Experimental designs balanced for the estimation of residual effects of treatments
Abstract
Where an experiment can be carried out by applying different treatments in succession to the same unit of experimental material, accurate comparisons can be made between the effects of different treatments. To allow for the residual effect of previous treatments on the result obtained for any given treatment, it is desirable to adjust the results for such effects. Methods of constructing balanced designs for the estimation of these residual effects are described in this paper, and are summarized as follows. Designs balanced for effect of single preceding treatment: When n, the number of treatments, is even, a balanced design is possible with n replications ; when n is odd, 2n replications are required.Designs balanced for the effects of any number of preceding treatments, ignoring the interaction of residual effects: When n is a prime or a power of a prime, a balanced design is possible in n(n-1) replications, which may be set out as a set of n-1 mutually orthogonal Latin squares, with the same first columns. Designs which are not expressible as mutually orthogonal Latin squares are also possible. Designs balanced for the effect of the two preceding treatments and their interactions : Adesign can be developed from a set of n-l mutually orthogonal Latin squares obeying certain restrictions. The method of analysis of designs of this type is set out in detail, together with a numerical example. Direct effects of treatments are shown to be only slightly confounded, the maximum confounding being 4 per cent., when there are three treatments. These designs have wide applicability wherever successive treatments can be applied to the same unit of experimental material.
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To reduce carryover and fatigue effects, the administration order of cognitive tasks was counterbalanced.
“To reduce carryover and fatigue effects, the administration order of cognitive tasks was counterbalanced [48].”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Williams, E.
- Corresponding author
- Williams, EJ
- Venue
- Australian Journal of Scientific Research Series A Physical Sciences
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 1949-06-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 149-168
- ISSN
- 0365-3676 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033748464
- Cited by
- 1,104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian Journal of Scientific Research Series A Physical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Agriculture, Soil, Plant Science
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics › Advanced Combinatorial Mathematics
- Keywords
- residual effects, residual confounding, orthogonal Latin squares, confounding, residual interaction, design construction
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