., Ċastrén, E., & Lester, H. A. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01725-x · Cited by 10
“LSD and psilocin have recently shown promise as potent, fast-acting, and long-lasting antide-pressants [80, 139]; promotion of neuroplasticity has been considered important for their antidepressant actions [140].”
BackgroundModafinil for Severe Fatigue in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Case Series
Moulton, C. D., Young, A. H., & Hart, A. L. (2024) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.12.030 · Cited by 10
Self-citationGlynos, N. G., Baker, A., Aday, J. S., Pouyan, N., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., Kruger, D. J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2405685 · Cited by 10
“…substance in PAT, with psilocybin-assisted therapy showing promise for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including depression (Goodwin et al. 2022; Raison et al. 2023), anxiety associated with existential distress (Griffiths et al. 2016), and substance use disorders…”
Self-citationPetridis, P. D., Grinband, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Kinslow, C. J., Zeifman, R. J., Bogenschutz, M. P., Griffiths, R. R., & Ross, S. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00331-0 · Cited by 10
“Given the diversity of clinical applications for which psilocybin is currently being investigated for, including major depressive disorder 25,26 , substance use disorders 27,28 , obsessive–compulsive disorder 29 , body dysmorphic disorder 30 and eating disorders 31 , we hypothesized that PAP would…”
Beyond psychedelics: set and setting in general psychiatric practice
Kozak, Z., & Miller, C. W. T. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2419662 · Cited by 12
“…base has shown psyche-delics to be effective in treating depression (Agrawal et al., 2023; Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Goodwin et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2023; Griffiths et al., 2016; Kozak et al., 2023; Ross et al., 2016), anxiety (Griffiths et al., 2016; Grob et…”
Fragile promise of psychedelics in psychiatry
Lemarchand, C., Chopin, R., Paul, M., Braillon, A., Cosgrove, L., Cristea, I., Fried, E. I., Turner, E. H., & Naudet, F. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-080391 · Cited by 11
“32 Cardiovascular problems are to be expected, especially in vulnerable populations, as esketamine increases the risk of hypertension.”
Sutherland, I., Ho, M., & Croarkin, P. E. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2024.0082 · Cited by 11
Clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant. A narrative review
Erkizia-Santamaría, I., Horrillo, I., Meana, J. J., & Ortega, J. E. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249 · Cited by 12
Yaden, D. B., Graziosi, M., Owen, A. M., Agin-Liebes, G., Aaronson, S. T., Allen, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Bogenschutz, M. P., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Ching, T. H. W., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0019 · Cited by 12
“Rescue medications can be administered, although this practice is quite rare, if a participant experiences severe anxiety or behavioral disturbances during their psyche-delic experience (typically benzodiazepines, or second-generation antipsychotics; for two examples, see Good-win et al. 27 and Holze et al. 48 ) as we…”
Self-citationMyran, D. T., Xiao, J., Fabiano, N., Pugliese, M., Kaster, T. S., Rosenblat, J. D., Husain, M. I., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Wong, S., Tanuseputro, P., et al. (2025) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.241191 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPsilocybin for disorders of consciousness: A case-report study
Cardone, P., Nùñez, P., Alnagger, N., Martial, C., van der Lande, G., Sandell, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Gosseries, O. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.02.264 · Cited by 11
“…” recreational use (MacCallum et al., 2022) and the corresponding psilocybin dose (MacCallum et al., 2022) has been used in previous investigations for healthy participants (Siegel et al., 2024) and in clinical trials (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021, 2016; Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023).”
Self-citationRepple, J., Bayas, M., Möser, C., Kobayashi, N. F., & Reif, A. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.903 · Cited by 10
From anxiety to depression: A longitudinal investigation into the role of anhedonia
Collins, A. C., Gallagher, M. R., Calafiore, C., Jordan, D. G., & Winer, E. S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.074 · Cited by 13
Herrmann, Z. M., Levin, A. W., Cole, S. P., Slabaugh, S., Barnett, B. S., Penn, A., Jain, R., Raison, C. L., Rajanna, B., & Jain, S. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0030 · Cited by 11
“40 Although the conceptualization and reporting of these events have been questioned, 72 the potential harms of psychedelics should continue to be investigated as their use extends to broader populations.”
You, Z., Wang, C., Lan, X., Li, W., Shang, D., Zhang, F., Ye, Y., Liu, H., Zhou, Y., & Ning, Y. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110849 · Cited by 12
Alternative beliefs in psychedelic drug users
Lebedev, A. V., Acar, K., Horntvedt, O., Cabrera, A. E., Simonsson, O., Osika, W., Ingvar, M., & Petrović, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42444-z · Cited by 10
“The subitems will be referred to as (1) misinformation, (2) politics, (3) monitoring, (4) hidden connections and (5) secret organizations.”
BackgroundMinorities’ diminished psychedelic returns: Cardio-metabolic health
Viña, S. M. (2024) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245231225756 · Cited by 10
“%) of the 233 participants were White (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
The safety of supported psilocybin use in Oregon
Smith, W., Sisti, D. A., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02727-4 · Cited by 11
Weleff, J., Nunes, J. C., Costa, G. P. A., Sofuoglu, M., MacLean, R. R., & Aquino, J. P. D. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16045 · Cited by 12
“152 These serious psychological adverse events appear rare and may reflect baseline risk for participants with mood disorders and/or SUDs, and it is uncertain what additional risks that those with chronic pain may incur.”
Extended Difficulties Following the Use of Psychedelic Drugs: A Mixed Methods StudyPreprint
Evans, J., Robinson, O. C., Argyri, E. K., Suseelan, S., Murphy-Beiner, A., & McAlpine, R. G. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4487243 · Cited by 10
Psychedelics: The pathway to implementation in the European healthcare systems
Gründer, G., Mertens, L. J., Spangemacher, M., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Jungaberle, H. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.11.007 · Cited by 10
Pagán, A. F., Lex, C., Soares, J. C., & Meyer, T. D. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0022 · Cited by 9
“11,12,14,43 Several other questions are relevant as well, for example, what terminology to refer to when talking about specific psychedelics and how a personal experience with psychedelics impacts opinions and attitudes.”
Self-citationBryson, N., Alexander, R., Asnis-Alibozek, A. G., & Ehlers, M. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00058 · Cited by 9
Fang, Q., Chan, V. K. Y., Chan, S. S. M., Jiao, Y., Wang, J., & Li, X. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115960 · Cited by 9
Effect of oral tryptamines on the gut microbiome of rats—a preliminary study
Xu, M., Kiss, A. J., Jones, J. A., McMurray, M. S., & Shi, H. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17517 · Cited by 9
“…sertraline (Zoloft), and escitalopram (Lexapro), for treating major depressive disorder ( Becker et al., 2022 ; Carhart-Harris et al., 2021 ; Carhart-Harris et al., 2018 ; Davis et al., 2021 ; Goodwin et al., 2022 ; Goodwin et al., 2023a , 2023b ; Grif fi ths et al., 2016 ; Gukasyan et al., 2022 ).”
McIntyre, R. S., Mansur, R. B., Rosenblat, J. D., Teopiz, K. M., & Kwan, A. T. H. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2024.2368827 · Cited by 9
“Moreover, preliminary reports of suicid-ality associated with investigational treatments with TRD (i.e. psilocybin) provide further impetus to carefully assess suicidality in persons with TRD receiving ketamine/esketamine in real-world settings [20].”
The Modern Psychiatrist’s Guide to Contemporary Practice
Kelly, B. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003378495 · Cited by 10
Hovmand, O. R., Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241269669 · Cited by 9
“…2015, 2022), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Moreno et al., 2006), anxiety, and depression (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Grob et al., 2011; Raison et al., 2023; Ross et al., 2016; von Rotz et al., 2023), albeit with considerable risk of bias…”
Chen, M., Cheng, S.-L., Kao, Y., Tseng, P., Hsu, C., Yu, C., Yang, F., Thompson, T., Hsu, T., & Liang, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439347 · Cited by 9
“In a RCT involving 233 patients with TRD, a dose-response relationship was observed between psilocybin dosage and depression improvement (5).”
Classical psychedelics’ action on brain monoaminergic systems
Butler, J. J., Ricci, D., Aman, C., Beyeler, A., & Deurwaerdère, P. D. (2024) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106669 · Cited by 12
Existential feelings as a phenomenological framework for psychedelic therapy
Tijhuis, F. B., Coninx, S., & de Bruin, L. C. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2412195 · Cited by 10
“…effects of psychedelic therapy at various time scales (Agin-Liebes et al., 2020; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Gasser et al., 2014, 2015; Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; Grob et al., 2011; Palhano-Fontes et al., 2019; Ross et al., 2016; Sanches et al., 2016).”
Marwood, L., Croal, M., Mistry, S. J., Simmons, H., Tsai, J., Young, M. B., & Goodwin, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.009 · Cited by 13
Self-citationEpistemic Risk Reduction in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Caporuscio, C., & Fink, S. B. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_531 · Cited by 9
Psilocybin Dispensaries and Online Health Claims in Canada
Matsukubo, J., Dickson, S., Xiao, J., Friesen, E. L., Solmi, M., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Fischer, B., & Myran, D. T. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2853 · Cited by 11
Castanheira, S., Gomes, C. V., Bicker, J., & Fortuna, A. C. (2025) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104371 · Cited by 10
Lashgari, N., Khalaji, M., Rana, P., Badrabadi, F., Rahnama, M., Nasoori, H., Roudsari, N. M., Nia, M. M. K., & Shafaroodi, H. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05097-9 · Cited by 10
Naturalistic psychedelic use and changes in depressive symptoms
Simonsson, O., Hendricks, P. S., Swords, C. M., Osika, W., & Goldberg, S. B. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119857 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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