Recent advances in petahertz electric field sampling
Open accessAbstract
The ability to resolve the complete electric field of laser pulses from terahertz to mid-infrared spectral ranges has enriched time-domain spectroscopy for decades. Field-resolved measurements in this range have been performed routinely in ambient air by various techniques like electro-optic sampling, photoconductive switching, field-induced second harmonic generation, and time stretch photonics. On the contrary, resolving the electric field of light at the near-infrared spectral range has been limited to attosecond streaking and other techniques that require operation in vacuum. Recent advances are circumventing these shortcomings and extending the direct, ambient air field detection of light to petahertz frequencies. In the first part of this letter, recent field-resolved techniques are reviewed. In the second part, different approaches for temporal scanning are discussed, as the temporal resolution of the time-domain methods is prone to temporal jitter. The review concludes by discussing technological obstacles and emerging applications of such advancements.
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The approaches summarised here are equally applicable to mid-infrared and visible time-domain spectroscopic methods that use electro-optic sampling (or similar approaches) to uncover the electric field of light pulses.
“Although we presented and validated our methods using data from THz time-domain spectroscopy, the approaches summarised here are equally applicable to mid-infrared and visible time-domain spectroscopic methods that use electro-optic sampling (or similar approaches) to uncover the electric field of light pulses [2-4].”
From A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction describes electro-optic sampling at THz and mid-infrared frequencies, and section 2.2 describes a related field-sampling method spanning mid-infrared to ultraviolet frequencies. These passages support the existence of electric-field measurements across the cited spectral ranges, but do not establish that the citing authors’ THz-tested approaches are equally applicable to those methods. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Ultra-broadband photonic sampling of optical waveformsPreprint
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Boyd R W 2008 Nonlinear Optics 3rd edn (Oxford: Elsevier Inc.)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lloyd-Hughes, J., Chopra, N., Deveikis, J., Pandya, R., & Woolley, J. (2025) · Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“While demonstrated first for THz pulses, time-domain spectroscopy has been widely utilised in the mid-infrared [2] and recently even in the visible (or “petahertz”) range [3,4].”
- Authors
- Herbst, A., Scheffter, K., Bidhendi, M. M., Kieker, M., Srivastava, A., & Fattahi, H.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Fattahi, H
- Venue
- Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2022-08-10
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 172001
- ISSN
- 0953-4075 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6455
- OpenAlex
- W4285043135
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Spectroscopy and Laser Applications
- Keywords
- time-domain spectroscopy, electro-optic sampling, photoconductive switching, attosecond streaking, timing jitter, ambient air measurement, laser pulses
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