The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 15 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
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Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 22 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Its potential antidepressant efficacy was suggested by preliminary studies involving patients with life-threatening cancer.[5][6][7]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced- stage cancer. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 71-8. source
- Supportedcites [6] 6. Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, et al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction follow- ing psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1165-80. source
The Discussion (Primary outcomes) reports that psilocybin, given with psychotherapy, reduced depression in patients with life-threatening cancer. The Conclusions likewise describe rapid and sustained antidepressant effects while calling for further research to establish efficacy definitively. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threaten- ing cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 1181-97. source
The Discussion reports that high-dose psilocybin decreased depressed mood in patients with a life-threatening cancer diagnosis. The Conclusions describe substantial, enduring decreases under psychologically supportive conditions, supporting the citing sentence’s cautious claim of potential antidepressant efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amelioration of symptomatic depression in pilot studies of major depressive disorder, including those that compared psilocybin with escitalopram 8,9 and that investigated its use in treatment-resistant depression, 10 has suggested therapeutic potential for this agent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 481-9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions report reduced depressive symptoms following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with major depressive disorder, supporting its therapeutic potential. But the Methods describe a delayed-treatment control, not an escitalopram comparison. The Discussion identifies treatment-resistant depression as the subject of a previous study, not this trial. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escital- opram for depression. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1402-11. source
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, et al. Psilocybin with psycho- logical support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3: 619-27. source
Citation 10 is attached to the treatment-resistant depression study, not the escitalopram comparisons cited as 8 and 9. The paper’s “Added value of this research” section (page not supplied) reports enduring reductions in symptom severity and says psilocybin might have value for treatment-resistant depression. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pharmacokinetic research has shown dose-dependent increases in receptor occupancy and subjective effects of psilocybin across the dose range of 3 to 30 mg. 18”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. Madsen MK, Fisher PM, Burmester D, et al. Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor oc- cupancy and plasma psilocin levels. Neu- ropsychopharmacology 2019; 44: 1328-34. source
The Discussion states that psilocybin doses of 3–30 mg were associated with dose-dependent cerebral 5-HT2A receptor occupancy. It also reports that subjective intensity ratings were positively correlated with receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels, supporting the paraphrase about subjective effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the week 3 primary end-point assessment, initiation of treatment for depression was reported by 4 participants (5%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 14 (18%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the difference between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18)”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No serious adverse events were reported from day 2 up to week 3 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no serious adverse events reported on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this trial of psilocybin administered in a single session with psychological support, a 25-mg dose but not a 10-mg dose resulted in a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in MADRS total scores than a 1-mg dose at 3 weeks in participants with treatment-resistant depression but was associated with adverse events.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included a trial population in which more than 90% of the participants did not have previous exposure to psilocybin”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for both the 25-mg dose and the 10-mg dose as compared with the 1-mg dose included 1.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The confidence interval for the odds ratio for sustained response at week 12 for the 25-mggroup as compared with the 1-mg group included 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Patients with treatment-resistant depression have greater severity and duration of illness, disability, physical illness, incidences of hospitalization, risk of suicide, and economic costs than patients with treatment-responsive depression.[1][2][3]”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D project results: a comprehensive review of find- ings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9: 449-59. source
- Could not verifycites [3] 3. Pigott HE. The STAR*D trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60: 9-13. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods passages discuss STAR*D remission, relapse, and treatment dropout, but do not compare treatment-resistant with treatment-responsive patients on illness burden. Searches for severity, disability, physical illness, hospitalization, suicide, and economic costs found no passage making the claimed comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Structured Interview Guide for the MADRS provided structured probes to ensure standardization of administration and comprehensive coverage of the 10 questions.15”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy End Points
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] 15. Williams JB, Kobak KA. Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg De- pression Rating Scale (SIGMA). Br J Psy- chiatry 2008; 192: 52-8. source
The ‘Development of SIGMA probes and conventions’ section explicitly says that SIGMA provides structured probes to standardise administration and ensure comprehensive coverage of the scale’s ten items. It also describes questions for each item. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 79 participants were assigned to the 25-mg group, 75 to the 10-mg group, and 79 to the 1-mg group (Fig. 1).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least-squares mean change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score was -12.0 points in the 25-mg group, -7.9 in the 10-mg group, and -5.4 in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 was 37% in the 25-mg group, 19% in the 10-mg group, and 18% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5 to 3.0])”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12, the number of participants initiating a treatment for depression was 26 (33%) in the 25-mg group, 18 (24%) in the 10-mg group, and 16 (20%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of remission at week 3 was 29% in the 25-mg group, 9% in the 10-mg group, and 8% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 12.8]; odds ratio in the 10-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9]).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three had a history of suicidal behavior or nonsuicidal self-injury before the trial and did not have a treatment response at week 3.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of sustained response at week 12 was 20% in the 25-mg group, 5% in the 10-mg group, and 10% in the 1-mg group (odds ratio in the 25-mg group vs. the 1-mg group, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.4];”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, or 12-lead ECGs were observed during the trial (see the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks were generally in the same direction as the primary end-point results; however, the analyses of these end points were ordered in the prespecified hierarchical test procedure after the significance testing had terminated, and no definite conclusions can be drawn from these results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serious adverse events in the 25-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants) and intentional self-injury (nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) (in two participants) and in the 10-mg group were suicidal ideation (in two participants), intentional selfinjury (in one participant), and hospitalization (for severe depression, in one participant).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plainn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the baseline visit, suicidal ideation (passive or active but with no intent or plan) was reported by 21 participants (27%) in the 25-mg group, 27 (36%) in the 10-mg group, and 19 (24%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After week 3 and up to week 12 (end of trial), severe adverse events were reported by 3% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 4% of those in the 10-mg group, and no participants in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who showed worsening of suicidal state from baseline to week 3 were 11 (14%) in the 25-mg group, 13 (17%) in the 10-mg group, and 7 (9%) in the 1-mg group (Table S8).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events that were rated as severe on day 1 were reported by 4% of the participants in the 25-mg group, 8% of those in the 10-mg group, and 1% of those in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary end-point results generally supported the primary analysis with the exception of 12week sustained response, at which time point the observed numerical difference was not considered to be statistically significant.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just one participant (in the 25-mg group) was treated with adjunctive medication (lorazepam for acute anxiety) on day 1.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, some participants had suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior, and the proportions of these participants were numerically higher in the 25-mg and 10-mg groups than in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse events occurred in 66 participants (84%) in the 25-mg group, 56 (75%) in the 10-mg group, and 57 (72%) in the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Safety
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Efficacy analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat analysis set, which included all randomly assigned participants who received treatment and had at least one postbaseline efficacy assessment.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nonsignificant finding for the comparison between the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group terminated significance testing on the basis of the prespecified hierarchical test procedure, and all the subsequent key secondary efficacy end points are considered to be not significantly different between the 25-mg group or the 10-mg group and the 1-mg group.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the therapists were unaware of the trial-group assignments, did not collect efficacy assessments, and were discouraged from speculating about doses.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control the overall type I error rate, a hierarchical test procedure was applied across the primary and three key secondary efficacy end points.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ran-domization was performed at a central location and stratified according to country and the participant's previous experience with psilocybin.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Design and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By week 12, a total of 5 participants (6%) in the 25-mg group, 9 (12%) in the 10-mg group, and 10 (13%) in the 1-mg group had withdrawn from the trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent contract research organization (MedAvante-ProPhase) was responsible for assessment of participants using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), 12 performed by trained remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assign-ments.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These characteristics were similar to what has been observed in population studies involving persons with treatment-resistant depression, and the representativeness of the trial population is shown in Table S11.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > R esult s
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the participants provided written informed consent.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of response at week 3 of 37% in the 25-mg group in our trial was numerically lower than that described for first-line treatment of major depressive disorder in several large trials of citalopram, 1 nefazodone, and escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine 17 but was higher than the incidences of response reported in the STAR*D trial for second-line treatments and beyond.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-17. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Saveanu R, Etkin A, Duchemin A-M, et al. The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. J Psy- chiatr Res 2015; 61: 1-12. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manualized, time-limited approach to preparation, support, and integration of the psychedelic experience ensured safety and is not a stand-alone psychotherapy.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the current trial include the lack of an active comparator, the lack of an ethnically diverse participant sample, and the exclusion of persons judged to be at a clinically significant risk for suicide.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not assess participants' ability to guess their dose assignment, and ensuring blinding is an inherent limitation of studies of drugs that produce psychedelic subjective effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
hedgedcorrelationaln = 79- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial protocol was approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each participating site.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Trial Oversight
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Abstract
plaindirectn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may explain the differences in efficacy between the groups in the current trial.”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“used remote raters who were unaware of the details of the trial and the trial-group assignments to determine the primary end-point measure (MADRS total score).”
§ Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive control that does not itself produce antidepressant effects.
“1 mg (control)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants remained unaware of their trial-group assignment (dose) during the trial.
“This was a phase 2 double-blind, dose-finding, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1-mg dose of psilocybin is an inactive comparator that does not produce therapeutic effects.
“The change from baseline to week 3 in the MADRS total score (primary end point) was significantly better with a 25-mg dose than with a 1-mg dose; there was not significant difference between the 10-mg dose and the 1-mg dose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among outpatient participants administered psilocybin, 3 of 553 participants (0.5%) experienced worsening suicidal ideation, with 1 such episode starting on the day of dosing.28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 8% rate of severe adverse events in participants receiving psilocybin was similar to the 10% rate reported in the study by Goodwin et al in participants with TRD treated with a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin.14”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and some other neuropsychiatric disorders”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eleven of these 23 (47.8%) had treatment-resistant depression and experienced a total of 17 SAEs over 12 weeks of follow-up, including suicidal ideation (5 events), suicidal behavior (3 events), nonsuicidal intentional self-injury (4 events), adjustment disorder (2 events), worsening depression (1 event), codeine withdrawal syndrome (1 event), and hospitalization (1 event).28”
From Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Participants receiving the 25 mg dose, but not the 10 mg dose, exhibited a significantly greater least- squares mean change from baseline to week 3 compared with the 1 mg dose.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The response and remission rates for the participants receiving the 25 mg dose were 37% and 29%, respectively 274 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [274]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Larger recent studies have addressed these issues to various degrees, but report primary end points of short duration, 14,15 leaving open the question of the long-term clinical utility of psilocybin for an often chronic condition such as MDD.”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, the use of niacin as active placebo may have increased believability of the comparator condition and enhanced the placebo response, given that placebo response rates in the current study were equivalent to those seen in response to a low-dose psilocybin comparator in participants with TRD and larger than the effect of an inactive placebo in a recent study in participants with MDD.14,15”
From Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies have used inactive placebos (e.g., [17, 35]), active placebos whose effects considerably differ from the acute effects of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., [15, 36, 37]), or doses of psilocybin presumably too low to maintain blinding (e.g., [38, 39])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with treatment-resistant depression after a single 25 mg dose relative to a 1 mg dose, but not with a 10 mg dose)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Contemporary clinical studies have involved one to three dosing sessions (e.g., [38, 39, 117])”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled clinical trials with psilocybin, as well as other psychedelics, have occasionally reported increases in suicidality after treatment, sometimes with extremely brief information about treatment-relatedness (Breeksema et al., 2022; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
From Naturalistic psychedelic therapy: The role of relaxation and subjective drug effects in antidepressant response (2024) · cites this paper as Goodwin et al., 2022
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research on MDD, anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with life-threatening cancer, and TRD showed the most robust evidence, supported by a non-randomized study 72 and several RCTs. 26,31-33,60,73-77”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Blinding procedures were not consistently robust, 26,32,60,72-76 and comparison with placebo or standard treatments was lacking in many studies. 25,26,31-33,39,57,60,72,73,75-81”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psilocybin (4-phosphryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a serotonergic classic psychedelic (19–25) that has been examined in combination with psychological support as a promising treatment option in clinical trials for various disorders (26–28).”
In the citing paper
“Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are also novel therapeutics for MDD that show promise in clinical trials [124-126].”
From Beyond the serotonin deficit hypothesis: Communicating a neuroplasticity framework of major depressive disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
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A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
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“Any severe adverse event 7 (9) 5 (7) 1 (1)”
BackgroundRoss, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675512 · Cited by 1,698
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Self-citationTrial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391
Self-citationEffects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,154
Dorsal raphe neurons signal integrated value during multi-attribute decision-makingPreprint
Feng, Y.-Y., Bromberg-Martin, E. S., & Monosov, I. E. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553745 · Cited by 6
Martin, D. A., Delgado, A. M., & Calu, D. J. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01912-4 · Cited by 9
“Accumulating evidence indicates psychedelics have signi fi cant clinical utility in the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, and addiction [1 – 5].”
The Use of Classic Psychedelics for Depressive and Anxiety-Spectrum Disorders
Kim, V., Wilson, S. M., & Woesner, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001941 · Cited by 7
Psychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders: from circuit mechanisms to applications
Li, J., Jiang, Y., Cheng, D., Cheng, J., Ji, H., Wang, X., & Yuan, T. (2024) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2024.11.033 · Cited by 5
Tsai, D. H., Yang, A. S., Wong, Z.-X., Chuang, A. T.-M., Cheng, M. C., Shen, C., Shao, S., & Lai, E. C. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2024.283 · Cited by 4
“6,7 However, evidence for this approach has been based on studies with relatively small cohort sizes and inconclusive results.”
Self-citationPsilocybin has a narrow therapeutic window as an antidepressant treatment
Seillier, L., Čechová, B., Seillier, A., & Šlamberová, R. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111368 · Cited by 6
The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review
Palmer, C., Ferber, A. T., & Greenwald, B. D. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15060572 · Cited by 5
“A phase 2 trial proved that a single 25 mg dose of psilocybin in patients with treatment-resistant depression successfully lowered depression, as seen by a reduction of − 12 in the MADRS score [53].”
Ellis, S., Bostian, C. M., Donnelly, A. J., Feng, W., Eisen, K., Lean, M., Conlan, E., Ostacher, M. J., Aaronson, S. T., & Suppes, T. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119655 · Cited by 6
Self-citationGarel, N., Plourde, L., Greenway, K. T., & Dorval, M. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00446-y · Cited by 5
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Subcutaneous RE104
Ludbrook, G., Bryson, N., Taylor, B., Hocevar‐Trnka, J., Johnson, M. W., Hirman, J., Morrish, G. A., Alexander, R., & Pollack, M. H. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000002047 · Cited by 5
“13,18,21,34 The safety of various psychedelic compounds including psilocybin was recently reviewed by Holze et al. 35 The administration of psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline resulted in moderate blood pressure and heart rate elevations.”
The emotional architecture of the psychedelic brain
Moujaes, F., Rieser, N. M., Belinger, L., Herdener, M., Zahid, Z., & Preller, K. H. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.07.006 · Cited by 5
Purple, R. J., Gupta, R., Thomas, C. W., Golden, C. T., Palomero‐Gallagher, N., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Froudist‐Walsh, S., & Jones, M. W. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03182-y · Cited by 10
“For example, in a recent phase IIb double blind trial, a single dose of synthesized crystalline polymorph COMP360 psilocybin was shown to signi fi cantly reduce depression scores over a period of 3 weeks in people with treatment-resistant depression [4].”
InfluentialSelf-citationZürrer, W. E., Wettstein, L., Aicher, H., Scheidegger, M., & Ineichen, B. V. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03638-3 · Cited by 7
Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics
Uyar, A., Forbrich, L., Lueken, U., & Evens, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251371690 · Cited by 6
Effects of Psychedelic Microdosing on Cognitive Functions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Pinhas, N., Eidlman, N., Barnea, A., & Peled-Avron, L. (2025) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106493 · Cited by 5
Dwyer, J. L., Johnston, R. B., O’Callaghan, C. C., & Ross, M. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.12.002 · Cited by 5
Vollebregt, R., Storm, A. E. M., Lucassen, P. J., & Somers, M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106529 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMaltby, C. J., Klein, A. K., Paschen, E., Pinto, J., Dvořák, D., Hedde, J. R., Hanks, A. N., Bianchi, M., & Hughes, Z. A. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251395386 · Cited by 7
“Major randomized controlled trials of psilocybin for treat-ment-resistant or MDD (Goodwin et al., 2022; Davis et al., 2020; Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Raison et al., 2023) and subsequent meta-analyses (Swieczkowski et al., 2025) report robust antidepressant efficacy without evidence of…”
InfluentialSahoo, I., Masadi, S., Maheswari, A., Utama, R., Abeer, M. I., Soltanpour, S., Nasseef, M. T., Chukwuemeka, T., Sinhal, N., Pandit, J., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02356-8 · Cited by 6
“Supplementary Data 2.”
InfluentialPilot study of psilocybin in patients with post-treatment lyme disease
Garcia‐Romeu, A., Naudé, G. P., Rebman, A. W., So, S., Yaffe, A., Geithner, I., Kozero, E. A., Yang, T., Soloski, M. J., & Aucott, J. N. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38091-9 · Cited by 6
“However, future studies should systematically assess expectancy to further examine its potential impact in psilocybin-assisted therapy and other treatments.”
Electrophysiological mechanisms of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review
Jiménez, J. H., Kaup, K., & Aru, J. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106649 · Cited by 7
Singleton, S. P., Sevchik, B. L., Lahey, A., Cuijpers, P. J., Harrer, M., Jones, M. T., Nayak, S. M., Strain, E. C., Vandekar, S., Dworkin, R. H., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00630-8 · Cited by 8
“In addition to continuous outcomes, we evaluated dichotomous response and remission outcomes reported by five studies 7,18,19,21,22 .”
InfluentialMultimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain
Frautschi, P. C., Singh, A. P., Stowe, N. A., & Yu, J. J. (2024) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a8118 · Cited by 5
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Oh, What A Trip!
Fonzo, G. A., Nemeroff, C. B., & Kalin, N. H. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20241025 · Cited by 5
Majić, T., Schmidt, T. T., Gröticke, A., Gasser, P., Richards, W. A., Riemer, T., & Evens, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251326937 · Cited by 6
“…proposed for treating certain mental health conditions (Reiff et al., 2020), such as treatment-resistant depression (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022), substance-use disorders (Bogenschutz et al., 2022), and depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening illness…”
Psilocybin therapy for depression. A good trip?
Rucker, J. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2023.2183492 · Cited by 5
“The most recent multicentre RCT of psilocybin therapy in 233 patients with TRD showed a statistically and clinically significant separation on the MADRS score for up to six weeks from a single dose of 25mg of psilocybin, when compared to 1mg (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPreferences and Support for Psychedelic Policies and Practices Among Those Using Psychedelics
Kruger, D. J., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., & Boehnke, K. F. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2228784 · Cited by 6
“…for psilocybin and MDMA, and clinical trials have shown promising results for efficacy in treating major depressive disorder (Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al.,, 2022), post-traumatic stress disorder (Mitchell et al., 2021), tobacco addiction (Johnson, Garcia-Romeu, and Griffiths 2017), and…”
BackgroundAbrams, S. K., Rabinovitch, B. S., Zafar, R. R., Aziz, A. S., Cherup, N. P., McMillan, D. W., Nielson, J. L., & Lewis, E. C. (2023) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2023.0022 · Cited by 6
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Reichelt, A. C., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Dunkley, B. T. (2023) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2022-0084 · Cited by 6
Managing expectations with psychedelic microdosing
Syed, O. A., & Tsang, B. (2023) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00044-9 · Cited by 5
The cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment
Appiani, F. J., & Caroff, S. N. (2024) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2024.2368725 · Cited by 5
“Severe adverse effects at 3 weeks, primarily suicidal ideation or behavior, were reported in 7–9% of patients receiving 10 mg or 25 mg respectively versus 1% receiving 1 mg in this high risk population 62 .”
Pasculli, G., Busan, P., Jackson, E. S., Alm, P. A., Gregorio, D. D., Maguire, G. A., Goodwin, G. M., Gobbi, G., Erritzøe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1402549 · Cited by 6
Self-citationEvaluating the value and risks of psychedelics for psychiatric medicine: a clinical perspective
Marazziti, D., Weiss, F., Gurrieri, R., Russomanno, G., Gambini, M., Magnesa, A., Coccoglioniti, A., & Perugi, G. (2024) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2445016 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, others provided evidence for a fuller efficacy of psilocybin at higher doses (25 mg) compared to lower doses (10 mg), supporting a dose-response relationship and arguing against low-dose designs for future trials [153,154].”
Kim, S., Yang, S., Jung, J., Choi, J., Kang, M., & Joo, J. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202413786 · Cited by 5
Syed, O. A., Petranker, R., & Tsang, B. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106204 · Cited by 6
“More recently, clinical studies over the past decade have also demonstrated the high effectiveness of psychedelic substances, primarily psilocybin, in treating symptoms of depression and anxiety (Goodwin et al., 2022; von Rotz et al., 2023; Rosenblat et al., 2024).”
Dleštíková, T. (2025) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives4030034 · Cited by 5
Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Roméo, B., Dervaux, A., & Benyamina, A. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2215459 · Cited by 5
A review of psilocybin: chemistry, clinical uses and future research directions
Milliken, E. J. T., Galettis, P., & Martin, J. (2023) · Australian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1071/ch23010 · Cited by 5
Psilocybin reduces symptoms in treatment resistant depression, trial results show
Iacobucci, G. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o2623 · Cited by 5
Kiilerich, K. F., Lorenz, J., Scharff, M. B., Speth, N., Brandt, T. G., Czurylo, J., Xiong, M., Jessen, N. S., Casado-Sainz, A., Shalgunov, V., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/gy6m9 · Cited by 5
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Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: Where is the psychotherapy research?Preprint
Aday, J. S., Horton, D., Fernandes-Osterhold, G., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s3yjd · Cited by 5
West, C. L., Imai, F., Bastos, G., Hornick, M. A., Rachmany, L., Duran, A., Nadeem, S., Ricci, D., Groves, A. M. R., Wargo, J. A., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601959 · Cited by 9
Psilocybin’s acute and persistent brain effects: a precision imaging drug trial
Subramanian, S., Reneau, T. R., Perry, D., Chacko, R. V., Laumann, T. O., Flavin, K., Horan, C., Schweiger, J. A., Metcalf, N. V., Lenze, E. J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05189-0 · Cited by 6
Serotonergic neuron-glioma interactions drive high-grade glioma pathophysiologyPreprint
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Downey, A. E., Bradley, E., Lerche, A. S., O’Donovan, A., Krystal, A. D., & Woolley, J. D. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0051 · Cited by 5
“19 29 These findings must be interpreted against many respondents’ reports of perceived positive benefit, even among those who reported negative experiences.”
Abramsky-Sze, S., Marseille, E. A., Matzopoulos, R., Morlock, R., & Lerer, L. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1508811 · Cited by 4
“In clinical settings, psilocybin has been associated with reductions in depressive symptoms (30, 31), abstinence in alcohol-dependent participants (32), and long-term smoking cessation (33).”
Modlin, N. L., Williamson, V., Maggio, C., Stubley, J., Kirlić, N., Cleare, A. J., & Rucker, J. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251342319 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, psychedelic forms of therapy have demonstrated safety and efficacy across psychiatric conditions comorbid with traumatic-stress psychopathology, 22 including end-of-life anxiety, 23 treatment-resistant depression 24 and anorexia nervosa.”
Self-citationKoolen, M. H. B., Wirsching, A., Krediet, E., & van Elk, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2508156 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBiological markers of treatment response to serotonergic psychedelic therapies: a systematic review
Wong, S., Jones, B. D. M., Thiyagarajah, M. T., Sabbah, S. G., Thompson, C. W., Solmi, M., Umer, M., Zrenner, C., Voineskos, D., Rosenblat, J. D., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251384513 · Cited by 4
“6 10 It is hypothesized that through the activation of 5-HT2A receptors, psychedelics increase neural entropy, which allows brain activity to be more flexible and open to new experiences by loosening rigid patterns of thought and perception in the brain.”
Self-citationBukovsky, D., Amaev, A., Song, J., Kyte, S., Carmona-Torres, E., Ueno, F., Luca, V. D., Strafella, A. P., Husain, M. I., Graff‐Guerrero, A., et al. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111541 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPredictors of therapeutic response to psychedelic-assisted therapy: A systematic review
Viljoen, G., Walter, H., Bendau, A., Koslowski, M., & Betzler, F. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251389581 · Cited by 8
The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelics for Treatment-resistant Depression
Horato, N., Dalvi-Garcia, F., Dutra, P. E. P., & Nardi, A. E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000002122 · Cited by 5
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Self-citationShort-Term and Late-Term Effects of Psilocybin on Symptoms in Major Depression
Yngwe, H., Plavén‐Sigray, P., Ekman, C. J., Henje, E., Berglund, A., Tiger, M., Beckman, M., & Lundberg, J. O. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.12589 · Cited by 8
Heles, M., Pasvolsky, L., Sathishkumar, H. N., Na’ara, S., Vu, Y., Stewart, C. L., Xie, T., Gleber‐Netto, F. O., McCarthy, W. C., Yaniv, D., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aec6116 · Cited by 4
Kryskow, P., Stamets, P. E., Torre, J. T. L., Sattler, K., Tsang, V. W. L., & Williams, M. T. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00379 · Cited by 4
Geller, J. A., & Whitney, E. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01577-2 · Cited by 5
Brengel, E. K., Axe, B., Maheswari, A., Abeer, M. I., Ortiz, R. J., Woodward, T. J., Walhof, R., Du, W., Utama, R., Rodrigue, B., et al. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10804-w · Cited by 5
Maples‐Keller, J. L., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2025) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.02.001 · Cited by 4
Self-citationVilliger, D. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.06.003 · Cited by 7
Mueller, L., Klaiber, A., Ley, L., Becker, A., Thomann, J., Luethi, D., Schmid, Y., & Liechti, M. E. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-025-01544-x · Cited by 5
Bruno, V., López-Canul, M., Richardson, B., Camarini, R., Marcourakis, T., & Gobbi, G. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251368361 · Cited by 6
“…and Drug Administration table of conversion (Nair and Jacob, 2016) and considering that rodents have less affinity than human for the 5-HT 2A receptors (Tan et al., 1999), the 10 mg/kg corresponds approximately to the dose used in human studies (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Harm reduction practises for users of psychedelic drugs: a scoping review
Dutton, C., North, E., Tie, Y. C., Oliva, J., & Skeffington, P. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01264-2 · Cited by 6
“Adverse psychological reactions including increase in suicidal intentions and behaviours, particularly at higher doses, have been reported in clinical trials of psilocybin assisted therapy for depression [14].”
Heal, D. J., Gosden, J., & Smith, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251382147 · Cited by 4
“…of the subjects in all treatment groups at baseline, but to confuse the issue, there were also three reports of serious adverse events of suicidal ideation in subjects who had been administered both the clinically effective (25 mg) and ineffective (10 mg) doses of psilocybin (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
Psilocybin induces sex- and context-specific recruitment of the stress axis
Cook, S. G., Lee, S., Ference, E., Shi, Y., Baimoukhametova, D. V., Rojas‐Carvajal, M., Hen, R., Bains, J. S., Turi, G. F., & Füzesi, T. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.031 · Cited by 12
Zhai, S.-Y., Gu, H.-W., Wang, C., Li, Y.-S., & Tang, H. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116361 · Cited by 4
Psychoanalyst attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted therapy
Kraiem, E., Diener, M., Guss, J., Mavrides, L., & Saban, S. (2025) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2024.2359444 · Cited by 4
“…a single dose of psilocybin for treatment-resistant major depression, results indicated that while suicidal ideation and self-injurious behavior were observed in all groups of the study, these behaviors occurred more in groups who ingested higher doses of psilocybin (Goodwin et al., 2022).”
The Therapeutic Effects of Classic Psychedelics in Alcohol Use Disorder
Pagni, B. A., Wong, J. M., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00581-z · Cited by 6
“…early-stage clinical trials mostly with psilocybin (primarily in mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders), along with basic research and mechanistic studies in animals and humans that have demonstrated plausible biological and behavioral mechanisms for therapeutic effects [16, 17, 18, 19, 20].”
Poulin, J. M., Bigford, G. E., Lanctôt, K. L., Giacobbe, P., Schaffer, A., Sinyor, M., Rabin, J. S., Masellis, M., Singnurkar, A., Pople, C. B., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08268-6 · Cited by 7
“…uses BOLD-ASL fMRI at three time points to acutely and sub-acutely capture the robust CBF hemodynamic responses to psilocybin in comparison to placebo in MDD. Sec-ondly, a relatively high dose (25 mg) of psilocybin was chosen based on prior efficacy in depression and safety profiles [21, 114, 115].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEngel, L. B., Thal, S. B., Bright, S. J., & Low, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00377 · Cited by 3
Belief change and agnostic frames in psychedelic research and clinical contexts
Yaden, D. B., Nayak, S. M., & Griffiths, R. R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192898371.003.0008 · Cited by 4
A narrative exploration of psilocybin’s potential in mental health
Min, H., Park, S.-Y., Park, J., Na, S., Lee, H.-S., Kim, T., Ham, J., & Park, Y.-T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429373 · Cited by 7
Swanson, L. R., Jungers, S., Varghese, R., Cullen, K. R., Evans, M. D., Nielson, J. L., & Schallmo, M. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.12.5 · Cited by 6
“Psilocybin-assisted therapy has rapid and enduring antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (Carhart-Harris, Bolstridge, et al., 2018; Davis et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016; Gukasyan et al., 2022; Ross et al., 2016; von Rotz et al., 2023).”
BackgroundPsilocybin-Assisted Therapy May Enhance Conservation Values in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder
Gold, N. D., Pagni, B. A., Petridis, P. D., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0030 · Cited by 4
Psychedelika in der Psychiatrie: eine offene Debatte
Herwig, U., Schnell, K., Daumann, J., Jungaberle, A., Koller, G., Mertens, L. J., & Borgwardt, S. (2024) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-2453-0910 · Cited by 4
Leistenschneider, G., Majić, T., Reiche, S., & Riemer, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82216-x · Cited by 5
Silva, F., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Guizzaro, L., & Balabanov, P. (2025) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105516 · Cited by 7
Exploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders
Carrithers, B. M., Roberts, D. E., Weiss, B., King, J. D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Gordon, A. R., Pagni, B. A., Moreau, M., Ross, S., & Zeifman, R. J. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413 · Cited by 4
Self-citationQuintanilha, T. M., Costa, P. M., Cardoso, A. L. S., Battú, G. D. S., Bastos, L. M., dos Santos, B. P., Müller, T. E., de Oliveira, T. F., Piato, Â., Kalueff, A. V., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70116 · Cited by 4
“Tryptamine-based drug molecules (e.g., psilocybin) induce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects in rodents (Sekssaoui et al. 2024) and have recently been approved for treatment-resistant depression and major depression clinically (Kargbo 2023; Raison et al. 2023; Goodwin et al. 2022).”
Synergistic behavioral and neuroplastic effects of psilocybin-NMDAR modulator administration
Tal, T. B., Pogodin, I., Botvinnik, A., Lifschytz, T., Heresco‐Levy, U., & Lerer, B. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03428-x · Cited by 4
“Signi fi cant bene fi ts in major depressive disorder for 1 – 2 psilocybin (~25 mg) administration sessions have been documented [25, 26].”
Psychedelics for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Narrative Review with Candidate Mechanisms of Action
Miller, E. A., Capone, C., Eaton, E. M., Swift, R. M., & Haass‐Koffler, C. L. (2025) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-025-01199-z · Cited by 6
“Indeed, suicidal ideation with preparatory behaviors were reported for three participants in a phase II study of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression [162], and a patient treated with psilocybin died by suicide in Switzerland [163].”
Androni, X., Boyd, R. J., Rosenberg, P. B., & Mahairaki, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2025.1605051 · Cited by 4
“This is analogous to the observation that a single dose of psilocybin was effective in treating major depression both in the short term (3 weeks) (Goodwin et al., 2022) and in a long-term open-label follow-up over 52 weeks (Goodwin et al., 2025), suggesting that a single psychedelic dose can induce…”
Psychedelics bind to TrkB to induce neuroplasticity and antidepressant-like effects
Ċastrén, E., & Moliner, R. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01317-4 · Cited by 4
Weintraub, M. J., Jeffrey, J. K., Grob, C. S., Ichinose, M. C., Bergman, R. L., Cooper, Z. D., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0018 · Cited by 5
“11 The beneficial effects for depressive symptoms were only present for a few weeks and not sustained at the 4-month follow up.”
Potential use of psilocybin drugs in the treatment of depression
Śladowska, K., Kawalec, P., Brzostek, T., & Pilc, A. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1080/14728214.2023.2264180 · Cited by 4
“Three weeks after psilocybin use, a clinically significant improvement in the Montgomery– Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score [48] was observed in all groups (−12.0 points in the 25-mg group, −7.9 in the 10-mg group, and − 5.4 in the 1-mg group) [35,36].”
BackgroundInfluentialInnovating translational models of affective disorders
Robinson, E. S. J., & Bangasser, D. A. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06472-x · Cited by 5
“This has been further enhanced by the widespread interest in psychedelic drugs in psychiatry, particularly for treatment-resistant depression, with recent clinical trials finding evidence of efficacy for the serotonergic psychedelic, psilocybin (Goodwin et al. 2022; von Rotz et al. 2023).”
BackgroundEthische Aspekte der Therapie mit Psychedelika
Repantis, D., Koslowski, M., & Fink, S. B. (2024) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-024-00710-z · Cited by 5
Self-citationBoltaev, U., Park, H. W., Brown, K. R., Delgado, M., Wu, J., Diaz-Pacheco, B. N., Botero-Pinzon, M., He, K., Ahern, E., Goldshmid, N., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583022 · Cited by 4
A Framework for Assessment of Adverse Events Occurring in Psychedelic Assisted TherapiesPreprint
Palitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Perna, J., Bosshardt, Z., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Zarrabi, A. J., Peacock, C., Mletzko, T., ROTHBAUM, B. O., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h2wfy · Cited by 4
Self-citationPasquini, L., Vohryzek, J., Escrichs, A., Perl, Y. S., Ponce‐Alvarez, A., Idesis, S., Girn, M., Roseman, L., Mitchell, J., Gazzaley, A. H., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622302 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.24319806 · Cited by 4
“This finding contributes to the growing evidence base that psilocybin is a rapid-acting treatment for depression (13,14) Notably, we also observed significant effects of MBSR+PAP on participants’ sense of connectedness to self and others.”
What are set and setting: Reducing vagueness to improve research and clinical practice
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“These compounds show promise in treating major depression, substance use disorders, and psychological suffering in terminally ill patients (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022; Griffiths et al., 2016).”
Ye, X., Xu, P., Jiao, J., Zhao, H., Jin, K., Zhang, S., Pan, F., Chen, J., Jiang, H., Hu, J., et al. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s491768 · Cited by 3
Ketamine's Altered States Meta-Analysis
Tavares, V. D. D. O., Gonçalves, K. T. D. C., Barros, M. L. D. M., de Brito, A. J. C., Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Palhano-Fontes, F., Falchi-Carvalho, M., Nunes, E. A., Sarris, J. J., Perkins, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001946 · Cited by 3
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“…effectiveness for treating various health conditions (Madden et al., 2024) including major depressive disorder (Carhart-Harris et al., 2021; Goodwin et al., 2022, 2025; Haikazian et al., 2023; Raison et al., 2023) and cancer-related existential distress or anxiety (Agrawal et al., 2024;…”
Entheogen: an evolutionary medicine for neuropsychiatric disorders
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From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Arden, P. C., Baker, A., Bennett, J. C., Bird, C., Blom, R. E., Brennan, C., Brusch, D., Burke, L., Campbell-Coker, K., Carhart-Harris, R., Cattell, J., Daniel, A., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B. W., Eisen, K., Feifel, D., Forbes, M., Haumann, H. M., Hellerstein, D. J., Hoppe, A. I., Husain, M. I., Jelen, L. A., Kamphuis, J., Kawasaki, J., Kelly, J. R., Key, R. E., Kishon, R., Knatz Peck, S., Knight, G., Koolen, M. H. B., Lean, M., Licht, R. W., Maples-Keller, J. L., Mars, J., Marwood, L., McElhiney, M. C., Miller, T. L., Mirow, A., Mistry, S., Mletzko-Crowe, T., Modlin, L. N., Nielsen, R. E., Nielson, E. M., Offerhaus, S. R., O’Keane, V., Páleníček, T., Printz, D., Rademaker, M. C., van Reemst, A., Reinholdt, F., Repantis, D., Rucker, J., Rudow, S., Ruffell, S., Rush, A. J., Schoevers, R. A., Seynaeve, M., Shao, S., Soares, J. C., Somers, M., Stansfield, S. C., Sterling, D., Strockis, A., Tsai, J., Visser, L., Wahba, M., Williams, S., Young, A. H., Ywema, P., Zisook, S., & Malievskaia, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- From COMPASS Pathfinder (G.M.G., J.C.B., L.M., S.M., S.C.S., J.T., S.W., E.M.), the Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (C. Bird, L.A.J., G.K., L.N.M., F.R., J.R., S. Ruffell, M. Seynaeve, A.H.Y.), the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (K.C.-C., J.C., A.D.), and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital (L.A.J., L.N.M., J.R., A.H.Y.), London, and the Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle (M.W.) — all in the United Kingdom; the Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore (S.T.A., M.F., T.L.M., S. Rudow); Sant Joan de Déu Hospital and the Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation, Barcelona (O.A.); SUNY Downstate College of Medicine (P.C.A.), the New York State Psychiatric Institute (D.J.H., R.E.K., R.K., M.C.M., E.M.N.), and the Depa...
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Aaronson, Scott T.
- Bird, Catherine
- Burke, Lisa
- Carhart-Harris, Robin
- Daniel, Aster
- DeBattista, Charles
- Dunlop, Boadie W.
- Eisen, Katherine
- Feifel, David
- Hellerstein, David J.
- Husain, Muhammad I.
- Jelen, Luke A.
- Kamphuis, Jeanine
- Kawasaki, Julie
- Kelly, John R.
- Kishon, Ronit
- Knight, Gemma
- Lean, Melanie
- Licht, Rasmus W.
- Marwood, Lindsey
- McElhiney, Martin C.
- Nielsen, René E.
- Nielson, Elizabeth M.
- O’Keane, Veronica
- Páleníček, Tomáš
- Repantis, Dimitris
- Rucker, James
- Ruffell, Simon
- Rush, A. John
- Schoevers, Robert A.
- Seynaeve, Mathieu
- Soares, Jair C.
- Somers, Metten
- Wahba, Mourad
- Williams, Samuel
- Young, Allan H.
- Zisook, Sidney
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-11-03
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1637-1648
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4308146982
- Cited by
- 1,167
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 275 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 15
- FWCI
- 203.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- COMPASS Pathfinder Limited
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psilocybin, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive episode, single-dose administration, dose-response relationship, antidepressant efficacy, adverse events, suicidal ideation, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Psilocybin, Treatment Outcome, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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