The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 22 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plainn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plaindirectn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
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“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · cited 1×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
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Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,154
Soliman, P., Curley, D. E., Capone, C., Eaton, E. M., & Haass‐Koffler, C. L. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06598-6 · Cited by 28
Psychedelic therapy in depression and substance use disorders
Korkmaz, N. D., Çıkrıkçılı, U., Akan, M., & Yücesan, E. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16421 · Cited by 29
“Therefore, to understand the comprehensive impact of the behaviour and neural circuits functions needs to done further studies (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Kruger, D. J., Aday, J. S., Fields, C. W., Kolbman, N., Glynos, N. G., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., & Boehnke, K. F. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0011 · Cited by 24
“20 Despite this fi nding, the treatment groups still demonstrated a robust antidepressant effect compared to the con-trol — underscoring the wide variability in treatment outcomes and uncertainty regarding safety at the individual level.”
Świeczkowski, D., Kwaśny, A., Pruc, M., Gaca, Z., Szarpak, P. L., & Cubała, W. J. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116337 · Cited by 21
Aboharb, F., Davoudian, P. A., Shao, L.-X., Liao, C., Rzepka, G. N., Wojtasiewicz, C., Indajang, J., Dibbs, M., Rondeau, J. A., Sherwood, A. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56850-6 · Cited by 24
“We find different types of dose dependence for psilocybin’s effects on c-Fos expression that is region-specific.”
Gong, P., Wang, J., Long, H., Yang, W., Chen, X., Li, N., Chen, F., Zhang, J., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70080 · Cited by 21
Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks
Jiang, Q., Shao, L.-X., Yao, S., Savalia, N. K., Gilbert, A. D., Davoudian, P. A., Nothnagel, J. D., Tian, G., Hung, J. T. S., Lai, H. M., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.009 · Cited by 27
Psychedelics: Science sabotaged by Social Media
Sellers, E. M., & Romach, M. K. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109426 · Cited by 22
“Concurrent with the submission of the unrevised version of this paper, the results of the most rigorous and well-powered phase 2 clinical trial of psilocybin in treatment of treatment resistant depression were published along with an editorial (Goodwin et al., 2022; Madras, 2022).”
Is it now time to prepare psychiatry for a psychedelic future?
Nutt, D., CROME, I. B., & Young, A. H. (2024) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.76 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHavenith, M. N., Leidenberger, M., Brasanac, J., Corvacho, M., Figueiredo, I., Schwarz, L., Uthaug, M. V., Rakusa, S., Bernardic, M., Vasquez-Mock, L., et al. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00247-0 · Cited by 30
Self-citationMcCulloch, D. E.-W., Olsen, A. S., Ozenne, B., Stenbæk, D. S., Armand, S., Madsen, M. K., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.23292164 · Cited by 21
Calder, A. E., Rausch, B., Liechti, M. E., Holze, F., & Hasler, G. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241278873 · Cited by 20
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundCooper, T., Seigler, M. D., & Stahl, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231158891 · Cited by 21
“…and hallucinatory experiences and are now known to induce neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis very quickly, in the same time course as the hallucinatory experiences and rapid antidepressant action (Goodwin et al., 2022; Ly et al., 2018; Nielson and Guss, 2018; Olsen, 2020; Reiff et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialHumphreys, K. N., Korthuis, P. T., Stjepanović, D., & Hall, W. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020124-023532 · Cited by 26
The safety of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: A systematic review
de Freitas, R. R., Gotsis, E. S., Gallo, A. T., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Bailey, N. W., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2024) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674241289024 · Cited by 29
“Goodwin et al. (2022) reported that one participant taking psilocybin at the dose of 25 mg used loraze-pam, a medication for anxiety, on the dosing day.”
InfluentialAday, J. S., McAfee, J., Conroy, D. A., Hosanagar, A., Tarnal, V., Weston, C. L., Scott, K., Horowitz, D., Geller, J. A., Harte, S. E., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2025.1527783 · Cited by 22
Self-citationPsychedelics: preclinical insights provide directions for future research
Gumpper, R. H., & Roth, B. L. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01567-7 · Cited by 21
“As mentioned by others in this series, psychedelic drugs have had increasing interest over the past decade because small-scale clinical trials have shown that drugs like psilocybin and LSD have robust, rapid and enduring therapeutic actions for depression and anxiety [3 – 8].”
BackgroundPreclinical models of treatment-resistant depression: challenges and perspectives
Kolasa, M., & Faron‐Górecka, A. (2023) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00542-9 · Cited by 25
“Notably, considering participants exhibiting a deterioration in suicidal disposition, the trial underscores the importance of clinical vigilance in potential future trials involving psilo-cybin for depression [68, 69].”
BackgroundZhgun, A. A. (2023) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation9121027 · Cited by 21
Sicignano, D. J., Hernández, A. V., Schiff, B., Elmahy, N., & White, C. M. (2023) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2023.2296968 · Cited by 22
“16 .”
Cai, M., Zhu, Y., Shanley, M. R., Morel, C., Ku, S. M., Zhang, H., Shen, Y., Friedman, A. K., & Han, M.-H. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100565 · Cited by 18
Cardiovascular effects and safety of classic psychedelics
Nahlawi, A., Ptaszek, L. M., & Ruskin, J. N. (2025) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-025-00608-2 · Cited by 19
The science of psychedelic medicine
Siegel, J. S., Liston, C. M., Nicol, G. E., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04194-5 · Cited by 27
“Notable adverse reactions in recent large trials of psilocybin have included psychological discomfort (~30%), physical discomfort and anxiety during the session 6,7,11 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationWilliams, Z. J., Barnett, H., & Szigeti, B. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4809 · Cited by 24
Experiences of psilocybin treatment for clinical conditions: A qualitative meta‐synthesis
Crowe, M., Manuel, J., Carlyle, D., & Lacey, C. J. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13127 · Cited by 23
Pressing regulatory challenges for psychedelic medicine
McGuire, A. L., Lynch, H. F., Grossman, L. A., & Cohen, I. G. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adg1324 · Cited by 19
Psychedelics and workplace harm
Viña, S. M., & Stephens, A. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186541 · Cited by 19
“Employment status is a variable with eight categories: (1) parttime employment, (2) unemployment, (3) volunteering, (4) disability, (5) homemaking, (6) student, (7) retirement, and (8) full-time employment, which is the reference category.”
BackgroundMcIntyre, R. S. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2253144 · Cited by 19
“In keeping with this conceptual framework, classic psyche-delics (e.g. psilocybin and its active moiety psilocin, LSD) have molecular, cellular, and circuit/network connectivity effects that are similar to those observed with therapeutic modalities [12,24].”
Solaja, I., Haldane, K., Mason, N. L., Weiss, B., Xu, X., Xu, M., Nikolin, S., Jayasena, T., Millard, M., Brett, J., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105570 · Cited by 22
Psychedelics and Evidence-based Psychotherapy
Leone, L., McSpadden, B., DeMarco, A., Enten, L., Kline, R., & Fonzo, G. A. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.02.006 · Cited by 18
Menon, V., Ramamurthy, P., Venu, S., & Andrade, C. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13778 · Cited by 21
“Three of the included studies compared psilocybin-assisted therapy with an “active placebo” to mimic the effects of and thereby more closely simulate the experience of the experimental intervention [25–27].”
InfluentialConcurrent stress modulates the acute and post-acute effects of psilocybin in a sex-dependent manner
Farinha‐Ferreira, M., Miranda‐Lourenço, C., Galipeau, C., Lenkei, Z., & Sebastião, A. M. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110280 · Cited by 20
Jensen, M. E., Stenbæk, D. S., Messell, C., Poulsen, E. D., Varga, T. V., Fisher, P. M., Nielsen, M. K. K., Johansen, S. S., Volkow, N. D., Knudsen, G. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251319457 · Cited by 22
“However, several clinical studies on depression have reported positive outcomes with just one dosing session (Griffiths et al., 2016; Goodwin et al., 2022; Ross et al., 2016; Raison et al., 2023; von Rotz et al.,”
Longitudinal associations of naturalistic psychedelic use with psychotic and manic symptoms
Simonsson, O., Goldberg, S. B., Osika, W., Stenfors, C. U. D., Chaturvedi, S., Swords, C. M., Narayanan, J., & Hendricks, P. S. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000716 · Cited by 19
“…therapy is associated with reductions in depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder or treatment-resistant depression (Goodwin et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023) and reductions in anxiety symptoms in patients with life-threatening cancer (Griffiths et al., 2016; Ross…”
Erkizia-Santamaría, I., Horrillo, I., Martínez-Álvarez, N., Pérez-Martínez, D., Rivero, G., Erdozain, A. M., Meana, J. J., & Ortega, J. E. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03421-4 · Cited by 23
Emerging mechanisms of psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity
Sonda, S., Pendin, D., Comai, S., Martin, S. D., Manfredi, P., & Mattarei, A. (2025) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2025.08.012 · Cited by 21
Højlund, M., Kafalı, H. Y., Kırmızı, B., Fusar‐Poli, P., Correll, C. U., Cortese, S., Sabé, M., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Saraf, G., Zein, J., et al. (2025) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.09.011 · Cited by 23
Self-citationThe development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update
Borissova, A., & Rucker, J. (2023) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2023.25 · Cited by 21
“These are managed with reassurance, although a rescue medication (usually a short-acting benzodiazepine) may be given (to 1% in Goodwin et al 14 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWolfgang, A. S., & Hoge, C. W. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01446-4 · Cited by 22
Liu, G., Ma, L., Qu, Y., Wan, X., Xu, D., Zhao, M., Murayama, R., & Hashimoto, K. (2023) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173659 · Cited by 18
Campanale, A., Inserra, A., & Comai, S. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111058 · Cited by 19
Namiot, E. D., Smirnovová, D., Sokolov, A. V., Chubarev, V. N., Tarasov, V. V., & Schiöth, H. B. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03031-6 · Cited by 23
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological predictors of the LSD experience in healthy participants
Vizeli, P., Studerus, E., Holze, F., Schmid, Y., Dolder, P. C., Ley, L., Straumann, I., Becker, A., Müller, F., Arikci, D., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03074-9 · Cited by 25
Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review
Estric, C., Duron, T., Kabani, S., & López‐Castromán, J. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251338214 · Cited by 18
“Eight studies focused on major depressive episodes alone (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Murphy et al., 2022; Raison et al., 2023; Sloshower et al., 2023; von Rotz et al., 2023; Zeifman et al., 2021), two on recurrent depressive disorder (Osório et al., 2015;…”
InfluentialRieser, N. M., Gubser, L. P., Moujaes, F., Duerler, P., Lewis, C. R., Michels, L., Vollenweider, F. X., & Preller, K. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44153-z · Cited by 19
Wang, S., Kim, S., Choi, W.-S., Lim, H. K., Woo, Y. S., Pae, C., & Bahk, W. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1134 · Cited by 19
“One DB-RCT showed that a single dose of psilocybin 25 mg resulted in superior anti-depressant effect than psilocybin 1 mg [39].”
BackgroundMethodNordin, M., Hlynsson, J. I., Eklund, J. H., & Carlbring, P. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00337 · Cited by 17
Gomez-Escolar, A., Folch‐Sanchez, D., Stefaniuk, J., Swithenbank, Z., Nisa, A., Braddick, F., Chaudhary, N. I., van der Meer, P. B., & Batalla, A. (2024) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-024-01101-3 · Cited by 21
“This is why, in some psychedelic studies, an active placebo is used (e.g. a lower dose of the psychedelic substance [18], a different psycho-active substance such as methylphenidate [119] or a substance with some physiological noticeable effect such as niacin [120]).”
Dahan, J. D. C., Dadiomov, D., Bostoen, T., & Dahan, A. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00091-w · Cited by 18
Modifying Informed Consent to Help Address Functional Unmasking in Psychedelic Clinical Trials
Matvey, M., Kelley, D. P., Bradley, E., Chiong, W., O’Donovan, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4312 · Cited by 20
Uncovering psychedelics: from neural circuits to therapeutic applications
Melani, A., Bonaso, M., Biso, L., Zucchini, B., Conversano, C., & Scarselli, M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18010130 · Cited by 17
Mice lacking the serotonin transporter do not respond to the behavioural effects of psilocybin
Gattuso, J. J., Wilson, C., Li, S., Hannan, A. J., & Renoir, T. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177304 · Cited by 18
Cellular rules underlying psychedelic control of prefrontal pyramidal neuronsPreprint
Ekins, T. G., Brooks, I. A. W., Kailasa, S., Rybicki-Kler, C., Jedrasiak‐Cape, I., Donoho, E., Mashour, G. A., Rech, J. C., & Ahmed, O. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563334 · Cited by 19
Active Inference in Psychology and Psychiatry: Progress to Date?
Badcock, P. B., & Davey, C. G. (2024) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e26100833 · Cited by 23
“The medication is offered with psychotherapy and has antidepressant effects that emerge during the dosing session and last for weeks afterwards [247].”
BackgroundWang, Z., Robbins, B., Zhuang, R., Sandini, T. M., van Bruggen, R., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111243 · Cited by 17
Hultgren, J., Hafsteinsson, M. H., & Brulin, J. G. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.07.020 · Cited by 17
Synthetic surprise as the foundation of the psychedelic experience
Filippo, R. D., & Schmitz, D. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105538 · Cited by 17
Metabolomics in Depression: What We Learn from Preclinical and Clinical Evidences
Singh, P., Vasundhara, B., Das, N., Sharma, R., Kumar, A., & Datusalia, A. K. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04302-5 · Cited by 16
Salvetti, G., Saccenti, D., Moro, A. S., Lamanna, J., & Ferro, M. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14080829 · Cited by 17
“Goodwin et al. [64] conducted a double-blind dose-finding parallel-group randomized trial, consisting of three groups of subjects with MDD: the first group ( n = 79, 56% female, mean age: 40.2 ± 12.2) received a 25 mg dose of psilocybin, the second group ( n = 75, 55% female, mean age: 40.6 ± 12.8)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialArmstrong, M., Castellanos, J. P., & Christie, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2024.1346053 · Cited by 19
Psilocybin as a novel treatment for chronic pain
Askey, T., Lasrado, R., Maiarù, M., & Stephens, G. J. (2024) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.17420 · Cited by 18
“Much preclinical focus is currently on single dose effects of psilocybin, for example, in Phase II trials for different forms of depression, where psilocybin was administered at 1 – 25 mg (Goodwin et al., 2022) or 0.215 mg kg (cid:1) 1 (von Rotz et al., 2023).”
InfluentialFurther education in psychedelic-assisted therapy – experiences from Switzerland
Aicher, H., Müller, F., & Gasser, P. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06871-y · Cited by 18
“Recent clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for psychedelics and MDMA in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, including treatment-resist-ant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders [10, 19, 21, 29, 30, 41, 49, 56, 63].”
Ippolito, A., Vasudevan, S. R., Hurley, S., Gilmour, G., Westhorpe, F. G., Churchill, G. C., & Sharp, T. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70109 · Cited by 21
“Serotonergic psychedelic drugs are in development for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, ranging from major depression and anxiety to substance misuse disorder and anorexia (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
McGowan, N. M., Rucker, J., Yehuda, R., Agrawal, M., Modlin, N. L., Simmons, H., Tofil-Kaluza, A., Das, S., & Goodwin, G. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251362390 · Cited by 22
“A Phase 2 trial examining single-dose COMP360 psilocybin suggested that treatment was well-tolerated, produced a rapid decrease in depressive symptoms and improved social functioning and quality of life in individuals with treatment-resistant depression (Goodwin et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2023).”
InfluentialSelf-citationImmune-brain plasticity underpins stress and affective behaviors
Lee, J., & Wheeler, M. E. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.11.020 · Cited by 21
Synergistic psychedelic - NMDAR modulator treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders
Heresco‐Levy, U., & Lerer, B. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02312-8 · Cited by 15
“Recent studies with psilocybin suggest signi fi cant bene fi ts in major depressive disorder for 1-2 psilocybin (~25 mg) administration sessions [33, 34].”
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2279736 · Cited by 16
“Still in clinical development, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD has two published Phase 3 clinical trials [2] and several Phase 2 trials for psilocybin in treatment-resistant depression have been conducted [3–6], with a Phase 3 program underway [7].”
BackgroundPsychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Psilocybin
Tabaac, B. J., Shinozuka, K., Arenas, A., Beutler, B. D., Cherian, K. N., Evans, V. D., Fasano, C., & Muir, O. S. (2024) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001724 · Cited by 16
“69 Of 79 participants, there were 4 cases of suicidal ideation between Day 2 and Week 3 after treatment with a single 25-mg dose, as well as 3 cases between Week 3 and Week 12.”
BackgroundMethodThe Future of Pain Medicine: Emerging Technologies, Treatments, and Education
Slitzky, M., Yong, R. J., Bianco, G. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s490581 · Cited by 15
Positioning rTMS Within a Sequential Treatment Algorithm of Depression
Kaster, T. S., & Blumberger, D. M. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240604 · Cited by 15
Marchi, M., Farina, R., Rachedi, K., Laonigro, F., Žuljević, M. F., Pingani, L., Ferrari, S., Somers, M., Boks, M. P., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241303594 · Cited by 17
“…profile of psilocybin and LSD aligns with current research investigating psilocybin for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) (Giribaldi et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022) and LSD for the treatment of anxiety, also associated with alcoholism (Fuentes et al., 2019; Inserra et al., 2023).”
Self-citationPsilocybin: From Psychiatric Pariah to Perceived Panacea
Fonzo, G. A., Wolfgang, A. S., Barksdale, B. R., Krystal, J. H., Carpenter, L. L., Kraguljac, N. V., Grzenda, A. L., McDonald, W. M., Widge, A. S., Rodríguez, C. I., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230682 · Cited by 20
Becker, A., Humbert‐Droz, M., Mueller, L., Jelušić, A., Tolev, A., Straumann, I., Avedisian, I., Erne, L., Thomann, J., Luethi, D., et al. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.3618 · Cited by 16
“46,47 The combined administration of an SSRI and LSD or psilocybin in patients could be favorable because the risk of SSRI discontinuation symptoms is eliminated, while the therapeutic effects of both substances appear to be maintained.”
Psilocybin for Depression: From Credibility to Feasibility, What’s Missing?
Munafò, A., Arillotta, D., Mannaioni, G., Schifano, F., Bernardini, R., & Cantarella, G. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16010068 · Cited by 15
“The new-onset or worsening of preexisting suicidality with psilocybin reported in this study demands clinical vigilance in future trials [43].”
BackgroundWhat is Psychological Support in the Context of Psychedelic Clinical Trials?
Richard, J., & Levine, M. A. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0026 · Cited by 14
“6,8,15,28 Whether or not there is adequate fi delity with regards to how psychological support as implemented resembles the claims made by the investigators in the procedures for these trials, they are descriptively consistent.”
Kittur, M. E., M, L. A. B., Jones, B. D. M., Blumberger, D. M., Mulsant, B. H., Rosenblat, J. D., & Husain, M. I. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119952 · Cited by 19
Self-citationPsychological Therapy Quantity and Depressive Symptom Reduction in Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Florineth, G. A., Klima, I., Boeker, A. L., Catzeflis, P., Wopfner, A., Denier, N., Bracht, T., Adorjan, K., Pfammatter, M., Müller, F., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54843 · Cited by 14
GH001 vs Placebo in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression
Cubała, W. J., Bajbouj, M., Bauer, M., Baune, B. T., Cardoner, N., Devlin, F., Doolin, K., Herrero, R. D., Elices, M., Feeney, A., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0096 · Cited by 18
Self-citationZeifman, R. J., & Maia, L. O. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.09.007 · Cited by 15
Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Haberkamp, M., Aislaitner, G., Bałkowiec-Iskra, E., Mattila, T. K., Doucet, M. V., Kollb-Sielecka, M., Balabanov, P., Leuchs, A., & Elferink, A. J. A. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2479 · Cited by 14
“In terms of recent innovation in the field, the revised guideline highlights the research and development for the repurposing of psychedelics [8, 9].”
BackgroundPsychedelics, epilepsy, and seizures: a review
Freidel, N., Kreuder, L., Rabinovitch, B. S., Chen, F. Y., Huang, R. S., & Lewis, E. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1326815 · Cited by 14
Singer, B., Meling, D., Hirsch‐Hoffmann, M., Michels, L., Kometer, M., Smigielski, L., Dornbierer, D., Seifritz, E., Vollenweider, F. X., & Scheidegger, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55726-x · Cited by 20
Downey, A. E., Chaphekar, A. V., Woolley, J. D., & Raymond‐Flesch, M. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01005-z · Cited by 15
“Among 79 participants who received 25 mg psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression in the study by Goodwin et al., 6% reported dizziness during or following administration [30].”
BackgroundInfluentialRakesh, G., Cordero, P., Khanal, R., Himelhoch, S. S., & Rush, C. R. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.037 · Cited by 19
Effinger, D. P., Hoffman, J. L., Mott, S., Magee, S. N., Quadir, S. G., Rollison, C. S., Toedt, D., Sanchez, M. E., High, M. W., Hodge, C. W., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49741-9 · Cited by 16
“Psilocybin is currently in phase III clinical trials for TRD 11 – 13 , and symptom improvements have been observed after a single dose 12,13 .”
Optimized psilocybin production in tryptophan catabolism‐repressed fungi
Janevska, S., Weiser, S., Huang, Y., et al. (2024) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.70039 · Cited by 14
“…under-scored psilocybin's potential to treat patients suffering from therapy-refractory depression, alcohol use disorder and anorexia nervosa (Goodwin et al., 2022; Jensen et al., 2022; Peck et al., 2023), convincing the US Food and Drug Administration to grant psilocybin with the status of…”
Avram, M., Müller, F., Preller, K. H., Razi, A., Rogg, H. V., Korda, A. I., Holze, F., Vizeli, P., Ley, L., Liechti, M. E., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.010 · Cited by 17
Vanderijst, L., Hever, F., Buot, A., Dauré, C., Benoit, J., Hanak, C., Veeser, J., Morgiève, M., Campanella, S., Kornreich, C., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05502-y · Cited by 13
“…differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39]), leading to a general call for more effective active placebo conditions and a systematic reporting of blinding efficacy [32–34].”
BackgroundInfluentialScala, M., Fabbri, C., Fusar-Poli, P., Di Lorenzo, G., Ferrara, M., Amerio, A., Fusar-Poli, L., Pichiecchio, A., Asteggiano, C., Menchetti, M., et al. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852924002268 · Cited by 13
Brouns, E. J., Ekins, T. G., & Ahmed, O. J. (2025) · Psychedelics. · doi:10.61373/pp025r.0002 · Cited by 13
Psilocybin treatment extends cellular lifespan and improves survival of aged mice
Kato, K., Kleinhenz, J., Shin, Y.-J., Coarfa, C., Zarrabi, A. J., & Hecker, L. (2025) · npj Aging · doi:10.1038/s41514-025-00244-x · Cited by 18
Adebo, M., Bonnet, M., Laouej, O., Defaix, C., McGowan, J. C., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., David, D. J. P., Poupon, E., Tritschler, L., & Gardier, A. M. (2025) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.70038 · Cited by 14
Lewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519 · Cited by 19
“There is increasing scientific interest in the potential synergy between mindfulness training and psychedel-ics [15–22].”
Psychedelic-assisted therapy as a complex intervention: implications for clinical trial design
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Baggott, M. J., Schenberg, E. E., Repantis, D., Wolff, M., Forsyth, A., & Noorani, T. N. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251381074 · Cited by 16
“…while the largest study to date testing psilocybin for depression referred to the treatment as ‘psilo-cybin administered with psychological support’ 41 a preceding publication outlining the same indus-try-led study’s therapist training programme describes ‘psychological support’ as a complex and…”
Self-citationBlinding Integrity in Psychedelic Randomized Clinical Trials
Orsini, D. K., Wong, S., Luch, S. D. D., Chan, B., Vasudeva, S., Lovell, G. F. M., Le, G. H., Jones, B. D. M., Chisamore, N., Mollica, A., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0255 · Cited by 19
Self-citationLanglitz, N. (2023) · Anthropology Today · doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12813 · Cited by 14
Holze, F., Erne, L., Duthaler, U., & Liechti, M. E. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15887 · Cited by 12
Wong, S., Yu, A. Y., Fabiano, N., Finkelstein, O., Pasricha, A., Jones, B. D. M., Rosenblat, J. D., Blumberger, D. M., Mulsant, B. H., & Husain, M. I. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2251133 · Cited by 15
“Among these, psilocybin has been the most commonly studied, showing promising results in treating a range of mental and substance use disorders (Davis et al. 2021; Goodwin et al. 2022; Rosenblat et al. 2023; Slomski 2022).”
Self-citationPsychological Support for Psilocybin Treatment: Reply to Letters on Our Commentary
Goodwin, G. M., Malievskaia, E., Fonzo, G. A., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230905 · Cited by 14
Self-citationZhao, Q., Liu, J., Chen, L., Gao, Z., Lin, M., Wang, Y., Xiao, Z., Chen, Y., & Huang, X. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.117703 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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