The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
7 of 15 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 79Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 21Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
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A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
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Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643 · cited 4×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · cited 1×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M. J., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Bloomfield, M., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7 · Cited by 1,540
Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
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Ketamine and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-Refractory Depression
Huang, X., & Zheng, W. (2023) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2023.231358 · Cited by 38
“18 Esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine racemate, has been recently sanctioned by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of TRD in adult individuals.”
BackgroundRichardson, E., Patterson, R., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., McClure, R. W., & Tow, A. C. (2024) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050423-095712 · Cited by 39
Single-Dose Psilocybin for Depression With Severe Treatment Resistance: An Open-Label Trial.
Aaronson, S., van der Vaart, A. D., Miller, T. M., LaPratt, J., Swartz, K., Shoultz, A., Lauterbach, M., Suppes, T., & Sackeim, H. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20231063 · Cited by 34
Self-citationGoff, R., Smith, M., Islam, S., Sisley, S., Ferguson, J., Kuzdzal, S., Badal, S., Kumar, A. B., Sreenivasan, U., & Schug, K. A. (2024) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2023.342161 · Cited by 36
Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Kelly, J. R., Clarke, G. A., Harkin, A., Corr, S. C., Galvin, S. D., Pradeep, V., Cryan, J. F., O’Keane, V., & Dinan, T. G. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349 · Cited by 40
Self-citationPsilocybin history, action and reaction: A narrative clinical review
Sharma, P., Nguyen, Q. A., Matthews, S. J., Carpenter, E., Matthews, D. B., Patten, C. A., & Hammond, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231190858 · Cited by 44
Braun, D., Rosenberg, A. M., Rabaniam, E., Haruvi, R., Malamud, D., Barbara, R., Aiznkot, T., Levavi‐Sivan, B., & Kawashima, T. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02391-7 · Cited by 42
“Psilocybin is effective for clinical cases of treatment-resistant depression [8], and only a few doses can have lasting effects on depression symptoms for months or even up to a year [9, 10].”
BackgroundFrom relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) to revised beliefs after psychedelics (REBAS)
Zeifman, R. J., Spriggs, M. J., Kettner, H., Lyons, T., Rosas, F. E., Mediano, P. A. M., Erritzøe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28111-3 · Cited by 62
Self-citationMolecular design of a therapeutic LSD analogue with reduced hallucinogenic potential
Tuck, J. R., Dunlap, L. E., Khatib, Y. A., Hatzipantelis, C. J., Novak, S. W., Rahn, R. M., Davis, A. R., Mosswood, A., Vernier, A. M. M., Fenton, E. M., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2416106122 · Cited by 48
“In fact, 5 - HT2A receptor agonists have been shown to produce antidepressant effects in both rodents ( 71 – 74 ) and humans ( 75 , 76 , 77 ), and recent evidence suggests that LSD may have procognitive effects ( 78 ).”
A framework for assessment of adverse events occurring in psychedelic-assisted therapies
Palitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Perna, J., Bosshardt, Z., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Zarrabi, A. J., Peacock, C., Mletzko, T., Rothbaum, B. O., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241265756 · Cited by 47
“Goodwin et al. (2022) observed that participants in a PAT trial who made suicidal actions were all non-responders to a high psilocybin dose.”
Self-citationGarel, N., Drury, J., Lévesque, J. T., Goyette, N., Lehmann, A., Looper, K. J., Erritzøe, D., Dames, S., Turecki, G., Rej, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1268832 · Cited by 39
“A key difference between our protocol and those employed in most PAP studies is our use of six relatively brief ketamine infusions over 4 weeks, rather than one or two longer psilocybin sessions (91, 92).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Systematic Review of Study Design and Placebo Controls in Psychedelic Research
Wen, A. Q., Singhal, N., Jones, B. D. M., Zeifman, R. J., Mehta, S. H., Shenasa, M. A., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Weissman, C. R. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0028 · Cited by 42
“15 Gasser et al. used 20 l g LSD as a placebo.”
Psychedelics for treatment resistant depression: are they game changers?
Kalfas, M., Taylor, R. H., Tsapekos, D., & Young, A. H. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2023.2281582 · Cited by 37
“All studies received a judgment of ‘moderate risk’, other than Goodwin et al. [47] which received a judgment of ‘Some concerns’.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPsychedelic use and psychiatric risks
Simonsson, O., Goldberg, S. B., Chambers, R., Osika, W., Simonsson, C., & Hendricks, P. S. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06478-5 · Cited by 36
“depressive symptoms (Carhart-Harris et al. 2021; see also, Goodwin et al. 2022; von Rotz et al. 2023).”
Psilocybin and Other Classic Psychedelics in Depression
Nutt, D., Peill, J. M., Weiss, B., Godfrey, K., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_451 · Cited by 39
Self-citationBreathwork-induced psychedelic experiences modulate neural dynamics
Lewis-Healey, E., Tagliazucchi, E., Canales‐Johnson, A., & Bekinschtein, T. A. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae347 · Cited by 36
Quality of reporting on psychological interventions in psychedelic treatments: a systematic review
Seybert, C., Schimmers, N., Silva, L., Breeksema, J. J., Veraart, J. K. E., Bessa, B. S., d’Orsi, D., Schoevers, R. A., & Oliveira-Maia, A. J. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00333-x · Cited by 35
Self-citationA Systematic Review of Participant Diversity in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Trials
Haft, S. L., Downey, A. E., Raymond‐Flesch, M., Fernandes‐Osterhold, G., Bradley, E., O’Donovan, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116359 · Cited by 38
Role of Psychedelics in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Kamal, S., Jha, M. K., & Radhakrishnan, R. (2023) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.004 · Cited by 36
O’Donnell, K. C., Anderson, B. T., Barrett, F. S., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230661 · Cited by 33
Pagni, B. A., Petridis, P. D., Podrebarac, S. K., Grinband, J., Claus, E. D., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52967-8 · Cited by 37
Takaba, R., Ibi, D., Yoshida, K., Hosomi, E., Kawase, R., Kitagawa, H., Goto, H., Achiwa, M., Mizutani, K., Maeda, K., et al. (2023) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-023-02778-x · Cited by 35
“These findings are supported by various clinical studies (Carhart-Harris et al. 2021; Davis et al. 2021; Goodwin et al. 2022; Gukasyan et al. 2022).”
Microdosing Psychedelics: Current Evidence From Controlled Studies
Murphy, R. J., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., & de Wit, H. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.002 · Cited by 38
Dornbierer, D. A., Marten, L., Mueller, J., Aicher, H. D., Mueller, M. J., Boxler, M., Kometer, M., Kosanic, D., von Rotz, R., Puchkov, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1246892 · Cited by 32
Minorities’ diminished psychedelic returns
Viña, S. M., & Stephens, A. L. (2023) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245231184638 · Cited by 31
“%) of the 233 participants were White (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundPan, J., Lu, Y., Wang, S., Ma, T., Xue, X., Zhang, Z., Mao, Q., Guo, D., & Ma, K. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155102 · Cited by 32
A Brief Historical Overview of Psychedelic Research
Geyer, M. A. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003 · Cited by 39
Benefits and Challenges of Ultra-Fast, Short-Acting Psychedelics in the Treatment of Depression
Ramaekers, J. G., Reckweg, J. T., & Mason, N. L. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230890 · Cited by 35
Wulff, A. B., Nichols, C. D., & Thompson, S. M. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109504 · Cited by 35
Is Poorly Assisted Psilocybin Treatment an Increasing Risk?
Schenberg, E. E., King, F., da Fonseca, J. E., & Roseman, L. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230664 · Cited by 32
Giving Consent to the Ineffable
Villiger, D. (2024) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-024-09545-6 · Cited by 32
“Most of the current results stem from phase 1 studies, with only two phase 2 studies being published so far [13, 17].”
BackgroundMind the Psychedelic Hype: Characterizing the Risks and Benefits of Psychedelics for Depression
Meling, D., Ehrenkranz, R. C., Nayak, S. M., Aicher, H., Funk, X., van Elk, M., Graziosi, M., Bauer, P. R., Scheidegger, M., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives3020014 · Cited by 35
Duque, M., Chen, A., Hsu, E. T., Narayan, S., Rymbek, A., Begum, S., Saher, G., Cohen, A. E., Olson, D. E., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.11.011 · Cited by 31
“74 Consistent with these effects in mammals, both ketamine and MK-801 retained a passivity-suppressing effect 24 h after transient exposure (Figure 2M, left).”
Are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain? Preliminary findings and research needs
Zia, F. Z., Baumann, M. H., Belouin, S. J., Dworkin, R. H., Ghauri, M. H., Hendricks, P. S., Henningfield, J. E., Lanier, R. K., Ross, S., & Berger, A. M. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109528 · Cited by 33
History repeating: A roadmap to address common problems in psychedelic sciencePreprint
van Elk, M., & Fried, E. I. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ak6gx · Cited by 30
McIntyre, R. S. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2248883 · Cited by 30
Psychedelics, Meaningfulness, and the “Proper Scope” of Medicine: Continuing the Conversation
Cheung, K., Patch, K., Earp, B. D., & Yaden, D. B. (2023) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180123000270 · Cited by 29
“19 Still, price transparency initiatives and fair pricing models will be imperative for both modalities.”
Falchi-Carvalho, M., Wießner, I., Silva, S. R. B., Maia, L. O., Barros, H., Laborde, S., Arichelle, F., Tullman, S., Silva-Costa, N., Assunção, A., et al. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.006 · Cited by 31
Ellis, S., Bostian, C. M., Feng, W., Fischer, E. G., Schwartz, G., Eisen, K., Lean, M., Conlan, E., Ostacher, M. J., Aaronson, S. T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.133 · Cited by 34
Self-citationMcIntyre, R. S., Kwan, A. T. H., Mansur, R. B., Oliveira-Maia, A. J., Teopiz, K. M., Maletic, V., Suppes, T. M., Stahl, S. M., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230902 · Cited by 33
Kirlić, N., Lennard-Jones, M., Atli, M., Malievskaia, E., Modlin, N. L., Peck, S. K., Gaillard, A., Goodwin, G. M., & Koelpin, D. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230884 · Cited by 35
Self-citationPsilocybin therapy for mood dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: an open-label pilot trial
Bradley, E., Sakai, K., Fernandes‐Osterhold, G., Szigeti, B., Ludwig, C., Ostrem, J. L., Tanner, C. M., Bock, M., Llerena, K., Finley, P. R., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02097-0 · Cited by 35
“We observed signi fi cant and sustained improvements in depression and anxiety, consistent with prior studies of psilocybin therapy for major depression and mood dysfunction associated with terminal cancer [10 – 13].”
InfluentialPsychedelic control of neuroimmune interactions governing fear
Chung, E. N., Lee, J., Polonio, C. M., Choi, J., Akl, C. F., Kilian, M., Weiß, W. M., Gunner, G., Ye, M., Heo, T. H., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08880-9 · Cited by 39
Müller, F., Zaczek, H., Becker, A., Ley, L., Borgwardt, S., de Jesus, J. S., Loh, N., Kohut, J., Auernig, M., Boehlke, C. S., et al. (2025) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2025.100725 · Cited by 32
The therapeutic potential of psychedelics: the European regulatory perspective
Butlen‐Ducuing, F., McCulloch, D. E.-W., Haberkamp, M., Mattila, T. K., Bałkowiec-Iskra, E., Aislaitner, G., Balabanov, P., Lundberg, J., Stenbæk, D. S., Elferink, A. J. A., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00264-7 · Cited by 29
Ching, T. H. W., Grazioplene, R., Bohner, C., Kichuk, S. A., DePalmer, G., D’Amico, E., Eilbott, J., Jankovsky, A., Burke, M., Hokanson, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178529 · Cited by 29
“Additionally, instances of serious adverse events (SAEs) have generally been low in these settings (29, 30).”
BackgroundA role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex
Luppi, A. I., Girn, M., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., Stamatakis, E. A., Spreng, R. N., Xing, L., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad311 · Cited by 31
Self-citationBhatt, K. V., & Weissman, C. R. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8 · Cited by 30
The Mystical Experience Questionnaire 4-Item and Challenging Experience Questionnaire 7-Item
Strickland, J. C., Garcia‐Romeu, A., & Johnson, M. W. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0046 · Cited by 28
Safety pharmacology of acute psilocybin administration in healthy participants
Straumann, I., Holze, F., Becker, A., Ley, L., Halter, N., & Liechti, M. E. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104060 · Cited by 30
Le, G. H., Wong, S., Badulescu, S., Au, H., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Gill, H., Phan, L., Rhee, T. G., Ho, R., Teopiz, K. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.165 · Cited by 30
Avram, M., Fortea, L., Wollner, L., Coenen, R., Korda, A. I., Rogg, H. V., Holze, F., Vizeli, P., Ley, L., Raduà, J., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02734-y · Cited by 32
Impact of psilocybin on cognitive function: A systematic review
Meshkat, S., Tello-Gerez, T. J., Gholaminezhad, F., Dunkley, B. T., Reichelt, A. C., Erritzøe, D., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Zhang, Y., Greenshaw, A. J., Burback, L., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13741 · Cited by 31
Control Group Outcomes in Trials of Psilocybin, SSRIs, or Esketamine for Depression
Hieronymus, F., López, E., Sjögren, H. W., & Lundberg, J. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.24119 · Cited by 32
Psychedelics as Therapeutics—Potential and Challenges
Volkow, N. D., Gordon, J. A., & Wargo, E. M. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1968 · Cited by 27
Thal, S. B., Baker, P., Marinis, J., Wieberneit, M., Sharbanee, J. M., Bruno, R., Skeffington, P., & Bright, S. J. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2945 · Cited by 32
Rapid-acting antidepressant drugs modulate affective bias in rats
Hinchcliffe, J. K., Stuart, S. A., Wood, C. M., Bartlett, J. M., Kamenish, K., Arban, R., Thomas, C. W., Selimbeyoglu, A., Hurley, S., Hengerer, B., et al. (2024) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adi2403 · Cited by 29
“Modelling clinically relevant symptoms of MDD in animals is key to understanding the relationships between the biological and experience-dependent factors that drive the behavioral symptoms of depression and its treatment.”
InfluentialHuman brain changes after first psilocybin use
Lyons, T., Spriggs, M., Kerkelä, L., Rosas, F. E., Roseman, L., Mediano, P. A. M., Timmermann, C., Oestreich, L., Pagni, B. A., Zeifman, R. J., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71962-3 · Cited by 30
Self-citationPsychedelic treatments for mental health conditions pose challenges for informed consent
Seybert, C., Cotovio, G., Madeira, L., Ricou, M., Pires, A. M., & Oliveira-Maia, A. J. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02378-5 · Cited by 27
Boehnke, K. F., Cox, K., Weston, C. L., Herberholz, M., Glynos, N. G., Kolbman, N., Fields, C. W., Barron, J., & Kruger, D. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1224551 · Cited by 30
“However, these compounds are not without risks: despite possible systematic underreporting of adverse events in clinical trials, there have been several known cases of serious adverse events such as suicidal ideation (5).”
BackgroundPsychedelics and sexual functioning: a mixed-methods study
Barba, T., Kettner, H., Radu, C., Peill, J. M., Roseman, L., Nutt, D., Erritzøe, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Giribaldi, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49817-4 · Cited by 29
“One area of particular promise has been psilocybin-therapy for anxiety and depressive symptoms 5–8 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationFang, S., Yang, X., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088 · Cited by 34
A rapid narrative review of the clinical evolution of psychedelic treatment in clinical trials
Kishon, R., Modlin, N. L., Cycowicz, Y. M., Mourtada, H., Wilson, T., Williamson, V., Cleare, A. J., & Rucker, J. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00068-9 · Cited by 29
Self-citationPsilocybin for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Zheng, S., Ma, R., Yang, Y., & Li, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1420601 · Cited by 27
Hsu, T., Tsai, C., Kao, Y., Thompson, T., Carvalho, A. F., Yang, F., Tseng, P., Hsu, C.-W., Yu, C., Tu, Y., et al. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078607 · Cited by 28
Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression
Mertens, L. J., Koslowski, M., Betzler, F., Brand, M., Evens, R., Kärtner, L., Jungaberle, A., Jungaberle, H., Majić, T., Schmitz, C. N., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0132 · Cited by 39
The down-scheduling of MDMA and psilocybin(e): Too fast and too soon
Kisely, S. R. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674231174171 · Cited by 26
“For example, the recent study of psilocybin(e) used a synthetic version called COMP360 (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMedicinal cannabis for psychiatry-related conditions: an overview of current Australian prescribing
Cairns, E. A., Benson, M. J., Bedoya‐Pérez, M. A., Macphail, S. L., Mohan, A., Cohen, R., Sachdev, P. S., & McGregor, I. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1142680 · Cited by 27
“Examples include the use of ketamine and psilocybin for depression (Thomas et al., 2017; Rosenblat et al., 2019; Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022) and MDMA for PTSD (Mitchell et al.”
BackgroundUrrutia, J., Anderson, B. T., Belouin, S. J., Berger, A. M., Griffiths, R. R., Grob, C. S., Henningfield, J. E., Labate, B. C., Maier, L. J., Maternowska, M. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2258367 · Cited by 29
“Phase II trials with psilocybin have demonstrated both adequate safety and efficacy outcomes, particularly for major depressive disorder (MDD) and TRD (Goodwin et al. 2022; Raison et al. 2023; Rosenblat et al. 2022).”
Background(2024) · doi:10.1177/02698811231215420 · Cited by 25
“Eight studies investigated treatment-resistant or recurrent MDD, five using psilocybin (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Sloshower et al., 2023) and three using ayahuasca (Osorio et al., 2015; Palhano-Fontes et al., 2019; Sanches et al., 2016).”
BackgroundProtocols and practices in psilocybin assisted psychotherapy for depression: A systematic review
Chisamore, N., Johnson, D. E., Chen, M. J. Q., Offman, H., Chen-Li, D. C. J., Kaczmarek, E. S., Doyle, Z., McIntyre, R. S., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.051 · Cited by 32
Mindlin, I., Herzog, R. A., Belloli, L. M. L., Manasova, D., Monge-Asensio, M., Vohryzek, J., Escrichs, A., Alnagger, N., Nùñez, P., Gosseries, O., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06852-9 · Cited by 28
Kaminski, D., & Reinert, J. P. (2023) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/10600280231205645 · Cited by 27
“15 However, in the other trial, the 25 mg group was associated with a statistically significant increase in the 11D-ASC subscales of anxiety and impaired cognition over the 10-mg group.”
InfluentialThe mechanistic divide in psychedelic neuroscience: An unbridgeable gap?
Barksdale, B. R., Doss, M. K., Fonzo, G. A., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2024) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00322 · Cited by 27
A multi-institutional investigation of psilocybin’s effects on mouse behavior
Lu, O., White, K., Raymond, K. B., Liu, C. J., Klein, A. S., Green, N., Vaillancourt, S., Gallagher, A. J., Shindy, L., Li, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647810 · Cited by 28
Bahji, A., Lunsky, I. O., Gutiérrez, G., & Vázquez, G. H. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2278586 · Cited by 32
“Heterogeneity was impacted by the variations in study design such as a lack of dose dependent-analysis (only Goodwin et al. 2022 conducted this type of analysis), five studies presented a crossover design (Griffiths et al. 2016; Grob et al. 2011; Holze et al. 2023; Ross et al. 2016; Sloshower et…”
InfluentialVilliger, D. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2357669 · Cited by 27
“…and suggest efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder (Carhart-Harris, Bolstridge, et al., 2016; Carhart-Harris et al., 2018, 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Palhano-Fontes et al., 2019; Raison et al., 2023; Reiff et al., 2020; Rotz et al., 2023; Sanches et al., 2016), anxiety with…”
Psilocybin for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies
Li, L., Mo, Y., Shi, Z.-M., Huang, X., Ning, Y.-P., Wu, H., Yang, X.-H., & Zheng, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1416420 · Cited by 28
“For example, Goodwin et al. exclusively enrolled patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) (18), while another study by Raison et al. (19) reported that 12.5% of participants had TRD. a The differences between psilocybin groups and control groups at the treatment endpoints.”
ResultInfluentialWiens, K. R., Brooks, N. A. H., Riar, I., Greuel, B. K., Lindhout, I. A., & Klegeris, A. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29215084 · Cited by 30
Emergency Department Visits Involving Hallucinogen Use and Risk of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
Myran, D. T., Pugliese, M., Xiao, J., Kaster, T. S., Husain, M. I., Anderson, K. K., Fabiano, N., Wong, S., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Webber, C., et al. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.3532 · Cited by 25
Self-citationWall, M. B., Demetriou, L., Giribaldi, B., Roseman, L., Ertl, N., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230751 · Cited by 27
Self-citationDougherty, R. F., Clarke, P., Atli, M., Kuc, J., Schlosser, D. A., Dunlop, B. W., Hellerstein, D. J., Aaronson, S. T., Zisook, S., Young, A. H., et al. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06432-5 · Cited by 29
Self-citationDo the therapeutic effects of psilocybin involve actions in the gut?
Reed, F. M., & Foldi, C. J. (2024) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.007 · Cited by 26
Psychological effects of psychedelics in adolescents
Izmi, N., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Kettner, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1364617 · Cited by 26
Self-citationWang, E. Y., Mathai, D. S., Gukasyan, N., Nayak, S. M., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78736-1 · Cited by 29
Adverse psychiatric effects of psychedelic drugs: a systematic review of case reports
Yildirim, B., Sahin, S. S., Gee, A., Jauhar, S., Rucker, J., Salgado‐Pineda, P., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., & McKenna, P. J. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002496 · Cited by 28
“Four recent trials (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023) (one of them large, N = 233; Goodwin et al., 2022) have found evidence for psilocybin ’ s effectiveness in major depressive disorder, leading to the FDA designating it a ‘ breakthrough…”
Self-citationPsilocybin increases emotional empathy in patients with major depression
Jungwirth, J., von Rotz, R., Dziobek, I., Vollenweider, F. X., & Preller, K. H. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0 · Cited by 27
Nutt, D., Hunt, P., Schlag, A. K., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2024) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.17398 · Cited by 23
“Following a successful phase 2 study (Goodwin et al., 2022), COMPASS Pathways currently have a phase 3 trial of psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression.”
InfluentialPellegrini, L., Fineberg, N. A., O'Connor, S., de Souza, A. M. F. L. P., Godfrey, K., Reed, S., Peill, J. M., Healy, M., Rohani-Shukla, C., Lee, H., et al. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPsilocybin, an Effective Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults - A Systematic Review
Watford, T., & Masood, N. (2024) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1120 · Cited by 23
Madsen, C. A., Navarro, M. L., Elfving, B., Kessing, L. V., Ċastrén, E., Mikkelsen, J. D., & Knudsen, G. M. (2024) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.06.008 · Cited by 26
Mograbi, D. C., Hall, S., Arantes, B., & Huntley, J. D. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1670 · Cited by 37
Guo, Q., Guo, L., Yong, W., & Shang, S. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116018 · Cited by 29
Kolasa, M., Nikiforuk, A., Korlatowicz, A., Solich, J., Potasiewicz, A., Dziedzicka‐Wasylewska, M., Bugno, R., Hogendorf, A. S., Bojarski, A. J., & Faron‐Górecka, A. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3 · Cited by 25
Shinozuka, K., Jerotic, K., Mediano, P. A. M., Zhao, A. T., Preller, K. H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03187-1 · Cited by 28
“We encourage future research to develop tools for modelling these relationships in order to improve our scienti fi c understanding of psychedelics.”
Self-citationBedside to bench: the outlook for psychedelic research
Acero, V. P., Cribas, E. S., Browne, K. D., Rivellini, O. M., Burrell, J. C., O’Donnell, J. C., Das, S., & Cullen, D. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1240295 · Cited by 24
Psychedelic renaissance: Revitalized potential therapies for psychiatric disorders
Rhee, T. G., Davoudian, P. A., Sanacora, G., & Wilkinson, S. T. (2023) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103818 · Cited by 23
Epidemiology of classic psychedelic substances: results from a Norwegian internet convenience sample
Kvam, T.-M., Uthaug, M. V., Andersen, K. A. A., Refsum, B. B., Tunstad, P. A., Stewart, L. H., Jacobsen, H. B., & Grønnerød, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287196 · Cited by 24
“This is in line with previous clinical research showing promising results in the treatment of depression, alcohol use disorder and other conditions (3, 5, 6).”
BackgroundResultPsychotherapy in Psychedelic Treatment: Safe, Evidence-Based, and Necessary
Alpert, M. D., O’Donnell, K. C., Paleos, C. A., Sola, E., Stauffer, C. S., Wagner, A. C., Nicholas, C. R. N., & Mithoefer, M. C. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230665 · Cited by 22
Wong, S., Kwan, A. T. H., Teopiz, K. M., Le, G. H., Meshkat, S., Ho, R., d’Andrea, G., Cao, B., Vincenzo, J. D. D., Rosenblat, J. D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.142 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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