Re-Thinking Intersectionality

Nash, Jennifer C.

doi:10.1057/fr.2008.4

Cited by 1,995Feminist Theory and Gender StudiesFeminism, Gender, and Sexuality StudiesGender, Health, and Social Inequality

Re-Thinking Intersectionality

Open access

Nash, Jennifer C.·2008·Feminist Review

DOI 10.1057/fr.2008.4

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Abstract

Black feminist and legal studies scholar Jennifer C. Nash asks us to think critically about what has become the discourse and theory most commonly connected to feminism: intersectionality. As Nash puts it, intersectionality is now “the primary analytic tool that feminist and anti-racist scholars deploy for theorizing identity and oppression” (2008, 1). Nash outlines the limits to what she describes as the murky theory of intersectionality, including (1) the lack of a defined intersectional methodology (that is, how we do intersectionality); (2) the use of Black women as quintessential intersectional subjects; and (3) the vague definition of intersectionality. While intersectionality often gets deployed to talk about an individual’s race, class, and gender—which is often reduced to identity—Nash says we need to move beyond such understandings so that we can focus on racism, classism, sexism, and other forms of marginalization as interrelated forms of structural oppression.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Nash interrogates the assumptions underlying intersectionality as a feminist and anti-racist analytic, arguing that four unresolved tensions leave the paradigm theoretically and methodologically murky. She frames the critique as a constructive invitation to strengthen intersectionality rather than to abandon it.

Key findings

Nash identifies four unresolved tensions in intersectionality scholarship: the absence of a clearly defined intersectional methodology, the treatment of black women as the quintessential intersectional subject, the vagueness of the term's definition, and the question of whether the theory matches lived experience.
She argues that intersectional work often reproduces the cumulative logic it criticizes: Crenshaw's anti-discrimination analysis, while showing that black women's injuries exceed race-or-gender categories, still treats black women's identities as constituted only by race and gender, leaving class, sexuality, nationality, and ethnicity largely unexamined.
The reliance on black women as a theoretical wedge treats them as a monolithic group and obscures differences among them; Nash also contends that intersectionality largely renames commitments already present in black feminism without specifying what new analytic tools it adds.
She notes an unresolved dispute over scope — whether all identities are intersectional or only multiply marginalized ones — citing Kwan's observation that straight white male identity would likely be resisted as intersectional, against Zack's claim that all women are intersectional subjects.
Nash calls for attention to how privilege and oppression are co-constituted within a single subject, and for treating race and gender as distinct, historically specific processes rather than as inextricably fused.

Methods

Conceptual and theoretical essay; no empirical data collection or sample. The argument proceeds through close reading and critique of key texts in intersectionality and critical race scholarship.
Draws on McCall's three intersectional methodologies — anticategorical, intracategorical, and intercategorical complexity — to show the gap between methodological prescription and actual intersectional practice.
Engages primarily with Crenshaw, alongside Wing, Williams, Matsuda, Kwan, Zack, Walcott, and Wacquant, to illustrate the paradoxes Nash identifies.

Limitations

Nash states explicitly that her aim is not to dismantle intersectionality but to expose its assumptions so scholars can build a more complex account of identity and oppression; she presents questions and challenges rather than a replacement framework.
Evident from the text: the critique rests on a limited set of canonical sources and offers no empirical test of the claims about lived experience, which Nash herself flags as an open question for the field.
Evident from the text: the essay diagnoses the missing methodology and theory of agency without supplying either, leaving the constructive program largely programmatic.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1057/fr.2008.4

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 50 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

Interpretationcitation
Intersectionality treats black women as a unitary and monolithic entity.
“First, while seeking to underscore problems of exclusion within feminist and anti-racist theory, black women are treated as a unitary and monolithic entity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
  In the Introduction (pp. 1–2), Crenshaw criticizes identity politics for ignoring differences within groups. She explicitly says intersectionality is not a totalizing theory of identity and calls for attention to class, sexuality, and other dimensions of experience. That contradicts the claim that her approach treats Black women as a unitary, monolithic group. (LLM, conf=0.89)
  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Interpretationcitation
Crenshaw's seminal analysis of black women's experiences of sexual assault and domestic violence neglects the ways these experiences are complicated by class, nationality, language, ethnicity, and sexuality.
“For example, Crenshaw's seminal analysis of the ways in which black women's experiences of sexual assault and domestic violence are mediated by both race and gender neglects the ways in which these experiences are also complicated by class, nationality, language, ethnicity, and sexuality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
  The Introduction (pp. 1–2) says the analysis focuses on race and gender and acknowledges that sexuality receives limited or no treatment. But the Structural Intersectionality and Battering section (pp. 2–3) expressly analyzes class and explains how immigrant status and cultural barriers compound vulnerability to domestic violence. The claim that the paper neglects these dimensions is therefore contrary to our copy, even though its treatment of sexuality is limited. (LLM, conf=0.89)
  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Premisecitation
From its inception, intersectionality has had a long-standing interest in the intersection of race and gender.
“From its inception, intersectionality has had a long-standing interest in one particular intersection: the intersection of race and gender.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
Premisecitation
Intersectionality has become the primary analytic tool that feminist and anti-racist scholars deploy for theorizing identity and oppression.
“Intersectionality has become the primary analytic tool that feminist and anti-racist scholars deploy for theorizing identity and oppression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites McCall, 2005 source
Interpretationreasoning
While Crenshaw endeavours to use black women's incapacity to comply with race/gender categories to demonstrate the inadequacy of the categories themselves, her argument shores up the conception that black women's identities are constituted exclusively by race and gender.
“While Crenshaw endeavours to use black women's incapacity to comply with race/ gender categories to demonstrate the inadequacy of the categories themselves, her argument shores up the conception that black women's identities are constituted exclusively by race and gender.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

Premisecitation
The notion that identity is formed by interlocking and mutually reinforcing vectors of race, gender, class, and sexuality has pervaded black feminist scholarship for decades.
“the notion that identity is formed by interlocking and mutually reinforcing vectors of race, gender, class, and sexuality has pervaded black feminist scholarship for decades.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- cites Davis, 1981
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Moraga, 1983
- cites Smith, 1983
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Interpretationreasoning
Intersectionality subverts race/gender binaries in the service of theorizing identity in a more complex fashion.
“First, it subverts race/gender binaries in the service of theorizing identity in a more complex fashion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
The re-creation of cumulative conceptions of identity is most apparent in Crenshaw's seminal critique of anti-discrimination law.
“The re-creation of cumulative conceptions of identity is most apparent in Crenshaw's seminal critique of anti-discrimination law.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
Black women's race and gender are treated as trans-historical constants that mark all black women in similar ways.
“That is, black women's race and gender are treated as trans-historical constants that mark all black women in similar ways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationcitation
Intersectionality's reliance on black women as the basis for its claims to complex subjectivity renders black women prototypical intersectional subjects whose experiences of marginality are imagined to provide a theoretical value-added.
“Intersectionality's reliance on black women as the basis for its claims to complex subjectivity renders black women prototypical intersectional subjects whose experiences of marginality are imagined to provide a theoretical value-added.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites Matsuda, 1987
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Interpretationreasoning
In painting black women as wholly oppressed and marginalized, intersectional theory cannot attend to variations within black women's experiences that afford some black women greater privilege, autonomy, and freedom.
“In painting black women, for example, as wholly oppressed and marginalized, intersectional theory can not attend to variations within black women's experiences that afford some black women greater privilege, autonomy, and freedom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
Intersectional theory has obscured the question of whether all identities are intersectional or whether only multiply marginalized subjects have an intersectional identity.
“In its emphasis on black women's experiences of subjectivity and oppression, intersectional theory has obscured the question of whether all identities are intersectional or whether only multiply marginalized subjects have an intersectional identity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Premisereasoning
Black feminism has, since its inception, sought to use black women's experiences to demonstrate the shortcomings of race/gender binary schemes.
“Black feminism has, since its inception, sought to use black women's experiences to demonstrate the shortcomings of race/gender binary schemes (this is epitomized by the edited anthology entitled All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies, whose title alone suggests the primacy black feminists place on jamming the race/gender binary).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
While intersectionality positions itself as a theoretical advance from black feminism, its work continues in the tradition of black feminism with the addition of a new name for conceptualizing the workings of identity.
“While intersectionality positions itself as a theoretical advance from black feminism, its work continues in the tradition of black feminism with the addition of a new name for conceptualizing the workings of identity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
Intersectionality neglects to describe the ways in which privilege and oppression intersect, informing each subject's experiences.
“That is, while intersectionality purports to describe multiple marginalizations (i.e. the spectre of the multiply-marginalized black woman that haunts intersectionality) and multiple privileges (i.e. the spectre of the (heterosexual) white man that haunts intersectionality), it neglects to describe the ways in which privilege and oppression intersect, informing each subject's experiences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationcitation
Currently, much of intersectionality theory conforms to what Loic Wacquant terms the 'logic of the trial', a scholarly tradition of locating practices that injure multiply marginalized subjects.
“Currently, much of intersectionality theory conforms to what Loic Wacquant terms the 'logic of the trial', a scholarly tradition of locating practices that injure multiply marginalized subjects (Wacquant, 1997: 222).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wacquant, 1997
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 48
May combine two claims. 25

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation
Intersectionality aspires to provide a vocabulary to respond to critiques of identity politics.
“Second, intersectionality aspires to provide a vocabulary to respond to critiques of identity politics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Intersectionality rejects the 'single-axis framework' often embraced by both feminist and anti-racist scholars, instead analysing the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's experiences.
“intersectionality rejects the 'single-axis framework' often embraced by both feminist and anti-racist scholars, instead analysing 'y the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's y experiences'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Intersectionality invites scholars to come to terms with the legacy of exclusions of multiply marginalized subjects from feminist and anti-racist work, and the impact of those absences on both theory and practice.
“Finally, intersectionality invites scholars to come to terms with the legacy of exclusions of multiply marginalized subjects from feminist and anti-racist work, and the impact of those absences on both theory and practice”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
- cites Williams, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation
Crenshaw's articulation of intersectionality has galvanized an array of disciplines to consider questions of essentialism, exclusion, and complex identity in new ways.
“Crenshaw's articulation of intersectionality has galvanized an array of disciplines to consider questions of essentialism, exclusion, and complex identity in new ways.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1991 source
  The Introduction (pp. 1–2) articulates intersectionality through the exclusion of women of color from single-axis accounts of race and gender, and calls for attention to multiple grounds of identity. It does not establish the claim that this articulation subsequently galvanized an array of disciplines. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
For Crenshaw, it is the fixed mutually exclusive categorizations of race and gender that marginalize black women.
“For Crenshaw, it is the fixed mutually exclusive categorizations of race and gender that marginalize black women.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Chang and Culp's query suggests the necessity of assessing whether intersectionality describes lived experiences of identity, and developing methodological tools that are sufficiently flexible to attend to the myriad intersections that constitute identity.
“Chang and Culp's query suggests the necessity of assessing whether intersectionality describes lived experiences of identity, and developing methodological tools that are sufficiently flexible to attend to the myriad intersections that constitute identity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
Crenshaw focuses on black women because they are 'multiply burdened', yet her analysis precludes an examination of forms of 'multiple burdens' (or the intersections of privileges and burdens) beyond race and gender.
“That is, Crenshaw focuses on black women because they are 'multiply burdened', yet her analysis precludes an examination of forms of 'multiple burdens' (or the intersections of privileges and burdens) beyond race and gender.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Crenshaw seeks to challenge law and radical critiques of law to attend to the 'intersectional experiences of those whom the movements claim as their respective constituents'.
“Ultimately, Crenshaw seeks to challenge law and radical critiques of law (i.e.feminist legal theory, critical race theory) to attend to the 'intersectional experiences of those whom the movements claim as their respective constituents'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
These unresolved conflicts seep into feminist and anti-racist theory, practice, and politics, confusing their conceptions of identity and oppression, and obscuring the normative goals of their work.
“These unresolved conflicts seep into feminist and anti-racist theory, practice, and politics, confusing their conceptions of identity and oppression, and obscuring the normative goals of their work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisecitation
Only a regime that attends to the 'particular manner in which Black women are subordinated' can adequately redress black women's injuries.
“Only a regime that attends to the 'particular manner in which Black women are subordinated' can adequately redress black women's injuries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning
Intersectionality has provided a name to a pre-existing theoretical and political commitment.
“To that end, intersectionality has provided a name to a pre-existing theoretical and political commitment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Crenshaw argues that these projects must begin their analytic endeavours by attending to the most disadvantaged.
“Rather than importing models from the regimes they seek to disrupt, Crenshaw argues that these projects must begin their analytic endeavours by attending to the most disadvantaged.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given
While intersectionality has worked to disrupt cumulative approaches to identity and to problematize social processes of categorization through strategic deployments of marginalized subjects' experiences, intersectional projects often replicate precisely the approaches that they critique.
“while intersectionality has worked to disrupt cumulative approaches to identity (i.e.race þ gender þ sexuality þ class¼complex identity), and to problematize social processes of categorization through strategic deployments of marginalized subjects' experiences, intersectional projects often replicate precisely the approaches that they critique.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Wing argues that black women are more than 'multiply-burdened' entities subject to a multiplicity of oppression, discrimination, pain and depression, and that their essence is characterized by a multiplicity of strength, love, joy, and transcendence that flourishes despite adversity.
“She argues: yI want to assert affirmatively to the legal academy and to ourselves as well, that we black women are more than 'multiply-burdened' entities subject to a multiplicity of oppression, discrimination, pain and depression.Our essence is also characterized by a multiplicity of strength, love, joy, (with a spin leap alive we're alive) and transcendence that flourishes despite adversity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
With little attention to the role that sexuality, nationality, or class might play in mediating or entrenching black women's experiences of 'burdens', black women function exclusively as sites that demonstrate the importance of race-and-gender, rendering black women's experiences the aggregate of race and gender.
“With little attention to the role that sexuality, nationality, or class, for example, might play in mediating or entrenching black women's experiences of 'burdens', black women function exclusively as sites that demonstrate the importance of race-and-gender, rendering black women's experiences the aggregate of race and gender.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Wing's use of poetry is not simply to explain the 'multiplicative' nature of black women's experiences; poetry also exemplifies black women's particular relationship with the creative.
“Wing's use of poetry is not simply to explain the 'multiplicative' nature of black women's experiences; poetry also exemplifies black women's particular relationship with the creative.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Crenshaw attacks the assumptions underpinning anti-discrimination law, arguing that black women are compelled to assert either race-based or gender-based discrimination claims instead of causes of action that reflect their positions as intersectional subjects.
“Crenshaw attacks the assumptions underpinning anti-discrimination law, arguing that black women are compelled to assert either race-based or gender-based discrimination claims instead of causes of action, which reflect their positions as intersectional subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Wing argues that black women can no longer afford to think of themselves or let the law think of them as merely the sum of separate parts, and that the actuality of their layered experience is multiplicative.
“She argues, 'We, as black women, can no longer afford to think of ourselves or let the law think of us as merely the sum of separate parts y .The actuality of our layered experience is multiplicative.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Wing draws on E.E. Cummings' lines to argue that black women's experiences are 'multiplicative' or 'one times one'.
“to argue that black women's experiences are 'multiplicative' or 'one times one'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given
A number of paradoxes embedded in intersectionality literature remain uninterrogated by feminist and anti-racist scholarship.
“Despite intersectionality's theoretical dominance as a way of conceptualizing identity, a number of paradoxes embedded in its literature remain uninterrogated by feminist and anti-racist scholarship.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Intersectionality has become the 'gold standard' multidisciplinary approach for analysing subjects' experiences of both identity and oppression.
“This 'important theoretical contribution' has become the 'gold standard' multidisciplinary approach for analysing subjects' experiences of both identity and oppression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites McCall, 2005 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning
Crenshaw offers little attention to the ways in which race and gender function as social processes in distinctive ways for particular black women in varying historical moments.
“Furthermore, Crenshaw offers little attention to the ways in which race and gender function as social processes in distinctive ways for particular black women in varying historical moments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Crenshaw insists that simply adding black women to the existing regime will not remedy their marginalization.
“Crenshaw insists that simply adding black women to the existing regime will not remedy their marginalization”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
McCall notes that despite the emergence of intersectionality as a major paradigm of research in women's studies and elsewhere, there has been little discussion of how to study intersectionality, that is, of its methodology.
“there has been little discussion of how to study intersectionality, that is, of its methodology”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites McCall, 2005 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Because law recognizes only race-or gender-based injuries, black women's injuries as black women cannot be wholly addressed by the existing doctrinal structure.
“Because law recognizes only race-or gender-based injuries, black women's injuries as black women cannot be wholly addressed by the existing doctrinal structure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Intersectionality seeks to demonstrate the racial variation(s) within gender and the gendered variation(s) within race through its attention to subjects whose identities contest race-or-gender categorizations.
“Ultimately, intersectionality seeks to demonstrate the racial variation(s) within gender and the gendered variation(s) within race”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Crenshaw's conception of intersectionality has given politically progressive projects a way of describing both the simultaneity of multiple oppressions and the complexity of identity.
“Crenshaw's conception of intersectionality, the idea that a 'yfocus on the most privileged group members marginalizes those who are multiply-burdened and obscures claims that cannot be understood as resulting from discrete sources of discrimination' has given politically progressive projects a way of describing both the simultaneity of multiple oppressions and the complexity of identity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Through nonobjective and often non-linear theoretical formations, intersectional scholars have been able to articulate the often ignored injuries of the 'spirit-murder' of 'racism/sexism'.
“Through nonobjective and often non-linear theoretical formations, intersectional scholars have been able to articulate the often ignored injuries of the 'spirit-murder' (Williams, 1989) of 'racism/sexism' (Wing, 1990).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites Williams, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wing, 1990 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Intersectionality's relative inattention to methodology has been explained by the difficulty of crafting a method adequately attentive to the complexity that arises when the subject of analysis expands to include multiple dimensions of social life and categories of analysis.
“Intersectionality's relative inattention to methodology has been explained by the difficulty of crafting a method adequately attentive to 'ythe complexity that arises when the subject of analysis expands to include multiple dimensions of social life and categories of analysis'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites McCall, 2005 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation
McCall's analytic frameworks highlight a tremendous gap between conceptions of intersectional methodology and practices of intersectional investigations.
“McCall's analytic frameworks highlight a tremendous gap between conceptions of intersectional methodology and practices of intersectional investigations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites McCall, 2005 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Chang and Culp highlight the methodological murkiness of intersectionality by querying how one pays attention to points of intersection, how many intersections there are, and whether the idea of an intersection is the right analogy.
“Robert Chang and Jerome McCristal Culp, Jr. highlight the methodological murkiness of intersectionality querying 'How does one pay attention to the points of intersection?How many intersections are there?Is the idea of an intersection the right analogy?'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Chang and Culp, 2002
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
McCall analyses three distinct intersectional methodologies, each with theoretical and practical shortcomings and benefits.
“McCall analyses three distinct intersectional methodologies, each with theoretical and practical shortcomings and benefits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites McCall, 2005 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Adrien Wing's work exemplifies the reliance on literary devices to describe black women's experiences.
“Adrien Wing's work exemplifies the reliance on literary devices to describe black women's experiences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
It is a critical moment to engage with intersectionality's contradictions, absences, and murkiness because it is now a leading feminist paradigm with expansive interdisciplinary reach.
“It is precisely because intersectionality is now 'a leading feminist paradigm' with expansive interdisciplinary reach that it is a critical moment to engage with its contradictions, absences, and murkiness”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Zack, 2005
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning
Despite the methodological challenges of complex analyses, some scholars have worked to develop various tools that can be used to craft an intersectional methodology.
“Yet despite the methodological challenges of complex analyses, some scholars have worked to develop various tools that can be used to craft an intersectional methodology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
While the use of poetry as a mechanism for disrupting logocentrism is a convention of feminist theory, and the use of narrative is a conventional critical race tool for dislodging law's claims of objectivity, the deployment of poetry as the primary vehicle for evoking the experiences of marginalized subjects suggests a shortcoming in the methodological orientation of intersectional theory.
“While the use of poetry as a mechanism for disrupting logocentrism is a convention of feminist theory, and the use of narrative is a conventional critical race tool for dislodging law's claims of objectivity, the deployment of poetry as the primary vehicle for evoking the experiences of marginalized subjects suggests a shortcoming in the methodological orientation of intersectional theory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
While some scholars have reified cumulative notions of identity, others have used poetry, narrative, and standpoint epistemology as a method for disrupting race-or-gender logic.
“While some scholars have reified cumulative notions of identity, others have used poetry (Wing, 1990), narrative (Williams, 1989), and standpoint epistemology (Matsuda, 1987) as a method for disrupting race-or-gender logic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
- cites Williams, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Matsuda, 1987
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Because 'black women are theoretically erased', centring black women's experiences makes feminism and anti-racist work's systematic inattention to black women apparent and demonstrates the necessity of deepening feminist and anti-racist conversations.
“Because 'black women are theoretically erased', centring black women's experiences makes feminism and anti-racist work's systematic inattention to black women apparent and demonstrates the necessity of deepening feminist and anti-racist conversations (Crenshaw, 1989: 139).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
The 'logic of the trial' enables scholars to locate racist and sexist practices that undergird seemingly neutral and objective sites, but tends to ignore the mechanisms through which domination operates, proliferates, and entrenches itself.
“While the 'logic of the trial' enables scholars to locate the racist and sexist practices that undergird seemingly neutral and objective sites (like law), it also tends to ignore the mechanisms through which domination operates, proliferates, and entrenches itself (Wacquant, 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wacquant, 1997
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning
This unresolved theoretical dispute makes it unclear whether intersectionality is a theory of marginalized subjectivity or a generalized theory of identity.
“This unresolved theoretical dispute makes it unclear whether intersectionality is a theory of marginalized subjectivity or a generalized theory of identity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation
Black women's experiences are used as a theoretical wedge designed to demonstrate the shortcomings of conventional feminist and anti-racist work.
“To that end, black women's experiences are used as a theoretical wedge, designed to demonstrate the shortcomings of conventional feminist and anti-racist work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Crenshaw, 1989
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning
The deployment of poetry as the primary vehicle for evoking marginalized subjects' experiences suggests that the project has yet to produce a mechanism for systematically articulating, aggregating, or examining the 'multiple levels of consciousness' that form the basis of their study of subjectivity.
“In particular, it suggests that the project has yet to produce a mechanism for systematically articulating, aggregating, or examining the 'multiple levels of consciousness' that form the basis of their study of subjectivity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Wing, 1990 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning
Intersectionality has yet to articulate with specificity a larger theoretical and political project beyond simply identifying particular intersections as undertheorized or unacknowledged.
“Simply identifying particular intersections as undertheorized or unacknowledged is only the first step in a larger theoretical and political project, which intersectionality has yet to articulate with specificity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Matsuda's intervention demonstrates the interconnections of forms of subordination, yet gestures toward the tendency of intersectional theorists to ignore the intimate connections between privilege and oppression.
“Matsuda's intervention demonstrates the interconnections of forms of subordination, yet gestures toward the tendency of intersectional theorists to ignore the intimate connections between privilege and oppression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Matsuda, 1990
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
Matsuda's framework underscores the ways in which patriarchy, racism, and heterosexism buttress each other, but ignores the ways in which subjects might be both victimized by patriarchy and privileged by race in particular social, cultural, historical, and political moments.
“Her framework underscores the ways in which patriarchy, racism, and heterosexism buttress each other, but ignores the ways in which subjects might be both victimized by patriarchy and privileged by race (it also ignores the ways in which subjects might take pleasure in some of the trappings of patriarchal power) in particular social, cultural, historical, and political moments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Matsuda, 1990
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation
Black women enable scholars to 'ask the other question', to expose the spectres of racism and sexism, which leave their traces even in progressive analyses.
“That is, black women enable scholars to 'ask the other question', to expose the spectres of racism and sexism, which leave their traces even in progressive analyses (Matsuda, 1987).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Matsuda, 1987
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
The deployment of poetry as the primary vehicle for evoking marginalized subjects' experiences suggests that there is something poetic about black women's experiences of both identity and oppression, and that black women are inherently resilient subjects who retain an innate creativity even in the midst of the opposition that a patriarchal white-dominated culture produces.
“Furthermore, it suggests that there is something poetic about black women's experiences of both identity and oppression, and that black women are inherently resilient subjects who retain an innate creativity even in the midst of the opposition that a patriarchal white-dominated culture produces.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation
Kwan's intervention suggests that intersectionality has generally been opposed to imagining non-multiply marginalized subjects as central to its theoretical and political project, particularly because of its investment in 'recovering' marginalized subjects' voices and experiences.
“Kwan's intervention suggests that intersectionality has generally been opposed to imagining non-multiply marginalized subjects as central to its theoretical and political project, particularly because of its investment in 'recovering' marginalized subjects' voices and experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Kwan, 1996
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Intersectional literature has excluded an examination of identities that are imagined as either wholly or even partially privileged, although those identities are always constituted by the intersections of multiple vectors of power.
“Generally, intersectional literature has excluded an examination of identities that are imagined as either wholly or even partially privileged, although those identities, like all identities, are always constituted by the intersections of multiple vectors of power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites Kwan, 1996
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given
Assertions that black women's experiences can be reduced solely to marginalization ultimately romanticize and idealize positions of social subordination and reinstall conceptions that black women's bodies are sites of 'strength' and 'transcendence' rather than complex spaces of multiple meanings.
“These assertions, while useful for problematizing the notion that black women's experiences can be reduced solely to marginalization, ultimately romanticize and idealize positions of social subordination and reinstall conceptions that black women's bodies are sites of 'strength' and 'transcendence' rather than complex spaces of multiple meanings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given
Intersectionality has yet to contend with whether its theory explains or describes the processes and mechanisms by which subjects mobilize (or choose not to mobilize) particular aspects of their identities in particular circumstances.
“In particular, intersectionality has yet to contend with whether its theory explains or describes the processes and mechanisms by which subjects mobilize (or choose not to mobilize) particular aspects of their identities in particular circumstances.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given
Intersectionality itself has become an institutionalized intellectual project and the dominant tool for excavating the voices of the marginalized.
“Now that intersectionality itself has become an institutionalized intellectual project, and the dominant tool for excavating the voices of the marginalized, it is incumbent upon intersectional scholars to critically interrogate the goals of the intersectional project as they determine how to chart the future of this theoretical and political movement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone given
Neither critical race feminism nor feminist theory has assessed or theorized the repercussions of conceptualizing identity as 'symbiotically, cosynthetically, multidimensionally, or interconnectedly' formed.
“Yet neither of these projects has assessed or theorized the repercussions of conceptualizing of identity as 'symbiotically, cosynthetically, multidimensionally, or interconnectedly' formed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisereasoning
Black feminism imagines black women's subjectivities as an inherent disloyalty to race-or-gender thinking and marshals black women's stories, experiences, and narratives as a way of continuously and strategically jamming the workings of binary thinking.
“In particular, black feminism imagines black women's subjectivities as an inherent disloyalty to race-or-gender thinking and marshals black women's stories, experiences, and narratives as a way of continuously and strategically jamming the workings of binary thinking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

54 of 54

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Intersectionality has been increasingly adopted as an analytical framework in different fields, ranging from gender and feminist studies, and psychology, to organizational studies.
“Intersectionality has been increasingly adopted as an analytical framework in different fields, ranging from gender and feminist studies (Ahmed, 2017;Nash, 2008;Shields, 2008), and psychology (Cole, 2009), to organizational studies (Acker, 2006).”
From Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity (2022) · cites this paper as Nash, 2008

Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 29,585 · see citing works
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics [1989]
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Feminist Legal Theory · doi:10.4324/9780429500480-5 · Cited by 9,510 · see citing works
The Complexity of Intersectionality
McCall, L. (2005) · Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society · doi:10.1086/426800 · Cited by 6,682 · see citing works
Black Feminist Thought
(2024) · doi:10.4135/9781529691627 · Cited by 1,830 · see citing works
Inessential woman: problems of exclusion in feminist thought
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5715 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Black Feminist Thought
Hill Collins, P. (2002) · Routledge · doi:10.4324/9780203900055 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Harvard Civil Rights: Civil Liberties Law Review
Alday, R. E. (1993) · Derechos y libertades: Revista de Filosofía del Derecho y derechos humanos · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
The alchemy of race and rights
Munster, A. (1992) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(92)90026-6 · Cited by 1,280 · see citing works
Women, Race and Class
Anderson, K., & Davis, A. Y. (1982) · The Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1903191 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race
Higginbotham, E. B. (1992) · Signs · doi:10.1086/494730 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory
Harris, A. P. (1990) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1228886 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
The Alchemy of Race and Rights
Williams, P. J. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1987) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-4021 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Home girls : a black feminist anthology
Smith, B. (1984) · Black American Literature Forum · doi:10.2307/2904298 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Black Feminist Thought
Collins, P. H. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315831824 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Decentering the center : philosophy for a multicultural, postcolonial, and feminist world
Narayan, U., & Harding, S. (2000) · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Beside My Sister, Facing the Enemy: Legal Theory out of Coalition
Matsuda, M. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229035 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1983) · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. W., & Bonis, O. (2005) · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2005) · Cited by 174 · see citing works
When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method
Matsuda, M. (1989) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Brief Reflections toward a Multiplicative Theory and Praxis of Being
Wing, A. K. (1990) · Berkeley Journal of Gender Law & Justice · doi:10.15779/z38557j · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Resisting the Veil of Privilege: Building Bridge Identities as an Ethico-Politics of Global Feminisms
Ferguson, A. (1998) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01372.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens
WALKER, A. (2021) · Demeter Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1s2t0hn.7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1997) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality.
Taylor, O. A., & Morrison, T. (1994) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2166356 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Outside in Black Studies
Walcott, R. (2005) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387220-006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond
Churchill, M. F., & Howard, L. P. (1997) · MELUS Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States · doi:10.2307/467664 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Chang R.S., 2002, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, 71, 485
Crenshaw K., 1992, Raceing Justice, Engendering Power
Kwan P., 1996, Hastings Law Journal, 48, 1257
Matsuda M., 1992, Women's Rights Law Reporter, 14, 297
Wacquant L., 1997, Political Power and Social Theory II, 221
Wing A.K., 1990, Berkeley Women's Law Journal, 6, 181

Sorted by citations

Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis
Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013) · Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society · doi:10.1086/669608 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
The Problem With the Phrase <i>Women and Minorities:</i> Intersectionality—an Important Theoretical Framework for Public Health
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On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models
Bommasani, R., Hudson, D. A., Adeli, E., Altman, R., Arora, S., von Arx, S., Bernstein, M. S., Bohg, J., Bosselut, A., Brunskill, E., et al. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.07258 · Cited by 2,676 · see citing works
Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas
Collins, P. H. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142 · Cited by 2,419 · see citing works
Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity
Bauer, G. R. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods
Bauer, G. R., Churchill, S. M., Mahendran, M., Walwyn, C., Lizotte, D. J., & Villa-Rueda, A. A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory
Carastathis, A. (2014) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12129 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Othering, identity formation and agency
Jensen, S. Q. (2011) · Qualitative Studies · doi:10.7146/qs.v2i2.5510 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
“Once You’ve Blended the Cake, You Can’t Take the Parts Back to the Main Ingredients”: Black Gay and Bisexual Men’s Descriptions and Experiences of Intersectionality
Bowleg, L. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0152-4 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Race and Ethnicity in Latin America
Wade, P. (2010) · Pluto Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p73f · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Using intersectionality responsibly: Toward critical epistemology, structural analysis, and social justice activism.
Moradi, B., & Grzanka, P. R. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000203 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Incorporating intersectionality into psychology: An opportunity to promote social justice and equity.
Rosenthal, L. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040323 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Disappearing Acts: Reclaiming Intersectionality in the Social Sciences in a Post-Black Feminist Era
Alexander‐Floyd, N. G. (2012) · NWSA Journal · doi:10.1353/ff.2012.0003 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
A multilevel approach to modeling health inequalities at the intersection of multiple social identities
Evans, C. R., Williams, D. R., Onnela, J.-P. “., & Subramanian, S. V. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.011 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“Theorists have voiced this concern and called for consideration of the points of intersection that mix privilege and marginalization (Bauer, 2014; Choo and Ferree, 2010; Hancock, 2007; Nash, 2008).”
Background
Race and Ethnicity in Latin America
Wade, P. (2010) · Pluto Press eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_625258 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Intersectionality and Public Policy: Some Lessons from Existing Models
Hankivsky, O., & Cormier, R. L. (2010) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912910376385 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“intersectionality, public policy, inequities, inequalities, multistrand approach As is now well established, intersectionality has become a primary analytic tool for theorizing identity and oppression (Nash 2008).”
Background
Exploring the promises of intersectionality for advancing women's health research
Hankivsky, O., Reid, C., Cormier, R., Varcoe, C., Clark, N., Benoit, C., & Brotman, S. (2010) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-9-5 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
An Emic Approach to Intersectional Study of Diversity at Work: A Bourdieuan Framing
Tatlι, A., & Özbilgin, M. F. (2011) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00326.x · Cited by 353 · see citing works
From Patriarchy to Intersectionality: A Transnational Feminist Assessment of How Far We've Really Come
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Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity
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“Intersectionality has been increasingly adopted as an analytical framework in different fields, ranging from gender and feminist studies (Ahmed, 2017; Nash, 2008; Shields, 2008), and psychology (Cole, 2009), to organizational studies (Acker, 2006).”
Understanding the micro and macro politics of health: Inequalities, intersectionality & institutions - A research agenda
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Un/Doing Intersectionality through Higher Education Research
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“Thus, intersectionality “provided a name for a pre-existing theoretical and political commitment” (Nash, 2008, p. 3).”
Background
Doing Intersectional Analysis: Methodological Implications for Qualitative Research
Christensen, A.-D., & Jensen, S. Q. (2012) · NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research · doi:10.1080/08038740.2012.673505 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Hierarchies of social location, class and intersectionality: Towards a translocational frame
Anthias, F. (2012) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/0268580912463155 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Rethinking Care Ethics: On the Promise and Potential of an Intersectional Analysis
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The Theory and Praxis of Intersectionality in Work and Organisations: Where Do We Go From Here?
Rodríguez, J. K., Holvino, E., Fletcher, J. K., & Nkomo, S. M. (2016) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12131 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Mobility strategies, ‘mobility differentials’ and ‘transnational exit’: the experiences of precarious migrants in London’s hospitality jobs
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Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research?
Marlow, S., & Dy, A. M. (2017) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242617738321 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Intersectionality and its discontents: Intersectionality as traveling theory
Salem, S. (2018) · European Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1177/1350506816643999 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Jennifer Nash (2008) has correctly pointed out that ambiguity surrounding methodological questions – in order to be as inclusive as possible – can lead to further problems.”
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Phenomenology and Intersectionality: Using PVEST as a Frame for Adolescent Identity Formation Amid Intersecting Ecological Systems of Inequality
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Intersectionality: are we taking enough notice in the field of work and employment relations?
McBride, A., Hebson, G., & Holgate, J. (2014) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017014538337 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
‘The children have only got one education and you have to make sure it's a good one’: parenting and parent–school relations in a neoliberal age
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Envisioning environmental equity: climate change, health, and racial justice
Deivanayagam, T. A., English, S., Hickel, J., Bonifacio, J., Guinto, R., Hill, K. X., Huq, M., Issa, R., Mulindwa, H., Nagginda, H. P., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00919-4 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
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Barton, A. C., & Tan, E. (2018) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831218758668 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“We also ground our work in intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1991; Nash 2008), an important lens when taking a relational and dynamic view of learning because of how it calls into question power and position.”
Background
‘A second skin’: Embodied intersectionality, transnationalism and narratives of identity and belonging among Muslim women in Britain
Mirza, H. S. (2012) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2012.10.012 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Social geography I: Intersectionality
Hopkins, P. E. (2017) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132517743677 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“One criticism is that there is no specific method or methodology associated with intersectionality (Nash, 2008; Phoenix and Pattynama, 2006).”
Method
The intersectional risk environment of people who use drugs
Collins, A. B., Boyd, J., Cooper, H. L. F., & McNeil, R. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112384 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Notably, most intersectional scholarship does not infer that all social locations are of the same social significance, nor are they equally disadvantaged, focusing largely on marginalized individuals (Bowleg, 2012; Nash, 2008).”
Background
Intersectionality 101
Gopaldas, A. (2013) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.12.044 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes
Pedulla, D. S. (2014) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272513506229 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Understanding unequal ageing: towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses
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“Despite intersectional patterning, it is important to avoid deterministic understanding and instead acknowledge how agency mediates intersectional efects (Nash 2008).”
Background
Toward feminist energy systems: Why adding women and solar panels is not enough✰
Bell, S. E., Daggett, C. N., & Labuski, C. M. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101557 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies
Jaworska, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Intersectionality, migration and development
Bastia, T. (2014) · Progress in Development Studies · doi:10.1177/1464993414521330 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Parenting stress and risk of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A family stress theory-informed perspective
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“Intersectionality refers to complex, irreducible varied variables, such as race/ethnicity, gender, class, and their effects on individuals in a specific context (Nash, 2008).”
Background
Intersectionality & Climate Justice: A call for synergy in climate change scholarship
Mikulewicz, M., Caretta, M. A., Sultana, F., et al. (2023) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2023.2172869 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Identity Categories as Potential Coalitions
Carastathis, A. (2013) · Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society · doi:10.1086/669573 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Intersectionality and Social-Reproduction Feminisms
Ferguson, S. (2016) · Historical Materialism · doi:10.1163/1569206x-12341471 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Revealing Intersectional Dynamics in Organizations: Introducing ‘Intersectional Identity Work’
Atewologun, D., Sealy, R. H. V., & Vinnicombe, S. (2015) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12082 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Intersectionality, Metaphors, and the Multiplicity of Gender
Garry, A. (2011) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01194.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Intersectional Criminology: Interrogating Identity and Power in Criminological Research and Theory
Potter, H. (2013) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-013-9203-6 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Intersectionality in Clinical Medicine: The Need for a Conceptual Framework
Wilson, Y., White, A., Jefferson, A. A., & Danis, M. (2019) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1557275 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Second, as Nash highlights, the focus on black women as a singular, analytic category obscures differences between black women—including differences in class and sexuality (Nash 2008, 9).”
BackgroundInfluential
Occupational Consciousness
Ramugondo, E. L. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2015.1042516 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Rethinking Diversity Management: An Intersectional Analysis of Diversity Networks
Dennissen, M., Benschop, Y., & van den Brink, M. (2018) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840618800103 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Since Crenshaw (1989) introduced the term, intersectionality has become a thriving concept (see, inter alia, Collins & Bilge, 2016; Cho, Crenshaw, & McCall, 2013; Davis, 2008; Hancock, 2007; Holvino, 2010; McCall, 2005; Nash, 2008; Rodriguez et al., 2016; Yuval-Davis, 2006; Zanoni & Janssens, 2015).”
Method
Gender and sexuality I
Brown, M. J. (2011) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132511420973 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“It's an uphill battle everyday”: Intersectionality, low-income Black heterosexual men, and implications for HIV prevention research and interventions.
Bowleg, L., Teti, M., Malebranche, D. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2012) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0028392 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Intersectionality and depression in adolescence and early adulthood: A MAIHDA analysis of the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health, 1995-2008.
Evans, C., & Erickson, N. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.019 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Incorporating intersectionality into research design: an example using qualitative interviews
Windsong, E. A. (2016) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2016.1268361 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Intersectionality scholars emphasize several components for practice ranging from applications to critical legal theory (Crenshaw, 1989, 1991) to social activism (Cho, Crenshaw, & McCall, 2013; Nash, 2008) to empirically-driven social science research (Christensen & Qvotrup Jensen, 2012; Cuadraz & Uttal, 1999; Landry,…”
Background
Social media and the politics of gender, race and identity: the case of Serena Williams
Litchfield, C., Kavanagh, E. J., Osborne, J., & Jones, I. (2018) · European Journal for Sport and Society · doi:10.1080/16138171.2018.1452870 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“According to Nash (2008), intersectionality is a complex tool used for analysis.”
Method
Intersectionality: A pathway towards inclusive education?
Bešić, E. (2020) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-020-09461-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Within these hierarchies, some identity groups will be excluded to the detriment of others because of how the society perceives them (Nash 2008).”
BackgroundMethod
To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument
Tomlinson, B. (2013) · Signs · doi:10.1086/669571 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Women's Experience of Workplace Interactions in Male‐Dominated Work: The Intersections of Gender, Sexuality and Occupational Group
Wright, T. (2015) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12074 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Feminist originalism: Intersectionality and the politics of reading
Nash, J. C. (2015) · Feminist Theory · doi:10.1177/1464700115620864 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multiple Disadvantages: An Empirical Test of Intersectionality Theory in EEO Litigation
Best, R., Edelman, L., Krieger, L., & Eliason, S. R. (2011) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00463.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Building a digital Girl Army: The cultivation of feminist safe spaces online
Clark, R. (2017) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444817731919 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“In other words, the term “rape culture” captures an intersectional understanding of oppression through what Nash (2008), revisiting Crenshaw (1989), describes as “technologies of categorization and control” (p. 13 ).”
Background
Intersectional rhythmanalysis: Power, rhythm, and everyday life
Reid‐Musson, E. (2017) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132517725069 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The broad purpose of the article is to assess how rhythmanalysis can be used to study intersectional power relations (McDowell, 2008; Nash, 2008; Valentine, 2007) and how intersectional analysis can give greater analytical edge to rhythmanalysis.”
Background
Placing intersectional inequalities in health
Bambra, C. L. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102761 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Social groups therefore experience different amounts of disadvantage and privilege associated with their different characteristics – and related to their specific context (Nash, 2008).”
Intersectional Solidarity
Tormos, F. (2017) · Politics, Groups, and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2017.1385494 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Speaking into the Void”? Intersectionality Critiques and Epistemic Backlash
May, V. M. (2013) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12060 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test
BONILLA, T., & TILLERY, A. B. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055420000544 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Can intersectionality help with understanding and tackling health inequalities? Perspectives of professional stakeholders
Holman, D., Salway, S., Bell, A., Beach, B., Adebajo, A., Ali, N., & Butt, J. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00742-w · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Developing a Critical Realist Positional Approach to Intersectionality
Dy, A. M., Martin, L., & Marlow, S. (2014) · Journal of Critical Realism · doi:10.1179/1476743014z.00000000043 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…categories and dismiss them as irrelevant (McCall 2005) Categories as abstractions with real implications: social, political, cultural and economic (Gunnarsson 2011) Concrete universals (Bhaskar [1993] 2008) Lack of theory on agency (Nash 2008) Morphogenetic approach, three‐stage…”
Influential
Is the “First-Generation Student” Term Useful for Understanding Inequality? The Role of Intersectionality in Illuminating the Implications of an Accepted—Yet Unchallenged—Term
Nguyen, T., & Nguyen, B. M. D. (2018) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x18759280 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“First- versus continuing-generation adult students on college perceptions: Are differences actually because of demographic variance? Adult Educational Quarterly, 58, 214–228. Gibbons, M. M., & Borders, L. D. (2010). Prospective first-generation college students: A social-cognitive perspective. Career Development Quart…”
Influential
Leisure studies and intersectionality
Watson, B., & Scraton, S. J. (2012) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2012.707677 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
African expatriates and race in the anthropology of humanitarianism
Benton, A. (2016) · Critical African Studies · doi:10.1080/21681392.2016.1244956 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Foregrounding Equity in Teacher Education: Toward a Model of Social Justice Pedagogical and Content Knowledge
Dyches, J., & Boyd, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487117705097 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Does Women's Presence Change Legislative Behavior? Evidence from Argentina, 1983–2007
Htun, M., Lacalle, M., & Micozzi, J. P. (2013) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x1300500105 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
When intersectionality met childhood studies: the dilemmas of a travelling concept
Konstantoni, K., & Emejulu, A. (2016) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2016.1249824 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Modeling the intersectionality of processes in the social production of health inequalities
Evans, C. R. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.017 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Flourishing in the Everyday: Moving Beyond Damage-Centered Design in HCI for BIPOC Communities
To, A., Smith, A. D. R., Showkat, D., Adjagbodjou, A. D., & Harrington, C. (2023) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563657.3596057 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“A focus on intersecting traits of the user’s identity, as previous work on intersectionality in HCI has adopted [74, 99], runs the risk of representing users and their context as static entities with little agency [78, 90], needing to be helped, whereas the focus on dynamic processes of the subject formation allows us…”
Background
Exploring class-based intersectionality
Block, D., & Corona, V. (2014) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2014.894053 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
From the Guest Editors: Gender, Disability, and Intersectionality
Naples, N. A., Mauldin, L., & Dillaway, H. E. (2018) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243218813309 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Intersectionality from Theoretical Framework to Policy Intervention
Smooth, W. G. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137025135_2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
New directions in studying policies of international student mobility and migration
Riaño, Y., Mol, C. V., & Raghuram, P. (2018) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2018.1478721 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Intersectional perspectives, which give attention to how the ‘intersection’ of gender, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, disability, and age may shape their differentiated experiences (e.g., Nash 2008; Riaño 2011), might be of particular relevance here.”
Background
Intersectionality, identity and identity work
Corlett, S., & Mavin, S. A. (2014) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-12-2013-0138 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Interseccionalidad y migraciones: potencialidades y desafíos
Magliano, M. J. (2015) · Revista Estudos Feministas · doi:10.1590/0104-026x2015v23n3p691 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Inclusion without Representation in Latin America: Gender Quotas and Ethnic Reservations
Htun, M. (2016) · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Weaving Intersectionality into Disability Studies Research: Inclusion, Reflexivity and Anti-Essentialism
Goethals, T., Schauwer, E. D., & Hove, G. V. (2015) · DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies · doi:10.11116/jdivegendstud.2.1-2.0075 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sister Style
Brown, N. E., & Lemi, D. C. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197540572.001.0001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mental health and substance use among women and men at the intersections of identities and experiences of discrimination: insights from the intersectionality framework
Vu, M., Li, J., Haardörfer, R., Windle, M. T., & Berg, C. J. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6430-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Masculinities, Femininities, Behaviour and Health
Lyons, A. C. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00192.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Designing for Intersections
Wong-Villacrés, M., Kumar, A., Vishwanath, A., Karusala, N., DiSalvo, B. J., & Kumar, N. (2018) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3196709.3196794 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“A focus on intersecting traits of the user’s identity—as prior work on intersectionality in HCI has adopted [13, 58, 71]—runs the risk of representing users and their contexts as static entities with little agency [61, 67], needing to be “helped”.”
Background
Political inclusion of marginalized groups: indigenous reservations and gender parity in Bolivia
Htun, M., & Ossa, J. P. C. (2013) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2012.757443 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Feminism, psychology, and the gendering of neoliberal subjectivity: From critique to disruption
Rutherford, A. (2018) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354318797194 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Who owns intersectionality? Some reflections on feminist debates on how theories travel
Davis, K. (2019) · European Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1177/1350506819892659 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“The by no means exhaustive list would include: Alexander-Floyd (2012), Bilge (2013), Erel et al. (2010), Lewis (2009, 2013), May (2014), Nash (2008, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019), Salem (2018) and Tomlinson (2013a, 2013b, 2018) as well as the contributors to a special issue of Signs (Cho et al., 2013).”
Background
Multilevel versus single-level regression for the analysis of multilevel information: The case of quantitative intersectional analysis
Evans, C. R., Leckie, G., & Merlo, J. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112499 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“…MAIHDA answers calls from intersectional scholars for innovative new quantitative methods to study intercategorical inequalities (Bauer 2014; Bowleg 2012; McCall 2005; Nash 2008) and calls from social epidemiologists (Merlo 2014; Merlo & Wagner 2012) for innovative eco-epidemiologic approaches.”
Background
Reviewing 15 years of research on neoliberal conservation: Towards a decolonial, interdisciplinary, intersectional and community-engaged research agenda
Apostolopoulou, E., Chatzimentor, A., Maestre‐Andrés, S., et al. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.05.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Poverty and transport in the global south: An overview
Benevenuto, R., & Caulfield, B. M. (2019) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.04.018 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“After its inception, other interlocking and mutually reinforcing vectors of exclusion have been also considered to expand this concept to class, ethnicity, disabilities, age, religion, etc (Nash, 2008).”

Authors: Nash, J. C.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Nash, Jennifer C.
ORCID: Nash, Jennifer C.
Venue: Feminist Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 89
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-15
ISSN: 0141-7789 (ISSN-L)
1466-4380
DOI: 10.1057/fr.2008.4
OpenAlex: W2102167286
Cited by: 1,995
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 119 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 202 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 180 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 73
FWCI: 57.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
philarchive.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Feminist Review (publishedVersion)
Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminism, Gender, and Sexuality Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords: intersectionality, critique of intersectionality, Black feminism, systemic oppression, racism, classism, sexism, marginalization, identity, anti-racism, Black women, feminist theory, race, class, and gender

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Re-Thinking Intersectionality

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