Detectors and sources for ultrabroadband electro-optic sampling: Experiment and theory
Abstract
A detailed calculation of the amplitude and phase response of ultrathin ZnTe and GaP electro-optic sensors is presented. We demonstrate that the inclusion of the dispersion of the second-order nonlinearity is essential. Significant structures in experimental data can be explained by the theoretical response function. Correcting for the detector characteristics, we determine the precise shape of electromagnetic transients with a time resolution of 20 fs. In addition, we show that ultrafast transport of photocarriers in semiconductors can act as an efficient source for coherent electromagnetic radiation covering the entire far-to-mid-infrared regime.
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Leitenstorfer et al. reported ultrabroadband amplitude and phase spectra from p-i-n diodes, with complex phase that decreased from 3rad at low frequency to 1rad at 3THz, before remaining relatively flat up to the LO-phonon frequency of InP, where it varied rapidly.
“Leitenstorfer et al. [31] reported ultrabroadband amplitude and phase spectra from p -i -n diodes, with complex phase that decreased from 3rad at low frequency to 1rad at 3THz, before remaining relatively flat up to the LO-phonon frequency of InP, where it varied rapidly.”
From A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The increase in spectral phase at high frequencies can be understood as a result of the electro-optic sampling process: the measured electro-optic signal does not have exactly the same temporal shape as the true electric field of the THz pulse incident on the detection crystal.
“This can be understood as a result of the electro-optic sampling process: the measured electro-optic signal does not have exactly the same temporal shape as the true electric field of the THz pulse incident on the detection crystal [31, 36].”
From A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The response function includes the velocity mismatch between the THz and probe pulse as a result of the detection crystal's frequency-dependent refractive index, as well as the variation in the electro-optic coefficient r41(ω) with frequency.
“This response function includes the velocity mismatch between the THz and probe pulse as a result of the detection crystal's frequency-dependent refractive index [36], as well as the variation in the electro-optic coefficient r 41 (ω) with frequency [31].”
From A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
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“Our aim in this section is not to claim the highest time-domain E ( t ) , pulse energy or spectral energy density: rather the aim is to show how the spectral energy density of sources of THz pulses can be quantitatively compared.”
Influential
- Authors
- Leitenstorfer, A., Hunsche, S., Shah, J., Nuss, M. C., & Knox, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Alcatel-Lucent (France) (FR)
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 1999-03-15
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1516-1518
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2047943165
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
- Keywords
- electro-optic sampling, ZnTe, GaP, amplitude and phase response, femtosecond time resolution, photocarrier transport, far-infrared radiation, mid-infrared, coherent radiation sources
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