The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Molecular Basis for Nicotine as a Gateway Drug
Open accessAbstract
nejm clinical practice centerExplore a new page designed specifically for practicing clinicians, the NEJM Clinical Practice Center, at NEJM.org/clinical-practice-center.Find practice-changing research, reviews from our Clinical Practice series, a curated collection of clinical cases, and interactive features designed to hone your diagnostic skills.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such findings provide substantial support for a neurobiological sensitization mechanism (Kandel & Kandel, 2014).”
From Nicotine and the adolescent brain (2015) · cites this paper as Kandel & Kandel, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These effects are both unidirectional in that cocaine does not affect nicotine-induced responses and result from inhibition of histone deacetylase (Kandel & Kandel, 2014).”
From Nicotine and the adolescent brain (2015) · cites this paper as Kandel & Kandel, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These effects are both unidirectional in that cocaine does not affect nicotine-induced responses and result from inhibition of histone deacetylase (Kandel & Kandel, 2014).”
From Nicotine and the adolescent brain (2015) · cites this paper as Kandel & Kandel, 2014
In the citing paper
“At the molecular level, nicotine exerts a priming effect by enhancing the ability of cocaine to induce FosB, a key mediator of addiction.”
From Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products (2017) · cites this paper as [304]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bardo, M. T., & Hammer, R. P. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90226-e · Cited by 3,229
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION: The Role of Reward-Related Learning and Memory
Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2006) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009 · Cited by 2,647
Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence
Hyman, S. E., & Malenka, R. C. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094560 · Cited by 1,337
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1107 · Cited by 1,262
E-Cigarettes: A Scientific Review
Grana, R., Benowitz, N., & Glantz, S. A. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667 · Cited by 1,194
The Molecular and Systems Biology of Memory
Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., & Mayford, M. R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001 · Cited by 1,134
Self-citationStages in adolescent involvement in drug use
Kandel, D. B. (1975) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188374 · Cited by 1,099
Self-citationKandel, D. B., Yamaguchi, K., & Chen, K. (1992) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1992.53.447 · Cited by 1,039
Self-citationKandel, D. B., & Logan, J. A. (1984) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.74.7.660 · Cited by 798
Self-citationStages and Pathways of Drug Involvement
Kandel, D. B. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499777 · Cited by 601
Self-citationHistone Deacetylase 5 Epigenetically Controls Behavioral Adaptations to Chronic Emotional Stimuli
Renthal, W., Maze, I., Krishnan, V., Covington, H. E., Xiao, G., Kumar, A., Russo, S. J., Graham, A., Tsankova, N., Kippin, T. E., et al. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.032 · Cited by 599
Vanyukov, M. M., Tarter, R. E., Kirillova, G. P., Kirisci, L., Reynolds, M., Kreek, M. J., Conway, K. P., Maher, B. S., Iacono, W. G., Bierut, L. J., et al. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.018 · Cited by 458
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Substance Initiation, Use, and Problem Use in Adolescents
Rhee, S. H., Hewitt, J. K., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., Crowley, T. J., & Stallings, M. C. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1256 · Cited by 385
Wagner, F. A. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.10.918 · Cited by 380
Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining The Gateway Hypothesis
Kandel, D. B. (2002) · Cited by 363
Self-citationKendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1313 · Cited by 363
Palmer, R. H. C., Young, S. E., Hopfer, C. J., Corley, R. P., Stallings, M. C., Crowley, T. J., & Hewitt, J. K. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.012 · Cited by 297
Hiroi, N., Brown, J. R., Haile, C. N., Ye, H., Greenberg, M. E., & Nestler, E. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.19.10397 · Cited by 285
Levine, A., Huang, Y., Drisaldi, B., Griffin, E. A., Pollak, D. D., Xu, S., Yin, D., Schaffran, C., Kandel, D. B., & Kandel, E. R. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003062 · Cited by 280
Self-citationDegenhardt, L., Dierker, L., Chiu, W. T., Medina-Mora, M. E., Neumark, Y., Sampson, N., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J. C., Bruffaerts, R., et al. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.001 · Cited by 271
Levine, A. A., Guan, Z., Barco, Á., Xu, S., Kandel, E. R., & Schwartz, J. H. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509735102 · Cited by 255
Self-citationStriatal Cell Type-Specific Overexpression of ΔFosB Enhances Incentive for Cocaine
Colby, C. R., Whisler, K., Steffen, C., Nestler, E. J., & Self, D. W. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-06-02488.2003 · Cited by 227
The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes
Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Papale, G. A., Russo, C., & Polosa, R. (2012) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1586/ers.11.92 · Cited by 210
Nestler, E. J., & Malenka, R. C. (2004) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0304-78 · Cited by 172
Low dose nicotine treatment during early adolescence increases subsequent cocaine reward
McQuown, S. C., Belluzzi, J. D., & Leslie, F. M. (2007) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2006.10.012 · Cited by 117
Regulation of fosB and ΔfosB mRNA expression: In vivo and in vitro studies
Alibhai, I. N., Green, T. A., Potashkin, J. A., & Nestler, E. J. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.069 · Cited by 80
ON THE NATURE OF ADDICTION AND HABITUATION*
Wikler, A. (1961) · British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol & Other Drugs · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1961.tb05318.x · Cited by 79
Huizink, A. C., Levälahti, E., Korhonen, T., Dick, D. M., Pulkkinen, L., Rose, R. J., & Kaprio, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2010.71.5 · Cited by 66
Huang, Y.-Y., Levine, A. A., Kandel, D. B., Yin, D., Colnaghi, L., Drisaldi, B., & Kandel, E. R. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.032292.113 · Cited by 57
Nicotine primes the effect of cocaine on the induction of LTP in the amygdala
Huang, Y.-Y., Kandel, D. B., Kandel, E. R., & Levine, A. A. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.031 · Cited by 40
Self-citationMcQuown, S. C., Dao, J. M., Belluzzi, J. D., & Leslie, F. M. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1642-0 · Cited by 39
Regulate e-cigarettes as drug-delivery devices
Stanbrook, M. B. (2013) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.131469 · Cited by 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nicotine and the adolescent brain
Yuan, M., Cross, S. J., Loughlin, S. E., & Leslie, F. M. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270492 · Cited by 623
Smoking, Mental Illness, and Public Health
Prochaska, J. J., Das, S., & Young-Wolff, K. C. (2017) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044618 · Cited by 503
Nicotine and the Developing Human
England, L. J., Bunnell, R. E., Pechacek, T. F., Tong, V. T., & McAfee, T. A. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015 · Cited by 320
O’Brien, D., Long, J., Quigley, J., Lee, C., McCarthy, A., & Kavanagh, P. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10935-1 · Cited by 317
Pulmonary toxicity of e-cigarettes
Chun, L. F., Moazed, F., Calfee, C. S., Matthay, M. A., & Gotts, J. E. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00071.2017 · Cited by 315
Metadata
- Authors
- Kandel, E. R., & Kandel, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2014-09-04
- Volume
- 371
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 932-943
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC4353486
- OpenAlex
- W2317172122
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 24.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K-5 DA00081, K05DA000081, R01DA024001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- nicotine, tobacco use, smoking initiation, nicotine dependence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cocaine, Humans, Learning, Nicotine, Substance-Related Disorders, Mice, Memory, Long-Term
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
