The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 22 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plainn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plaindirectn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962
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Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643 · cited 4×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · cited 1×
“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C. M. J., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Bloomfield, M., Rickard, J. A., Forbes, B., Feilding, A., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7 · Cited by 1,540
Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,154
Cioe, P. A., Stang, G. S., Azam, D., & Dugal, S. (2025) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-025-00563-0 · Cited by 4
“While 21 articles (both qualitative and quantitative research reports) were selected for review, articles examining the effects of psilocybin in treating nicotine dependence and other substance use disorders were most relevant for the purposes of our study [18, 19, 22, 25–41].”
Bevione, F., Lacidogna, M. C., Lavalle, R., Daga, G. A., & Preti, A. (2025) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-025-01771-y · Cited by 4
“This finding is congruent with previous research in which psilocybin showed promising results in treatment-resistant depression [23, 83].”
Psychedelic Treatment with Psilocybin: Addressing Medical Malpractice Risk and Physicians’ Concerns
Cheung, K., Brodie, M., Chang, S.-L., Deschamps, P., Fallu, J., Farzin, H., Hébert, J., Stephan, J.-F., Dorval, M., Joly, Y., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2025.10109 · Cited by 3
“19 Regarding the risk of adverse reactions, researchers have found psilocybin to have a low potential to create dependence and addiction.”
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in adults with depression – A literature review
Dorczok, M. C., Mittmann, G., Ettl, T., & Steiner‐Hofbauer, V. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111508 · Cited by 4
Marinis, J., Clarke, S. T., Guerin, A. A., Guastella, A. J., & Bedi, G. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10847 · Cited by 5
“10 Such studies have suggested that PAP is relatively safe and well tolerated, with promising efficacy signals for treatment-resistant and major depression, 11,12 as well as for other psychiatric indications including tobacco addiction and body dysmorphic disorder.”
InfluentialCognitive control as a transdiagnostic mechanism of action in psychedelic effects
Sayalı, C., Truesdale, A., Rosen, D. S., & Barrett, F. S. (2025) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01362-5 · Cited by 3
Three Cases of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder Related to the Use of Classic Psychedelics
Masah, D. J., Marbin, D., & Majić, T. (2025) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911/a000959 · Cited by 3
Dodds, C., Dawson, R. L., Lim, A., Tye, S. J., & Nasrallah, F. A. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251396255 · Cited by 4
“14,15,41,64 While sertraline and paroxetine are the only two antidepressants approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for PTSD, fluoxetine and venlafaxine have demonstrated comparable efficacy.”
Modlin, N. L., Williamson, V., Goodwin, G. M., Malievskaia, E., Atli, M., Elek, Z., Gaillard, A., Koelpin, D., Cleare, A. J., Agrawal, M., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103692 · Cited by 4
“For this reason–although this perspective is contested, 13 it has been argued that to be effective in treatment-resistant depression, 14 the psychedelic experience does not require psychotherapy in the conventional sense.”
Self-citationLedwos, N., Baer, J., Husain, M. I., Blumberger, D. M., Patterson, R., Hollingdrake, E., Cheung, E. S. L., Hawco, C. S., Zrenner, C., Zrenner, B., et al. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10895 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPsychedelic therapeutics in psychiatric conditions
Harvey, P. D., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02335-z · Cited by 5
Goldy, S. P., Sepeda, N. D., Hilbert, S. N., Bari, B. A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Gukasyan, N., Barrett, F. S., Yaden, D. B., & Nayak, S. M. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117010 · Cited by 4
Classifying Psychedelic-Related Complications
Majić, T., Gouzoulis‐Mayfrank, E., & Evens, R. (2026) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2026_614 · Cited by 3
Chaplains in Psychedelic Assisted Therapy: Rationale and Competencies
Lewis, S. P., Clark‐Soles, J., Mayorga, O., Sawyer, S. K., Slavet, E., Vidt, B. J., Shanti, S., Wiggins, R., Willis, K., Frey, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-026-02591-9 · Cited by 4
“While the potentially positive effects are hopeful for some, it is worth noting that some PAT participants have reported negative effects, including suicidality (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Croal, M., Feifel, D., Hellerstein, D. J., Husain, M. I., Kelly, J. R., Kirlić, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121662 · Cited by 8
Self-citationHow to set up a psychedelic study: Unique considerations for research involving human participants
Glennon, M. J., Bird, C., Yadav, P., Kleine, P., Suseelan, S., Boman-Markaki, C., Kotoula, V., Butler, M., Leech, R., Roseman, L., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106657 · Cited by 5
Self-citationKosted, R., Doss, M. K., Donegan, J. J., Cisler, J. M., & Fonzo, G. A. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106788 · Cited by 3
Pizzagalli, D. A. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00631-7 · Cited by 5
“279).”
Gold, N. D., Podrebarac, S. K., White, L. A., Marini, C., Simon, N. M., Mittelman, M. S., Ross, S., Bogenschutz, M. P., & Petridis, P. D. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2022.0011 · Cited by 3
The Theoretical Description for Psilocin Electrochemical Determination over Cobalt Oxyhydroxide
Tkach, V., Kucher, M., Kushnir, M. V., et al. (2023) · Orbital - The Electronic Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.17807/orbital.v15i1.18012 · Cited by 3
The psychedelic experience and treatment‐resistant depression
Goodwin, G. M. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21140 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBender, D. A., & Siegel, J. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00043-9 · Cited by 3
New Billing Codes Offer Opportunity to Investigate Psychedelic Treatment
Ostrovsky, A., & Barnett, B. S. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0071 · Cited by 3
Investigating Resistance to Antidepressants in Animal Models
Peña, J. E., Corbett, B. F., Tamminga, C. A., Bhatnagar, S., & Hitti, F. L. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.013 · Cited by 3
Investigating the impact of psychedelic drugs on social cognition defects: A scoping review protocol
Smith, S. A., Smith, S., Dennett, L., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307491 · Cited by 3
“…treatments has rapidly increased in recent years, including extensive literature indicating that psychedelic drugs such as 3-4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin could be possible treatments for treatment-resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [15, 16].”
Psychedelic Therapeutics for Adolescents: Ethics, Safety, Opportunities, and Equipoise
Dotson, S. J., & Luccarelli, J. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.12.001 · Cited by 3
Manzano-Núñez, R., Gomez, D. A., Toledo-Mendoza, C., Pérez-Otero, M., Matilla, I. L., Prats, C., Pérez‐López, E. M., Pardo, H., Diaz‐Pellicer, P., de la Torre, R., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000617 · Cited by 3
Butler, M., Bird, C., Maggio, C., Durden, A., Modlin, N. L., Campbell‐Coker, K., Edwards, M. J., Pick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Lowery, E., et al. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.1 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMcCoy, K., Reed, F. M., Conn, K., & Foldi, C. J. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114957 · Cited by 3
“The major benefits of psilocybin compared to current medications are that it is rapid-acting, does not require daily administration, and is considered to be relatively safe and well-tolerated [20,50].”
Zhang, A., & Zhang, H. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121285 · Cited by 6
Biba, B.-J., & O’Shea, B. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2511750 · Cited by 3
Modification of natural tryptamines for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases
Palfreyman, M. G., Varty, G. B., Stang, E. M., Boltaev, U., Avery, K., & Nivorozhkin, A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251368362 · Cited by 3
Network Analysis of Depression Symptoms in United States and South African University Students
Brooks, J. R., Makhubela, M. S., Madubata, I. J., & Walker, R. L. (2025) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000116 · Cited by 3
Psychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders: Are they safe?
Thakur, M. (2022) · Current Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/cp.0309 · Cited by 4
Harnessing synthetic biology to develop novel psychedelic therapies
Jones, J. A., & Spigarelli, M. G. (2022) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.003 · Cited by 3
The use of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment – evolutionary perspectives
Brar, G., & O'Connell, H. P. (2023) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2023.10 · Cited by 3
“Promisingly, the largest and most rigorous trial to date reported psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1 mg dose over the same period (Goodwin et al. 2022).”
BackgroundNext generation antidepressants with novel mechanisms for treatment resistant depression
Chen, M., Tu, P., & Su, T. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.005 · Cited by 3
Decoupling SERT-nNOS Interaction to Generate Fast-Onset Antidepressants
Ye, Q., Lin, S.-S., Ulrich, H., & Tang, Y. (2023) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-023-01049-2 · Cited by 3
“In addition, a recent clinical trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression significantly improved depressive symptoms 24 h after treatment but induced some adverse events in 77% of participants [7].”
BackgroundDoes acute stress play a role in the lasting therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs?
de Wit, H., Heilig, M. A., & Bershad, A. K. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01642-z · Cited by 3
Predictors of Pharmacy Students' Attitudes About the Therapeutic Use of Psilocybin
Bhuiya, N. M. M. A., Jacobs, R. J., Wang, K., Sun, Y., Nava, B., Sampiere, L., Yerubandi, A., & Caballero, J. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45169 · Cited by 4
“While some published reports that psilocybin might play an important role in the treatment of these disorders [6-10,12], pharmacy curricula that include a discussion of the uses, side effects, and legal and other limitations of psilocybin treatment may be useful.”
BackgroundBlack, J. C., Schow, N., Burkett, H. L., Pena, M., Jewell, J. S., Czizik, A. M., Monte, A. A., & Dart, R. C. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01163-2 · Cited by 3
“…completed or ongoing involving psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: anxiety disorder (Griffiths et al., 2016), major depressive disorder (MDD) (Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; Gukasyan et al., 2022; Rucker et al., 2021), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Mitchell et al.,…”
InfluentialMechanisms of integration in psychedelic-assisted therapy
Coverdale, N. S., & Cook, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0014 · Cited by 4
Die Rolle der Psychotherapie in klinischen Studien mit Psychedelika
Evens, R., & Wolff, M. (2024) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-024-00715-8 · Cited by 3
Cognición extendida y símbolos de la velada mazateca con hongos psilocibios
Caynas-Rojas, S., & Mercadillo, R. E. (2024) · Andamios · doi:10.29092/uacm.v21i54.1063 · Cited by 2
Psychedelika in der Psychiatrie
Herwig, U. (2024) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2233-4301 · Cited by 3
Attitudes of psychedelic users regarding cost of treatment and non-hallucinogenic alternatives
Aday, J. S., Boehnke, K. F., Herberholz, M., & Kruger, D. J. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00354 · Cited by 3
Wang, C. K., Kim, G., Aleksandrova, L. R., Panenka, W. J., & Barr, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1387158 · Cited by 3
Licit use of illicit drugs for treating depression: the pill and the process
Pacheco, A. T., & Moghaddam, B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci180217 · Cited by 3
“First, the reduction in depression scores depends on the dose of psilocybin, with only high doses conferring therapeutic benefits (37).”
BackgroundGriffin, C., & Knight, A. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00333 · Cited by 4
“Research also suggests psi-locybin may be an effective treatment for OCD (Wilcox, 2014), treatment-resistant depression (Carhart-Harris et al., 2017; Goodwin et al., 2022), smoking cessation (Johnson, Garcia-Romeu, Cosimano, & Grif fi ths, 2014), alcoholism (Bogenschutz et al., 2015, 2022) and end…”
BackgroundSerotoninergic antidepressants combination in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: a case report
Do, A., Michaud, V., Stephan, J.-F., Moreau, M., Benoît, É., Berubé, F.-A., Serres, A. B.-D., Taillefer, A., & Vincent, P. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1394962 · Cited by 3
Pohořalá, V., Kuchař, M., Spanagel, R., & Bernardi, R. E. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.09.006 · Cited by 4
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for Parkinson's disease without depression: A case-report
Fleury, V., Tomkova, E., Chiuvé, S. C., & Penzenstadler, L. E. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x241312604 · Cited by 4
Low, Z. X. B., Yong, S. J., AlRasheed, H. A., Al‐Subaie, M. F., Kaabi, N. A., Alfaresi, M. S., Albayat, H., Alotaibi, J., bshabshe, A. A. A. A., Alwashmi, A. S. S., et al. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111279 · Cited by 4
Tang, B. L. (2025) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives4010005 · Cited by 3
Music and non-music approaches in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: The sound of silence
Gloeckler, S. G., Lévesque, J. T., Lehmann, A., Farzin, H., & Greenway, K. T. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00421 · Cited by 4
Neurotransmitter modulation of human facial emotion recognition
Vlazaki, M., Harmer, C. J., Cowen, P. J., & Pulcu, E. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251338225 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, numerous studies have investigated the effect of psilocybin, a hallucinogen and mixed serotonin 5-HT1A/2A receptor agonist with promising antidepressant potential (Carhart-Harris et al., 2012, 2016; Goodwin et al., 2022) on FER.”
Dougherty, R. F., Clarke, P., Alti, M., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kh3cx · Cited by 3
Self-citationTurkia, M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qyce5 · Cited by 2
Gordon, A. R., Carrithers, B. M., Pagni, B. A., Kettner, H., Marrocu, A., Nayak, S. M., Weiss, B. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roberts, D. E., & Zeifman, R. J. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4203641/v1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationNeuroimaging and the Investigation of Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Psychedelics
Wall, M. B., Harding, R., Ertl, N., Barba, T., Zafar, R. R., Sweeney, M., Nutt, D., Rabiner, E. A., & Erritzøe, D. (2024) · Neuroscience Insights · doi:10.1177/26331055241286518 · Cited by 3
“48 This suggests that co-administration is safe and may be a useful option in patients where withdrawing current medication may be a concern.”
BackgroundSchuler, H., Zhou, D., Savignac, C., Cvetkovska, V., Tse, Y.-C., Meccia, J., Lopez, J., Harutyunyan, A. S., Ragoussis, J., Bzdok, D., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631940 · Cited by 5
Psychedelic-assisted Therapy as a Promising Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Mauney, E. E., King, F., Murray, H. B., & Kuo, B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000002149 · Cited by 3
“Given the emerging evidence base of PAT for PTSD, 33,49 depression 16,32 and anxiety, 50 IBS patients with these conditions may bene fi t more from this therapy, although it is also possible that the effects of PAT are nonspeci fi c, acting on broader, transdiagnostic targets.”
Lasting effect of psilocybin on sociability can be blocked by DNA methyltransferase inhibitionPreprint
Song, C., Chang, T., Buchborn, T., & Knöpfel, T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642385 · Cited by 4
LSD reconfigures the frequency-specific network landscape of the human brainPreprint
Shinozuka, K., Rosso, M., Coleman, C. R., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Vuust, P., Kringelbach, M. L., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644645 · Cited by 4
“…as potentially effective treatments for a range of psychiatric conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder and depression (Beutler et al., 2024; D’Souza et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022; Holze et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2023; Shinozuka, Tabaac, et al., 2024; Tabaac et al., 2024).”
Self-citationFernández‐Borkel, T., Borkel, L. F., Rojas‐Hernández, J., Hernández‐Álvarez, E., Hernández, D. J. Q., Ponti, L. G., & Henríquez‐Hernández, L. A. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00445 · Cited by 3
Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: A comprehensive overview
Wingert, A. M., Agnorelli, C., Peill, J., Reed, S., Nutt, D. J., & Erritzoe, D. (2025) · International Review of Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.04.009 · Cited by 3
Gao, Y., Liu, X., & Gu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Medical Biochemistry · doi:10.5937/jomb0-53387 · Cited by 3
“…MDD in the elderly is a mental illness that severely affects the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly and is often accompanied by obvious SS. Compared with young people, the manifestations and impacts of depression in the elderly are different, and the symptoms may be more complex and diverse (1).”
Effects of Psilocybin on Mouse Brain Microstructure
Frautschi, P. C., Singh, A. P., Stowe, N. A., Grady, S. M., Zahid, Z., Banks, M. I., & Yu, J. J. (2025) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a8634 · Cited by 2
Exploring the potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for moral injury: A scoping review
Kurkova, V., Winkler, O., Greenshaw, A. J., Jetly, R., Swainson, J., Lodewyk, K., Saghafi, P., Dennett, L., & Burback, L. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111333 · Cited by 2
Beesley, V. L., Kennedy, T., Maccallum, F., Ross, M., Harvey, R., Rossell, S. L., Sarris, J. J., Perkins, D., Neale, R. Ε., Bennett–Levy, J., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095992 · Cited by 4
Less is more? Antidepressant effects of short-acting psychedelics
Ramaekers, J. G. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02103-5 · Cited by 2
Abboud, A. E., Schiebrel, C. M., Nahhas, R. W., Durkin, S., Hua, K., Redding, H., & Gainer, D. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2511752 · Cited by 2
4-Hydroxy- N , N -diisopropyltryptammonium hydrofumarate
Naeem, M., Chadeayne, A. R., Golen, J. A., & Manke, D. R. (2025) · IUCrData · doi:10.1107/s2414314625005644 · Cited by 2
Kangas, B. D. (2025) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-025-00478-w · Cited by 2
With great power comes great responsibility: Promise and caution in the new psychedelic renaissance
Halma, M. T. J., Levy, R., & Varón, J. (2025) · Brain Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100286 · Cited by 2
Driscoll, B., & Lakhan, S. E. (2025) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives4040035 · Cited by 2
“The last two decades have seen a significant resurgence of clinical and scientific interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy for a range of psychiatric conditions, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and substance use disorders [1,2].”
Richardson, B., Inserra, A., Pileggi, M., Prud’Homme, T., Bruno, V., Wan-Yan-Chan, D., Shareghi-Ghahreman, I., Nasini, S., Strand, T., Leyton, M., et al. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111522 · Cited by 4
Bernal, A. M. O., Raison, C. L., Lancelotta, R., Timmermann, C., Sepeda, N. D., & Davis, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2577305 · Cited by 1
Kruger, D. J., Mersereau, G., Sullivan, A., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., Pouyan, N., Aday, J. S., & Boehnke, K. F. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01337-2 · Cited by 4
Dutton, M., Schwenn, P., Mitchell, J., Hoffmann, P., Bailey, N. W., Fitzgerald, P. B., Lagopoulos, J., & Can, A. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251398677 · Cited by 2
“…sustained effects in individuals with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), with preliminary evidence suggesting possible advantages over conventional pharmacological treatments when administered alongside psychological support (Erritzoe et al., 2024; Goodwin et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2023).”
Moshfeghinia, R., Mostafavi, S., Jazi, K., Ghasemi, A. R., Khosravani-Nezhad, Y., Narayanan, S., Ahmadi, J., & Pasalar, M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03935-y · Cited by 2
“The evidence of the efficacy of this psychedelic for treating resistant depression has grown recently [53–55].”
An open-label pilot study of psilocybin-assisted therapy for binge eating disorder
Dallery, J., Miller, J. L., Boissoneault, J., Harvey, L., Ives, L., Knerr, A. W., Blaes, S., Ransom, M. N., Munson, M. S., Gilligan, J. P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01508-3 · Cited by 3
Kerr‐Gaffney, J., Myrtle, S., Askari, F., Bird, C., Modlin, N. L., Young, A. H., & Rucker, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251408769 · Cited by 3
“…advanced-stage cancer (Griffiths et al., 2016; Grob et al., 2011; Ross et al., 2016), major depressive disorder (MDD; Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022), alcohol use disorder (Bogenschutz et al., 2022), obsessive compulsive disorder (Moreno et al., 2006), and anorexia nervosa…”
Self-citationGregersen, A. T., Whelan, T. P., Golden, C. T., Blackmore, T., & Palner, M. (2026) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251386879 · Cited by 2
Zhang, J., Lin, C., Lv, X., Zhao, H., & Wang, X. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.02.011 · Cited by 3
Roberts, C., Seynaeve, M., Ermakova, A. O., Dunbar, F., Wells, H., Puri, A., Bird, C., & Rucker, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261420087 · Cited by 6
“Over the past decade, research into psychedelics has gained traction with several studies demonstrating the potential beneficial effects of psychedelics in people with TRD (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018; Goodwin et al., 2022; Palhano-Fontes et al., 2019; Raison et al., 2023; Wong et al., 2024).”
Self-citationThe prospect of suicide biomarkers: from neurobiology to precision prevention
Ren, N., Zheng, S., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, M. H., & Bian, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1757838 · Cited by 4
“The intervention requires careful patient selection and extensive therapeutic support, with particular caution needed for patients with psychotic disorders (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Ziadi, Y., & Park, T. (2026) · Value in Health Regional Issues · doi:10.1016/j.vhri.2026.101605 · Cited by 3
Psilocybin effects on brain functional connectivity: a systematic review of fMRI studies
Farré‐Colomés, À., Rublinetska, O., & Soto-Angona, Ó. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00384-w · Cited by 2
“Over the years, multiple studies have suggested its therapeutic potential in treating a wide variety of conditions, including cluster headaches, anorexia, end-of-life anxiety, treatment-resistant depression, nicotine dependence, alcohol use disorder and more [3–8].”
Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Perspective from meta-analysis
Kishi, T., Sakuma, K., Hatano, M., Uchida, H., & Iwata, N. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121675 · Cited by 3
Psychedelics in NHS services: exploring a model for real-world implementation of psilocybin
Smith, K., Harcourt, E., & Cipriani, A. (2026) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2026.10612 · Cited by 3
Ekins, T. G., Deng, T., & Ahmed, O. J. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71406 · Cited by 2
“…medicine has shown great promise for treating neuropsychiatric disorders (Johnson et al. 2014 , 2017 ; Bogenschutz et al. 2015 ; R. L. Carhart-Harris et al. 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ; R. Carhart-Harris et al. 2021 ; Sanches et al. 2016 ; Daws et al. 2022 ; Goodwin et al. 2022 ; Zaretsky et al. 2024 ).”
Avram, M., Menegaux, A., Müller, F., Zaczek, H., Korda, A. I., Rogg, H. V., Becker, A. M., Ley, L., Liechti, M. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102791 · Cited by 2
Recent Developments in the Drug Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Leiter, S., Mahlknecht, P., & Poewe, W. H. (2026) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-026-02327-9 · Cited by 3
“…tract, MAO-B monoamine oxidase B, PDE5 phosphodiesterase 5, SNARE soluble N -ethyl- maleimide-sensitive-factor attachment receptor, 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine [161, 162] and an ongoing phase 2 RCT is investigating its possible efficacy also in patients with PD depression (NCT06455293).”
Giri, Y., Fürst, P., Loo, C. K. A., Clark, S. R., & Tibrewal, P. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261450390 · Cited by 2
Rucker, J., Mantingh, T., Kerr‐Gaffney, J., Bird, C., Chu, P., Modlin, N. L., Campbell‐Coker, K., Hambleton, S., Seath, P., Hignett, R., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04541-0 · Cited by 6
“Unlike commercial trials in this population 15 , we did not set an upper limit on the degree of treatment resistance, thus including some participants with severe and chronic illness who had not responded to a wide range of interventions.”
InfluentialSelf-citationTiming is key for behavioural benefits of psychedelics
Woodburn, S. C., & Kwan, A. C. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01869-2 · Cited by 2
Steinberg, M. I., Rosenberg, P., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2023) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-023-00395-3 · Cited by 3
Videira, N. B., Nair, V., Paquet, V., & Calhoun, D. (2023) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.4533 · Cited by 2
“In follow-up studies, long-lasting effects of reduction of depressive symptoms after acute intervention with psilocybin (doses ranging from 10 to 30 mg) were observed after 4 weeks (Davis et al., 2021), A phase 2 trial encompassing the largest participant pool to date ( n = 233) assessed the efficacy of psilocybin (or…”
BackgroundInfluentialCan a single dose of psilocybin improve cognitive control in functional dissociative seizures?
Chupin, J., López‐Castromán, J., Brière, C., Pereira, F., Hingray, C., & Conejero, I. (2023) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111163 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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