The classic pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism

van der Spek, Anne H.; Fliers, Eric; Boelen, Anita

doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.025

Cited by 194Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsThyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

The classic pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism

van der Spek, Anne H., Fliers, Eric, Boelen, Anita·2017·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.025

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Abstract

Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for growth and development and play an important role in energy homeostasis. Although serum TH levels are relatively constant in the physiological state, TH bioavailability at the tissue and cellular level is dependent on local TH metabolism. Circulating TH produced by the thyroid can be metabolized by a number of different pathways resulting in 1) activation of TH 2) deactivation of TH or 3) excretion of TH and subsequent metabolites. These pathways play an essential role in determining local TH levels and action. The major classical pathways of TH metabolism are deiodination, sulfation, glucuronidation, and ether-link cleavage. This review provides an overview of these pathways, their relative contributions to TH levels in the serum and in various organs and the changes in these pathways elicited by fasting and illness.

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TH homeostasis is maintained globally and locally through multiple mechanisms that coordinately regulate the production, secretion, distribution, and metabolism of THs.
“TH homeostasis is maintained both globally and locally through multiple mechanisms that coordinately regulate the production, secretion, distribution, and metabolism of THs.”
From Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
Lean body mass is a key predictor of LT4 requirements because of its role in T4 metabolic processes.
“Lean body mass is a key predictor of LT4 requirements due to its role in T4 metabolic processes.97,98”
From Refractory hypothyroidism: unraveling the complexities of diagnosis and management (2023) · cites this paper as [98]

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Tissue Deiodinase Activity during Prolonged Critical Illness: Effects of Exogenous Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Combination with Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2
Debaveye, Y. A., Ellger, B., Mebis, L., Herck, E. V., Coopmans, W., Darras, V., & den Berghe, G. V. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0963 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is independent of the LPS-induced fall in serum thyroid hormone levels
Fekete, C., Sarkar, S., Christoffolete, M. A., Emerson, C. H., Bianco, A. C., & Lechan, R. M. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.021 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Metabolism of 3,5,3-triiodothyronine sulfate by tissues of the fetal rat: A consideration of the role of desulfation of 3,5,3-triiodothyronine sulfate as a source of T3
Santini, F., Chopra, I. J., Wu, S.-Y., Solomon, D. H., & Chua Teco, G. N. (1992) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199206000-00001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hepatic deiodinase activity is dispensable for the maintenance of normal circulating thyroid hormone levels in mice
Streckfuß, F., Hamann, I., Schomburg, L., Michaelis, M., Sapin, R., Klein, M., Köhrle, J., & Schweizer, U. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.102 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Skeletal Muscle: Effects of Hypothyroidism and Fasting
Heemstra, K. A., Soeters, M. R., Fliers, E., Serlie, M. J. M., Burggraaf, J., van Doorn, M. B., van der Klaauw, A. A., Romijn, J. A., Smit, J. W. A., Corssmit, E. P. M., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2520 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Characterization of Iodothyronine Sulfatase Activities in Human and Rat Liver and Placenta
Kester, M. H. A., Kaptein, E., van Dijk, C. H., Roest, T. J., Tibboel, D., Coughtrie, M. W. H., & Visser, T. J. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.3.8686 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Tissue-specific patterns of changes in 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine concentrations in thyroidectomized rats infused with increasing doses of the hormone. Which are the regulatory mechanisms?
Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Obregón, M.-J., del Rey, F. E., & de Escobar, G. M. (1999) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80095-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Selective Loss of the Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Mouse Thyrotrophs Increases Basal TSH but Blunts the Thyrotropin Response to Hypothyroidism
Luongo, C., Martin, C., Vella, K. R., Marsili, A., Ambrosio, R., Dentice, M., Harney, J. W., Salvatore, D., Zavacki, A. M., & Larsen, P. R. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1698 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Life Without the Iodothyronine Deiodinases
Galton, V. A., de Waard, E. A. C., Parlow, A. F., Germain, D. L. S., & Hernández, A. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1184 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Free thyroxine assessed with three assays in sera of patients with nonthyroidal illness and of subjects with abnormal concentrations of thyroxine-binding proteins
Docter, R., van Toor, H., Krenning, E. P., de Jong, M., & Hennemann, G. (1993) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/39.8.1668 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Transport of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine into the perfused rat liver and subsequent metabolism are inhibited by fasting
de Jong, M., Docter, R., van der Hoek, H. J., Vos, R. A., Krenning, E. P., & HENNEMANN, G. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.131.1.1612027 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Characterization of Human Iodothyronine Sulfotransferases
Kester, M. H. A. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.84.4.1357 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ether Link Cleavage Is the Major Pathway of Iodothyronine Metabolism in the Phagocytosing Human Leukocyte and also Occurs In Vivo in the Rat
Burger, A., Engler, D., Buergi, U., WEISSEL, M., Steiger, G., Ingbar, S. H., Rosin, R. E., & BABIOR, B. M. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110848 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Differential effects of fasting vs food restriction on liver thyroid hormone metabolism in male rats
de Vries, E. M., van Beeren, H. C., Ackermans, M. T., Kalsbeek, A., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2015) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-14-0533 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
Characterization of rat iodothyronine sulfotransferases
Kester, M. H. A., Kaptein, E., Roest, T. J., van Dijk, C. H., Tibboel, D., Meinl, W., Glatt, H. R., Coughtrie, M. W. H., & Visser, T. J. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00046.2003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
On the enterohepatic cycle of triiodothyronine in rats; importance of the intestinal microflora
de Herder, W. W., Hazenberg, M. P., Pennock-Schröder, A. M., Oosterlaken, A. C., Rutgers, M., & Visser, T. J. (1989) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(89)90179-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Leptin Administration Restores the Fasting-Induced Increase of Hepatic Type 3 Deiodinase Expression in Mice
Boelen, A., van Beeren, M., Vos, X., Surovtseva, O., Belegri, E., Saaltink, D.-J., Vreugdenhil, E., Kalsbeek, A., Kwakkel, J., & Fliers, E. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0289 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Formation of diiodotyrosine from thyroxine. Ether-link cleavage, an alternate pathway of thyroxine metabolism.
Balsam, A., SEXTON, F. C., Borges, M., & Ingbar, S. H. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111079 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cardiac Expression of Deiodinase type 3 (Dio3) Following Myocardial Infarction Is Associated With the Induction of a Pluripotency microRNA Signature from the Dlk1-Dio3 Genomic Region
Janssen, R., Zuidwijk, M. J., Muller, A., Mulders, J., Oudejans, C. B. M., & Simonides, W. S. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-2017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
In vitrometabolism of thyroxine by rat and human hepatocytes
Richardson, V. M., Ferguson, S., Sey, Y. M., & DeVito, M. J. (2013) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498254.2013.847990 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
NFκB Signaling Is Essential for the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increase of Type 2 Deiodinase in Tanycytes
de Vries, E. M., Kwakkel, J., Eggels, L., Kalsbeek, A., Barrett, P., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-2018 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
The 5′-Deiodinases Are Not Essential for the Fasting-Induced Decrease in Circulating Thyroid Hormone Levels in Male Mice: Possible Roles for the Type 3 Deiodinase and Tissue Sequestration of Hormone
Galton, V. A., Hernández, A., & Germain, D. L. S. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-1884 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Conjugation of Thyroid Hormones and Analogs by the Gunn Rat
Flock, E. V., Bollman, J. L., Owen, C. A., & Zollman, P. E. (1965) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-77-2-303 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Thyroid Hormone Inactivating Enzyme Type 3 Deiodinase is Present in Bactericidal Granules and the Cytoplasm of Human Neutrophils
van der Spek, A. H., Bloise, F. F., Tigchelaar, W., Dentice, M., Salvatore, D., van der Wel, N. N., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1103 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Elevated Serum Diiodotyrosine (DIT) in Severe Infections and Sepsis: DIT, a Possible New Marker of Leukocyte Activity*
MEINHOLD, H., Gramm, H.-J., MEISSNER, W., ZIMMERMANN, J., Schwander, J., Dennhardt, R., & Voigt, K. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-72-4-945 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Male Mouse Skeletal Muscle Is Largely Independent of D2 in Myocytes
Werneck‐de‐Castro, J. P., Fonseca, T. L., Ignacio, D. L., Fernandes, G. W., Andrade-Feraud, C. M., Lartey, L. J., Ribeiro, M. B., Ribeiro, M. O., Gereben, B., & Bianco, A. C. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1246 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fasting-Induced Changes in Hepatic Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in Male Rats Are Independent of Autonomic Nervous Input to the Liver
de Vries, E. M., Eggels, L., van Beeren, H. C., Ackermans, M. T., Kalsbeek, A., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1608 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Circulating 3-T1AM and 3,5-T2 in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional observational study
Langouche, L., Lehmphul, I., Perre, S. V., Köhrle, J., & Van den Berghe, G. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0214 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Role of Hypothalamic NF-κB Signaling in the Response of the HPT-Axis to Acute Inflammation in Female Mice
de Vries, E. M., Nagel, S., Haenold, R., Sundaram, S. M., Pfrieger, F. W., Fliers, E., Heuer, H., & Boelen, A. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1027 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Sepsis and Chronic Inflammation on Diaphragm Muscle Fiber Type, Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, and Mitochondrial Function
Bloise, F. F., van der Spek, A. H., Surovtseva, O. V., Ortiga-Carvalho, T. M., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0536 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism: Molecular Biology and Alternate Pathways
Kaptein, E. M. (1995) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1995.5.241 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Circulating Diiodotyrosine: Studies of Its Serum Concentration, Source, and Turnover Using Radioimmunoassay after Immunoextraction*
MEINHOLD, H., BECKERT, A., & Wenzel, K. W. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-53-6-1171 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Characteristics of 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Sulfate Metabolism in Euthyroid Man*
LoPresti, J. S., Mizuno, L. Y., NIMALYSURIA, A., Anderson, K. P., Spencer, C. A., & Nicoloff, J. T. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-73-4-703 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bacterial Expression and Functional Characterization of a Rat Thyroid Hormone Sulfotransferase, ST1B1
Ken-ichi, F., Nagata, K., Eriko, W., Shimada, M., & Yasushi, Y. (1999) · The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1254/jjp.79.467 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Compound W, a 3,3′-Diiodothyronine Sulfate Cross-Reactive Substance in Serum from Pregnant Women—A Potential Marker for Fetal Thyroid Function
Wu, S.-Y., Huang, W.-S., Ho, E. C., Wu, E. S. C., & Fisher, D. A. (2007) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318030d17d · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Early Developmental Disruption of Type 2 Deiodinase Pathway in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Does Not Impair Muscle Function
Ignacio, D. L., Silvestre, D. H., Anne‐Palmer, E., Bocco, B. M. L. C., Fonseca, T. L., Ribeiro, M. O., Gereben, B., Bianco, A. C., & Werneck‐de‐Castro, J. P. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0392 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Is the Kidney a Major Storage Site for Thyroxine as Thyroxine Glucuronide?
Buitendijk, M., & Galton, V. A. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0307 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Deiodination and deconjugation of the glucuronide conjugates of the thyroid hormones by rat liver and brain microsomes
Hays, M. T., & Cavalieri, R. R. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90207-q · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mice With Hepatocyte-Specific Deficiency of Type 3 Deiodinase Have Intact Liver Regeneration and Accelerated Recovery From Nonthyroidal Illness After Toxin-Induced Hepatonecrosis
Castroneves, L. A., Jugo, R. H., Maynard, M. A., Lee, J. S., Wassner, A. J., Dorfman, D. M., Bronson, R. T., Ukomadu, C., Agoston, A. T., Ding, L., et al. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-2028 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
3,5-diiodotyrosine excretion in human urine in individuals of differing thyroidal status
Mohammed, M. N., Farmer, M. J., & Ramsden, D. B. (1983) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/bms.1200100906 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The hidden, nonexchangeable pool of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in man: does it exist?
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Deconjugation of Thyroxine Glucuronide by the Rat Kidney
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Metabolic clearance and production of diiodotyrosine in healthy man
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Circulating 3-T1AM and 3,5-T2 in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional observational study
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists
Sinha, R. A., Bruinstroop, E., Singh, B. K., & Yen, P. M. (2019) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2018.0664 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Thyroid Allostasis–Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming
Chatzitomaris, A., Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Hering, S., Urban, A., Dietrich, B., Abood, A., Klein, H. H., & Dietrich, J. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00163 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Drug effects on the thyroid.
Burch, H. B. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1901214 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
State of knowledge on current exposure, fate and potential health effects of contaminants in polar bears from the circumpolar Arctic
Routti, H., Atwood, T. C., Bechshøft, T., Boltunov, A. N., Ciesielski, T. M., Desforges, J.-P. W., Dietz, R., Gabrielsen, G. W., Jenssen, B. M., Letcher, R. J., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.030 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Deiodinases control local cellular and systemic thyroid hormone availability
Köhrle, J., & Frädrich, C. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.024 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Selenium and Selenoproteins: Mechanisms, Health Functions, and Emerging Applications
Shahidin, Wang, Y., Wu, Y.-L., Chen, T., Wu, X., Yuan, W., Zhu, Q., Wang, X., & Zi, C. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30030437 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone receptor-β analogues for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
Ratziu, V., Scanlan, T. S., & Bruinstroop, E. (2024) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.10.018 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Risk of Breast Cancer
Eve, L., Fervers, B., Romancer, M. L., & Étienne-Selloum, N. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21239139 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Transport, Metabolism, and Function of Thyroid Hormones in the Developing Mammalian Brain
Stepien, B. K., & Huttner, W. Β. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00209 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in the Gut and Its Clinical Implications
Fenneman, A. C., Bruinstroop, E., Nieuwdorp, M., van der Spek, A. H., & Boelen, A. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0491 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
GLIS3 is indispensable for TSH/TSHR-dependent thyroid hormone biosynthesis and follicular cell proliferation
Kang, H. S., Kumar, D., Liao, G., Lichti-Kaiser, K., Gerrish, K., Liao, X.-H., Refetoff, S., Jothi, R., & Jetten, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci94417 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Living in a hypoxic world: A review of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture
Zhan, Y., Ning, B., Sun, J., & Chang, Y. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115207 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
PFOS-induced thyroid hormone system disrupted rats display organ-specific changes in their transcriptomes
Davidsen, N., Ramhøj, L., Lykkebo, C. A., Kugathas, I., Poulsen, R., Rosenmai, A. K., Evrard, B., Darde, T., Axelstad, M., Bahl, M. I., et al. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119340 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The ecological function of thyroid hormones
Zwahlen, J., Gairin, E., Vianello, S., Mercader, M., Roux, N., & Laudet, V. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0511 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Gut microbial β-glucuronidases influence endobiotic homeostasis and are modulated by diverse therapeutics
Simpson, J. B., Walker, M. E., Sekela, J. J., Ivey, S. M., Jariwala, P. B., Storch, C. M., Kowalewski, M. E., Graboski, A. L., Lietzan, A. D., Walton, W. G., et al. (2024) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2024.04.018 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Applications for non-invasive thyroid hormone measurements in mammalian ecology, growth, and maintenance
Behringer, V., Deimel, C., Hohmann, G., Negrey, J. D., Schaebs, F. S., & Deschner, T. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.07.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Structural Insights into Endobiotic Reactivation by Human Gut Microbiome-Encoded Sulfatases
Ervin, S. M., Simpson, J. B., Gibbs, M. E., Creekmore, B. C., Lim, L., Walton, W. G., Gharaibeh, R. Z., & Redinbo, M. R. (2020) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00711 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and thyroid: biological mechanisms of interference and possible clinical implications
Zhang, X., Qi, W., Xu, Q., Li, X., Zhou, L., & Ye, L. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17027-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
Jing, L., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.992883 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
TRH Neurons and Thyroid Hormone Coordinate the Hypothalamic Response to Cold
Zhang, Z., Boelen, A., Kalsbeek, A., & Fliers, E. (2018) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000493976 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response during Infection
Rubingh, J., van der Spek, A. H., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2020) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c200003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone signaling and consequences for cardiac development
Chattergoon, N. N. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-18-0704 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hormonal Regulation of Oligodendrogenesis I: Effects across the Lifespan
Long, K. L. P., Breton, J., Barraza, M., Perloff, O. S., & Kaufer, D. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11020283 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids and their impact on the host thyroid function and diseases
Mendoza-León, M. J., Mangalam, A. K., Regaldiz, A., González-Madrid, E., Rangel-Ramírez, M. A., Álvarez-Mardones, O., Vallejos, O. P., Méndez, C., Bueno, S. M., Melo-González, F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1192216 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tanycytes and the Control of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Flux Into Portal Capillaries
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A., Lazcano, I., Sánchez‐Jaramillo, E., Uribe, R. M., Jaimes-Hoy, L., Joseph‐Bravo, P., & Charli, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00401 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Association between sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and the risk of osteoarthritis: an NHANES study
Chen, S., Sun, X., Zhou, G., Jin, J., & Li, Z. (2022) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-022-00749-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone, gene expression, and Central Nervous System: Where we are
Giannocco, G., Kizys, M. M. L., Maciel, R. M. B., & de Souza, J. S. (2020) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Thyroid hormones and derivatives: endogenous thyroid hormones and their targets
Köhrle, J. (2018) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7902-8_9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Integrating Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Hypothalamic Control of Metabolism: Crosstalk Between Nuclear Receptors
Kouidhi, S., & Clerget-Froidevaux, M.-S. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19072017 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Role of hepatic deiodinases in thyroid hormone homeostasis and liver metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis
Bruinstroop, E., van der Spek, A. H., & Boelen, A. (2023) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-22-0211 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Early-life exposure to tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate caused multigenerational neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish via altering maternal thyroid hormones transfer and epigenetic modifications
Li, R., Yang, L., Han, J. Z., Zou, Y. S., Wang, Y., Feng, C., & Zhou, B. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117471 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Evaluation of a panel of in vitro methods for assessing thyroid receptor β and transthyretin transporter disrupting activities
Collet, B., Simon, E., van der Linden, S., el Abdellaoui, N., Naderman, M., Man, H.-Y., Middelhof, I., van der Burg, B., Besselink, H. T., & Brouwer, A. (2019) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone and Deiodination in Innate Immune Cells
van der Spek, A. H., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa200 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Endocrine disorders associated with obesity
Park, H. K., & Ahima, R. S. (2023) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102394 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Novel thyroid hormones
Zucchi, R., Rutigliano, G., & Saponaro, F. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02018-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Quantification of Proteins Involved in Intestinal Epithelial Handling of Xenobiotics
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Authors: van der Spek, A. H., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Boelen, Anita
ORCID: van der Spek, Anne H.
Fliers, Eric
Boelen, Anita
Venue: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 458
Pages: 29-38
ISSN: 0303-7207 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.025
OpenAlex: W2578897403
Cited by: 194
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 2.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Funders: AMC Graduate School PhD Scholarship
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: thyroid hormone metabolism, deiodination, sulfation, glucuronidation, fasting, illness
MeSH terms: Animals, Fasting, Homeostasis, Humans, Thyroid Hormones, Tissue Distribution, Signal Transduction, Gene Regulatory Networks

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