The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 22 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plainn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plaindirectn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
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“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
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Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,154
Fryc, M., Kluzik, D., Czopek, A., Jończyk, J., & Zagórska, A. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110622 · Cited by 10
The ABCs of psychedelics: a preclinical roadmap for drug discovery
Kwan, A. C., Mantsch, J. R., & McCorvy, J. D. (2025) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2025.07.017 · Cited by 10
Evidence versus expectancy: the development of psilocybin therapy
Rucker, J. (2023) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2023.28 · Cited by 9
Self-citationHallucinogenic potential: a review of psychoplastogens for the treatment of opioid use disorder
Hornick, M. G., & Stefanski, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1221719 · Cited by 9
“Adverse events reported with psilocybin include headache, nausea, dizziness, and a transient increase in BP and HR, but, as with ayahuasca and DMT, these are self-limited (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAixalà, M. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_532 · Cited by 9
Ching, T. H. W., Amoroso, L., Bohner, C., D’Amico, E. J., Eilbott, J. A., Entezar, T., Fitzpatrick, M., Fram, G., Grazioplene, R. G., Hokanson, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278823 · Cited by 10
Adams, D. R., ALLEN, H. L., Nicol, G. E., & Cabassa, L. J. (2024) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibae053 · Cited by 11
Modlin, N. L., McPhee, T., Zazon, N., Sarang, M., Hignett, R., Pick, S., Cleare, A. J., Williamson, V., & Rucker, J. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0027 · Cited by 10
“8 However, increased public and scienti fi c interest in psychedelics largely stems from their potential therapeutic bene fi ts in the treatment of complex mental health conditions, including treatment-resistant depression, 9,10 anorexia nervosa 11 and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).”
Self-citationInformed Consent in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Bradberry, M. M., Appelbaum, P. S., & Gukasyan, N. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_559 · Cited by 8
Use of psychedelic treatments in psychiatric clinical practice: an EPA policy paper
Destoop, M., Mohr, P., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Kéri, P., Samochowiec, J., Picker, L. D., Fiorillo, A., Kuypers, K. P. C., & Dom, G. (2025) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1806 · Cited by 11
Serotonergic Psychedelics Rapidly Modulate Evoked Glutamate Release in Cultured Cortical Neurons
Petrušková, A., Guhathakurta, D., Akdaş, E. Y., Perelló‐Amorós, B., Frischknecht, R., Weiss, E., Páleníček, T., & Fejtová, A. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70020 · Cited by 11
Self-citationŁysik, A., Logoń, K., Szczygieł, A., Wołoszczak, J., Wrześniewska, M., & Leszek, J. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01615-8 · Cited by 11
“A 2022 double-blind clinical trial investigated the efficacy of psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support [14].”
Fuini, E., Chang, A., Ortiz, R. J., Nasseef, M. T., Edwards, J., Latta, M., Gonzalez, E., Woodward, T. J., Bradshaw, H. B., Axe, B., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1554049 · Cited by 11
Hippocampal Zkscan4 confers resilience to chronic stress–induced depression-like behaviors
Gao, K., Yang, Y., Sun, X., Wang, J., Sun, X., Lu, T., Wang, L., Li, M., Yue, W., Liu, H., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr2291 · Cited by 8
Role of endogenous serotonin in psychedelic-like effects of psilocybin in mice
Erkizia-Santamaría, I., Martínez-Álvarez, N., Salinas-Novoa, L., Meana, J. J., & Ortega, J. E. (2025) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyaf035 · Cited by 8
“9,10 However, these clinical results raise numerous neurobiological questions on the molecular substrate of the therapeutic mechanism of action of psilocybin.”
Klučková, T., Nikolič, M., Tylš, F., Viktorin, V., Vejmola, Č., Viktorinová, M., Bravermanová, A., Androvičová, R., Andrashko, V., Korčák, J., et al. (2025) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-025-00742-5 · Cited by 10
“…naivety and repeated dosing did not affect acute or long-term effects, our results are minimally biased and are in agreement with the results of Goodwin et al. 2022 [ 1 ] where naïve participants were unable to sub - jectively discriminate between doses, but a dose-dependent response was still…”
InfluentialSelf-citationNadeem, Z., Parker, S., McGovern, H. T., Sebben, B., & Oestreich, L. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251346679 · Cited by 9
“…for PTSD (Mitchell et al., 2023; Ot’alora G et al., 2018; Ponte et al., 2021), and several randomized control trials (RCTs) supporting the efficacy of psilocybin in treating MDD (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Haikazian et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023).”
Avanceña, A. L. V., Vuong, L., Kahn, J. G., & Marseille, E. A. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03556-4 · Cited by 9
“Finally, in an RCT focused on individuals with TRD ( N = 79), single-dose PAT led to a three-week remission rate of 29% [16], which is higher than the 13.7% remission rate for standard third-line antidepressants [17].”
InfluentialNeurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models
Adeyinka, D. A., Forsyth, D., Currie, S., & Faraone, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1585367 · Cited by 11
“…that a single dose—typically around 25 mg—can lead to rapid and sustained reductions in depressive Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 05 frontiersin.org symptoms when paired with psychological support (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Siegel et al., 2024; Raison et al., 2023).”
Five-year outcomes of psilocybin-assisted therapy for Major Depressive Disorder
Davis, A. K., DellaCrosse, M. A., Sepeda, N. D., Levin, A. W., Cosimano, M. P., Shaub, H., Washington, T., Gooch, P. M., Gilead, S., Gaughan, S. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2025.00461 · Cited by 9
Caraccio, M., Cheung, K., Mann, S. P., Bruce, L., Jacobs, E., Villiger, D., Sandbrink, J. D., Register, C., Hannikainen, I. R., Høeg, M. L., et al. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2532761 · Cited by 8
“…et al., 2024) – as effective treatments for a variety of mood and substance use disorders, including depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorder (Goodwin et al., 2022; Johnson et al., 2014; Meling et al., 2024; Raison et al., 2023; Ross et al., 2016; Schimmers et al., 2022; Smith et al.,…”
Wong, S., Meckling, G., Fabiano, N., Lee, S., Jones, B. D. M., Shorr, R., Dargél, A., Davis, A. K., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Solmi, M., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251372449 · Cited by 9
“24,25 The mechanism of action of PT remains unclear, although agonist activity on serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, has been implicated.”
InfluentialSelf-citationIsHak, W. W., Hirsch, D., Renteria, S., Totlani, J., Murphy, N., Chang, T. Y., Abdelsalam, R., Salem, M., Meyer, A., Keerthana, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07141-3 · Cited by 10
“Unlike the 25 mg dose, the 10 mg dose was not found superior to the control group, with a least-squares mean change from baseline of −7.9 (difference of −2.5; 95% Cl, −6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18) [98].”
Influentialda Cruz, R. V. L., Costa, R. B. G. D. M., de Queiroz, G. M., Stojanovic, T., Moulin, T. C., & Leão, R. N. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03852-7 · Cited by 8
“Supporting this view, psilocybin has demonstrated robust and prolonged antidepressant ef fi cacy in clinical trials, with symptom improvements persisting for up to 12 months in some patients and a favorable safety pro fi le [25 – 29].”
Psychedelic medicine: mechanisms, evidence, and translation to practice
Jacobs, E., Zahid, Z., Hinkle, J. T., Nayak, S. M., & Yaden, D. B. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081723 · Cited by 9
Psilocybin in the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder
Hendricks, P. S., Lappan, S. N., Shelton, R. C., Lahti, A. C., Cropsey, K. L., Johnson, M. W., Bradley, M. K., Simonsson, O., Davis, L. L., Grossman, D. H., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029 · Cited by 9
EMBARK Psychedelic Therapy for Depression
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.001.0001 · Cited by 8
Neurobiology of the Antidepressant Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Narrative Review
Chisamore, N., Kaczmarek, E. S., Le, G. H., Wong, S., Orsini, D. K., Mansur, R. B., McIntyre, R. S., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2024) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-024-00319-8 · Cited by 9
A suicide attempt following psilocybin ingestion in a patient with no prior psychiatric history
Kramer, E. N., Reddy, K., & Shapiro, B. B. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.psycr.2023.100118 · Cited by 8
Nair, P. C., Shajan, B., & Bastiampillai, T. J. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02466-z · Cited by 9
Cohen, J., Sulimani, L., Procaccia, S., Lerenthal, Y., Milay, L., Taran, I., Shapira, A., & Meiri, D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97710-z · Cited by 8
“In recent years, the medical interest in these fungi has been reignited as evidence accumulates regarding their therapeutic potential in treating different diseases 5–9 , mainly on psilocybin 5,10–16 , their major secondary metabolite 3–7 .”
Spending Time in Nature: The Overlooked Health Behavior
Maddock, J. E., & Johnson, S. S. (2023) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171231210806 · Cited by 16
How should psychotherapy proceed when adjoined with psychedelics?
Weintraub, M. J., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21170 · Cited by 7
Psychedelics in Psychiatry, the Nursing Influence, and the Future of Psychedelic Therapies
Spotswood, C. J. (2024) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903231222930 · Cited by 9
“Psychedelic therapies are radically different from conventional psychopharmacological practices, as the medicine is not taken daily and effects can be seen long after ingestion, even after one dose (Goodwin, et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2011; Raison et al., 2023).”
Pediatric suicide: Review of a preventable tragedy
Greydanus, D. E., Nazeer, A., Qayyum, Z., Patel, D. R., Rausch, R., Hoang, L.-N., Miller, C., Chahin, S. S., Apple, R. W., Saha, G. K., et al. (2024) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101725 · Cited by 10
Black, J. C., Monte, A. A., Dasgupta, N., Jewell, J. S., Rockhill, K. M., Olson, R. A., & Dart, R. C. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00233-1 · Cited by 7
“Epidemiologic data in adolescents show that suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are more common with LSD use and less common with psilocybin use 42 , and trial data suggest that STBs may be more frequent with higher doses of psilocybin 6 .”
Guiding Through Challenging Psychedelic Experiences and “Bad Trips”
Koslowski, M., & Gasser, P. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_515 · Cited by 7
Psychedelika und Dissoziativa in der Psychiatrie: Herausforderungen in der Behandlung
Jungwirth, J., Bavato, F., & Quednow, B. B. (2024) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-024-01727-0 · Cited by 7
“%) sowie Schwindel und Müdigkeit (jeweils 6%; [26]).”
BackgroundAnxiety and Affective Symptoms Related to the Use of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review
Viljoen, G., & Betzler, F. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_534 · Cited by 8
Gonçalves, K. T. D. C., Tavares, V. D. D. O., Barros, M. L. D. M., de Brito, A. J. C., Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Palhano-Fontes, F., Falchi-Carvalho, M., Arcoverde, E., SANTOS, R. G. D., Hallak, J. E. C., et al. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01925-6 · Cited by 9
“In recent years, studies on the therapeutic effects of sero-tonergic psychedelics for psychiatric disorders have become gradually more common [16–18], in this context, have raised a notion that the power of psychedelic experience could enhance the therapeutic effect of these substances [19, 20]…”
Amid magic and menace: psychiatrists’ attitudes to psilocybin therapy
Gribben, A. D., Burke, T., Harrington, C., Husein, A., Murnane, K. S., Hendricks, P. S., Tobin, K., Ivers, J., Thuery, G., Harkin, A., et al. (2024) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2024.49 · Cited by 7
Self-citationPsilocybin as a disease-modifying drug—a salutogenic approach in psychiatry
Spangemacher, M., Mertens, L. J., Färber, L. V., Jungaberle, A., Jungaberle, H., & Gründer, G. (2024) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0224 · Cited by 7
Luoma, J. B., Hoffman, K. A., Wilson‐Poe, A. R., Levander, X. A., Bazinet, A. D., Cook, R., McCarty, D. W., Pertl, K., Bielavitz, S., Gregoire, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2454474 · Cited by 6
“…screened participants receiving psychotherapy from highly experienced therapists suggest beneficial effects of synthetic psilocybin on depression (Goodwin et al. 2022; Raison et al. 2023), end-of-life anxiety and depression (Griffiths et al. 2016), and alcohol use (Bogenschutz et al. 2015, 2022).”
MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Regulatory Challenges and a Path Forward
Singh, B. (2025) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01162-y · Cited by 10
“While some studies have used low or subtherapeutic doses of these compounds as control groups, clear and consistent FDA guidelines on this practice are needed [29].”
Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Meshkat, S., Malik, T., Zeifman, R. J., Swainson, J., Zhang, Y., Burback, L., Winkler, O., Greenshaw, A. J., Reichelt, A. C., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051416 · Cited by 7
Self-citationDourron, H. M., Bradley, M., Simonsson, O., Copes, H., Grossman, D., Shallcross, R. A., & Hendricks, P. S. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0036 · Cited by 7
Roseby, W., Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Spriggs, M. J., Lyons, T., Peill, J., Giribaldi, B., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1580663 · Cited by 8
“For example, psychedelic therapy for depression is thought to benefit from a larger dose of 25 mg or more (Goodwin et al., 2022; Perez et al., 2023), which is concurrently more likely to induce mystical experiences (Ko et al., 2023).”
Self-citationThe therapeutic potential of psilocybin beyond psychedelia through shared mechanisms with ketamine
Park, D., Lee, G., Lee, W.-G., Kim, B. S., Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03100-2 · Cited by 11
“In a phase 2 study, psilocybin improved depressive symptoms in 20% of patients for up to 12 weeks, although adverse events — including headache, nausea, fatigue, and even suicidal ideation — were reported in several cases [12].”
InfluentialAre we hallucinating or can psychedelic drugs modulate the immune system to control inflammation?
Qureshi, O., Cowley, J., Pegg, A., Cooper, A. J., Gordon, J., Brady, C., Belli, A., Butterworth, S., Upthegrove, R., Andrews, N., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70138 · Cited by 11
“…for example, symptoms of depression after acute drug administration (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; von Rotz et al., 2022; for reviews see Vollenweider & Preller, 2020; McClure-Begley & Roth, 2022) and…”
Wittenkeller, L. M., Gudelsky, G. A., Winhusen, T. M., & Amato, D. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70181 · Cited by 7
Concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics: A scoping review
Tap, S. C., Thomas, K. L. H., Páleníček, T., Stenbæk, D. S., Oliveira-Maia, A. J., van Dalfsen, J. H., & Schoevers, R. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251368360 · Cited by 14
Self-citationAskey, T., Allen-Ross, D., Luzyanin, D., Lasrado, R., Gilmour, G., Hunt, S. P., Tamagnini, F., Ahmed, M., Stephens, G. J., & Maiarù, M. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10065-7 · Cited by 8
“Becauseofthislong-lasting effectofpsilocybinonpain-likebehaviours,wetestedwhetherapre-emptiveinjectionofpsilocybinwouldbeabletopreventthedevelopmentof mechanical hypersensitivity (Fig.”
Chapman, G. E., Turner, G., Noar, A. P., Barba, T., Zafar, R. R., McCutcheon, R. A., & Erritzøe, D. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03233-4 · Cited by 7
“…properties [21] and all classical psychedelics target the 5-HT 2A R. Psychedelics have shown promise in the treatment of depression [22, 23], where 5-HT 2A R occupancy correlates with the intensity and mysticism of a psychedelic experience [24, 25], which may in turn predict the…”
Molecular Mechanisms of Emerging Antidepressant Strategies: From Ketamine to Neuromodulation
Kowalczyk, M., Aebisher, D., Szpara, J., Czech, S., Bartusik‐Aebisher, D., & Henrykowska, G. A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27010344 · Cited by 10
“It was demonstrated that the 25 mg dose—unlike the 10 mg dose—resulted in a clinically significant reduction in depressive symptom severity over a three-week period compared with the 1 mg dose, confirming a dose-dependent therapeutic effect [54].”
Dominiak, M., Gędek, A., Modrzejewski, S., Permoda-Pachuta, A., & Antosik-Wójcińska, A. Z. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010253 · Cited by 7
Gregory, N. S., Girard, T. E., Ram, A., Casey, A. B., Malenka, R. C., Tawfik, V. L., & Heifets, B. D. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68763-z · Cited by 7
“While human studies of depression report long-lasting effects after a single therapy-supported dose 2 , chronic pain may be more responsive to repeated low-dose psychedelics ( ‘ microdosing ’ ), or repeatedhigh-doseregimen 49 .”
Escamilla-Orozco, R. I., González-Trujano, M. E., Mariscal, J. M. G., Torres-Valencia, J. M., Guzmán-González, H., Vega, J. L., & Loizaga-Velder, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2246459 · Cited by 7
Development of the Japanese version of the 30‐item Mystical Experience Questionnaire
Yonezawa, K., Tani, H., Nakajima, S., & Uchida, H. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12377 · Cited by 6
Žuljević, M. F., Mijatović, A., Marušić, S. L., Kudrjavets, G., Buljan, I., & Hren, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2274382 · Cited by 8
“…findings of a phase III trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, where the higher dose treatment arm was the one where a significant and large effect size was observed in decreasing depression scores, but was also the one where more side effects were observed (Goodwin et al. 2022).”
Psychedelic-assisted therapy for people with gambling disorder?
Romero, P., Czakó, A., van den Brink, W., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00004 · Cited by 10
“Similarly, in a double-blind randomized controlled trial, depressed patients treated with a single dose of 25 mg, 10 mg or 1 mg (placebo) psilocybin, the 25 mg group showed signi fi cant reductions in depression severity up to 6 weeks after the psilocybin session (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundTrainees Unprepared for Advances in Psychedelic Medicine: A Survey Study
Geller, J. A., Glynos, N. G., Lemmen, A., Pacilio, R. M., Kruger, D. J., & Hosanagar, A. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2341795 · Cited by 7
“There are many recent and ongoing clinical trials investigating the use of psychedelics in medicine, and preliminary results indicate therapeutic potential for a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions (da Costa et al. 2022; Goodwin et al. 2022; Mitchell et al. 2021).”
Convulsive therapy for psychiatric disorders
Kaster, T. S., & Blumberger, D. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18496-3.00010-0 · Cited by 7
Novel extended-release transdermal formulations of the psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Witowski, C. G., Hess, M. R., Jones, N., Pellitteri-Hahn, M. C., Razidlo, J. A., Bhavsar, R., Beer, C., Gonzalez-Velazquez, N. M., Scarlett, C. O., Wenthur, C. J., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106803 · Cited by 8
Altman, B. M., & Magnus, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241278774 · Cited by 7
“…trained mental health practitioners, psyche-delic-assisted therapy can improve a number of mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety (Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; Hull et al., 2022), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Mitchell et al., 2021), suicidality (Zeifman…”
Wahba, M., Hayes, C., Kletter, M., & McAllister-Williams, H. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.768 · Cited by 7
“…was written on the basis of the authors ’ involvement with COMP001, COMPASS Pathways ’ phase 2b clinical trial of the investigational drug COMP360 (COMPASS Pathways ’ proprietary synthetic psilocybin formulation) for treatment-resistant depression, 11 and COMP004, a long-term follow-up study (Fig.”
Self-citationBender, D. A., Nayak, S. M., Siegel, J. S., Hellerstein, D. J., Erçal, B., & Lenze, E. J. (2025) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20240025 · Cited by 7
Self-citationPenn, A., & Yehuda, R. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0017 · Cited by 7
“35,36 It is often assumed that if a drug being tested in Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials is more efficacious than placebo or the current standard of care, or more tolerable than extant treatments, then the findings from these studies will provide a suffi-cient basis for replacing the current standard of…”
Innovations in group-based psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depression in patients with cancer
Thrul, J., Kozak, Z., Carducci, M. A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35127 · Cited by 6
“improvements in depression outcomes in different populations, 6–8 there is increasing enthusiasm toward psilocybin in the treatment of depression.”
BackgroundChing, T. H. W., Stahnke, B., Shnayder, S., Agin-Liebes, G., Adams, T. G., Amoroso, L., Baiz, O., Belser, A., Bohner, C., Burke, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726818 · Cited by 6
Sabucedo, P., Andión, O., Neimeyer, R. A., Soto-Angona, O., Javkin, J., Haro, J. M., Farré, M., & González, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1484736 · Cited by 6
Muir, O. S., Shinozuka, K., Beutler, B. D., Arenas, A., Cherian, K. N., Evans, V. D., Fasano, C., & Tabaac, B. J. (2024) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001720 · Cited by 7
“26 Furthermore, it is possible that, as psychedelics are deployed on a larger scale, there may be more reports of mental health problems, especially if adequate measures are not in place to monitor participants.”
BackgroundRamos, L., & Vicente, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2024.2363343 · Cited by 6
“Based on research that points to an effective and sustained reduction in depressive symptoms (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016, 2018; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; Gukasyan et al., 2022; Ross et al., 2016; von Rotz et al., 2022), psilocybin has been granted status by…”
Meyer, T. D., Ibrahim, M., Vale, L., & Soares, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.044 · Cited by 7
Self-citationRoméo, B., Kervadec, E., Fauvel, B., Strika-Bruneau, L., Amirouche, A., Verroust, V., Piolino, P., & Benyamina, A. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111300 · Cited by 7
Wang, Z., Robbins, B., Zhuang, R., van Bruggen, R., Sandini, T. M., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03383-z · Cited by 8
5-HT2A receptors shape whole-brain monoaminergic coherence in male mice
Butler, J. J., Virgili, M., Giovanni, G. D., Chagraoui, A., Beyeler, A., & Deurwaerdère, P. D. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111437 · Cited by 6
Thuery, G., Sheridan, C., Iusan, P., Brar, G., Ledden, K., Freyne, A., Kelly, J. R., & Harkin, A. (2025) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2025.10030 · Cited by 7
“…dose of psilocybin is sufficient for a rapid and long-lasting anti-depressant effect in patients with MDD and TRD, even with concomitant SSRI medication (Ross et al ., 2016; Griffiths et al ., 2016; Carhart-Harris et al ., 2017, 2018, 2021; Goodwin et al ., 2022, 2023b ; Raison et al ., 2023).”
Self-citationAssessing the Potential Cardiovascular Risk of Microdosing the Psychedelic LSD in Mice
Effinger, D. P., Schalk, S. S., King, J. L., Wallingford, J. R., O’Connell, C. K., Calderon, J. R., Kopecky, B. J., McCorvy, J. D., & Thompson, S. M. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00202 · Cited by 6
Experiments in medicalization: psychedelic therapy in Switzerland and Australia
Langlitz, N. (2025) · BioSocieties · doi:10.1057/s41292-025-00369-y · Cited by 6
Compassionate use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression in Germany
Gründer, G., Mertens, L. J., Jungaberle, A., Jungaberle, H., & Spangemacher, M. (2025) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00277-9 · Cited by 6
Psilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot clinical trial
Meikle, S. E., Carter, O. L., Liknaitzky, P., Johansen, L., Iyer, R., Strauss, N. H. M., Williams, M. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251377187 · Cited by 9
“16,19 Additionally, there is growing recognition of unique interpersonal risks.”
Breaking the chains of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin therapy
Khan, F. A., Pandupuspitasari, N. S., Tencomnao, T., & Chuchawankul, S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882 · Cited by 7
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Brakha, T. A., Buchard, A., Mabilais, C., Alaux, S., Amberger, C., Furtado, L., Seragnoli, F., Briefer, J.-F., Thorens, G., Sabé, M., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116992 · Cited by 6
“Over the past decade, several phase 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that one or two sessions of psilocybin-assisted therapy can produce rapid, clinically meaningful reductions in depressive symptoms in patients with MDD [11, 12].”
Taylor, J. J., Szigeti, B., Silverberg, N. D., Ahmadzad-Asl, M., Kare, M. R., Webler, R. D., Orsini, D. K., Rosenblat, J. D., Bschor, T., Baethge, C., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00018-0 · Cited by 7
Koning, E., Solmi, M., & Brietzke, E. M. (2024) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2024-0866 · Cited by 9
“90,93 In another trial, 4 of 15 participants that took ayahuasca had to be hospitalized, while authors wrote that the study found “safety and therapeutic value in psychedelics.””
Zhu, X., Zhang, C., Hellerstein, D. J., Feusner, J. D., Wheaton, M. G., Gomez, G. J., & Schneier, F. R. (2024) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp024r.0028 · Cited by 7
Self-citationRab, S. F., Raison, C. L., & Marseille, E. A. (2024) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp024r.0025 · Cited by 7
“Recent clinical trials have evaluated psilocybin’s effectiveness as both monotherapy for depression (3, 4), and as an adjunct to established antidepressantregimens(2,23).”
BackgroundEthical Considerations Regarding Psychedelics for Clinical Pain Research
Robinson, C. L., Slitzky, M., Schatman, M. E., Yong, R. J., Lehman, A., Kaynar, A. M., Shivanekar, S. P., & Emerick, T. D. (2024) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s491470 · Cited by 7
“1,9,10 13–17 In general, psychedelics not only effect a person’s interoception, their sense and perception of their own body, but are substances that alter how one perceives the outside world.”
Constantino, J. L., van Dalfsen, J. H., Massetti, S., Kamphuis, J., & Schoevers, R. A. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111251 · Cited by 9
Self-citationClassic Psychedelics for the Treatment of Depression: Potential Benefits and Challenges
Ghaznavi, S., & Richter, S. G. (2025) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-025-02172-2 · Cited by 10
“Some trials have attempted to address the issue of a placebo by having a low dose of the drug as a comparator instead (e.g., 1 mg of psilocybin) [46, 49].”
Bozzatello, P., Novelli, R., Schisano, R., Brasso, C., Rocca, P., & Bellino, S. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18050665 · Cited by 7
“In terms of safety, psilocybin was not responsible for severe side effects, although they are rather frequent [100].”
InfluentialIs psilocybin an effective antidepressant and what is its Mechanism of action?
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Neural Network Modulation of Ayahuasca: A Systematic Review of Human Studies
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No time to lose: the current state of research in rapid-acting psychotherapeutics
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“In a recent phase 2 placebo-controlled clinical trial, a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin resulted in a reduction in depression symptoms compared to a 1 mg dose (placebo) [16]).”
BackgroundPsychedelics, With a Focus on Psilocybin: Issues for the Clinician
Garakani, A., Alexander, J. L., Sumner, C. R., Pine, J. H., Gross, L. S., Raison, C. L., Aaronson, S. T., & Baron, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000729 · Cited by 7
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Adam, A. S., LaMalfa, K. S., Razavi, Y., Kohut, S. J., & Kangas, B. D. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0049 · Cited by 6
“14 A third example of considerable ongoing interest is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a nonselective monoamine releaser and prototypical entac-togen defined by its prosocial effects in humans and laboratory animals.”
Leveraging meditation research for the study of psychedelic-related adverse effects
Palitsky, R., Canby, N. K., Dam, N. T. V., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Kaplan, D. M., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Raison, C. L., Grant, G. H., Dunlop, B. W., & Britton, W. B. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2420745 · Cited by 7
“Adverse events in two recent Phase II trials of psilo cybin were characterized as predominantly mild, with severe adverse events reported at rates of 10% (Goodwin et al., 2022) and 8% (Raison et al., 2023).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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