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Cited by 554

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Nationally Representative Case–Control Study of Smoking and Death in India

Jha, Prabhat, Jacob, Binu, Gajalakshmi, Vendhan, Gupta, Prakash C., Dhingra, Neeraj, Kumar, Rajesh, Sinha, Dhirendra N., Dikshit, Rajesh P., Parida, Dillip K., Kamadod, Rajeev, Boreham, Jillian, Peto, Richard·2008·New England Journal of Medicine
DOI 10.1056/nejmsa0707719
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The nationwide effects of smoking on mortality in India have not been assessed reliably. METHODS: In a nationally representative sample of 1.1 million homes, we compared the prevalence of smoking among 33,000 deceased women and 41,000 deceased men (case subjects) with the prevalence of smoking among 35,000 living women and 43,000 living men (unmatched control subjects). Mortality risk ratios comparing smokers with nonsmokers were adjusted for age, educational level, and use of alcohol. RESULTS: About 5% of female control subjects and 37% of male control subjects between the ages of 30 and 69 years were smokers. In this age group, smoking was associated with an increased risk of death from any medical cause among both women (risk ratio, 2.0; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 2.3) and men (risk ratio, 1.7; 99% CI, 1.6 to 1.8). Daily smoking of even a small amount of tobacco was associated with increased mortality. Excess deaths among smokers, as compared with nonsmokers, were chiefly from tuberculosis among both women (risk ratio, 3.0; 99% CI, 2.4 to 3.9) and men (risk ratio, 2.3; 99% CI, 2.1 to 2.6) and from respiratory, vascular, or neoplastic disease. Smoking was associated with a reduction in median survival of 8 years for women (99% CI, 5 to 11) and 6 years for men (99% CI, 5 to 7). If these associations are mainly causal, smoking in persons between the ages of 30 and 69 years is responsible for about 1 in 20 deaths of women and 1 in 5 deaths of men. In 2010, smoking will cause about 930,000 adult deaths in India; of the dead, about 70% (90,000 women and 580,000 men) will be between the ages of 30 and 69 years. Because of population growth, the absolute number of deaths in this age group is rising by about 3% per year. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking causes a large and growing number of premature deaths in India.

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Metadata

Authors
Jha, P., Jacob, B., Gajalakshmi, V., Gupta, P. C., Dhingra, N., Kumar, R., Sinha, D. N., Dikshit, R. P., Parida, D. K., Kamadod, R., Boreham, J., & Peto, R.
Venue
New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher
Massachusetts Medical Society
Published
2008-03-13
Volume
358
Issue
11
Pages
1137-1147
ISSN
  • 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-4406
DOI
10.1056/nejmsa0707719
OpenAlex
W2014892455
Cited by
554
References
2
FWCI
20.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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