Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans.

Chan, Jean L.; Matarese, Giuseppe; Shetty, Greeshma K.; Raciti, Patricia; Kelesidis, Iosif; Aufiero, Daniela; De Rosa, Veronica; Perna, Francesco; Fontana, Silvia; Mantzoros, Christos S.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0505429103

Cited by 213Regulation of Appetite and ObesityHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans.

Chan, Jean L., Matarese, Giuseppe, Shetty, Greeshma K., Raciti, Patricia, Kelesidis, Iosif, Aufiero, Daniela, De Rosa, Veronica, Perna, Francesco +2 more·2006·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.0505429103

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

To elucidate whether the role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine and immune function during short-term starvation in healthy humans is permissive, i.e., occurs only when circulating leptin levels are below a critical threshold level, we studied seven normal-weight women during a normoleptinemic-fed state and two states of relative hypoleptinemia induced by 72-h fasting during which we administered either placebo or recombinant methionyl human leptin (r-metHuLeptin) in replacement doses. Fasting for 72 h decreased leptin levels by ≈80% from a midphysiologic (14.7 ± 2.6 ng/ml) to a low-physiologic (2.8 ± 0.3 ng/ml) level. Administration of r-metHuLeptin during fasting fully restored leptin to physiologic levels (28.8 ± 2.0 ng/ml) and reversed the fasting-associated decrease in overnight luteinizing hormone pulse frequency but had no effect on fasting-induced changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone pulsatility, thyroid and IGF-1 hormone levels, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and renin–aldosterone activity. FSH and sex steroid levels were not altered. Short-term reduction of leptin levels decreased the number of circulating cells of the adaptive immune response, but r-metHuLeptin did not have major effects on their number or in vitro function. Thus, changes of leptin levels within the physiologic range have no major physiologic effects in leptin-replete humans. Studies involving more severe and/or chronic leptin deficiency are needed to precisely define the lower limit of normal leptin levels for each of leptin’s physiologic targets.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0505429103

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Leptin concentrations are positively correlated with the amount of body fat.
“Leptin concentrations are positively correlated with the amount of body fat (4-10).”
From Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
A significant role of leptin in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis has been well established in humans.
“A significant role of leptin in the regulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-thyroid axis has been well established in humans (6)(7)(8).”
From Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In states of secondary failure of the HPG axis associated with loss of fat mass, such as exercise-induced amenorrhea or anorexia nervosa, exogenously administered leptin may fully normalize function of this axis.
“Moreover, in states of secondary failure of the HPG axis associated with loss of fat mass, such as in exercise-induced amenorrhea or anorexia nervosa, exogenously administered leptin may fully normalize function of this axis (5,7,9,17).”
From Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
The role of leptin in regulating immune function appears to be permissive.
“The role of leptin in regulating immune function appears to be a permissive one (33), because there might exist a critical leptin threshold above which leptin has no major additional physiologic effect on neuroendocrine or immune function (7).”
From Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research (2009) · cites this paper as [7]

Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419 · see citing works
Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting
Ahima, R. S., Prabakaran, D., Mantzoros, C., Qu, D., Lowell, B., Maratos-Flier, E., & Flier, J. S. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382250a0 · Cited by 3,117 · see citing works
Self-citation
A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction
Clément, K., Vaisse, C., Lahlou, N., Cabrol, S., Pelloux, V., Cassuto, D., Gourmelen, M., Dina, C., Chambaz, J., Lacorte, J.-M., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32911 · Cited by 2,346 · see citing works
Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression
Lord, G. M., Matarese, G., Howard, J. K., Baker, R. J., Bloom, S. R., & Lechler, R. I. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29795 · Cited by 2,150 · see citing works
Self-citation
Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin
Chehab, F. F., Lim, M. E., & Lu, R. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0396-318 · Cited by 1,476 · see citing works
The CD28 Signaling Pathway Regulates Glucose Metabolism
Frauwirth, K. A., Riley, J. L., Harris, M. H., Parry, R. V., Rathmell, J. C., Plas, D. R., Elstrom, R. L., June, C. H., & Thompson, C. B. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00323-0 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose-Escalation Trial
Heymsfield, S. B., Greenberg, A. S., Fujioka, K., Dixon, R. M., Kushner, R., Hunt, T., Lubina, J. A., Patane, J., Self, B., Hunt, P., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1568 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency
Farooqi, I. S., Matarese, G., Lord, G. M., Keogh, J. M., Lawrence, E., Agwu, C., Sanna, V., Jebb, S. A., Perna, F., Fontana, S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci15693 · Cited by 1,359 · see citing works
Self-citation
Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency
Farooqi, I. S., Matarese, G., Lord, G. M., Keogh, J. M., Lawrence, E., Agwu, C., Sanna, V., Jebb, S. A., Perna, F., Fontana, S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215693 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea
Welt, C. K., Chan, J. L., Bullen, J., Murphy, R., Smith, P., DePaoli, A. M., Karalis, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040388 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Self-citation
Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility Is Disrupted at a Threshold of Energy Availability in Regularly Menstruating Women
Loucks, A. B., & Thuma, J. R. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020369 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Human Leptin Deficiency Caused by a Missense Mutation: Multiple Endocrine Defects, Decreased Sympathetic Tone, and Immune System Dysfunction Indicate New Targets for Leptin Action, Greater Central than Peripheral Resistance to the Effects of Leptin, and Spontaneous Correction of Leptin-Mediated Defects
Ozata, M., Ozdemir, I. C., & Licinio, J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.5999 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men
Chan, J. L., Heist, K., DePaoli, A. M., Veldhuis, J. D., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17490 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human Leptin Levels Are Pulsatile and Inversely Related to Pituitary–Ardenal Function
Licinio, J., Mantzoros, C., Negrão, A. B., Cizza, G., Wong, M.-L., Bongiorno, P. B., Chrousos, G. P., Karp, B., Allen, C., Flier, J. S., et al. (1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0597-575 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leptin protects mice from starvation-induced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob/ob mice
Howard, J. K., Lord, G. M., Matarese, G., Vendetti, S., Ghatei, M. A., Ritter, M. A., Lechler, R. I., & Bloom, S. R. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6762 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Self-citation
Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults
Licinio, J., Caglayan, S., Ozata, M., Yildiz, B. O., de Miranda, P. B., O'Kirwan, F., Whitby, R., Liang, L., Cohen, P., Bhasin, S., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0308767101 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Low Dose Leptin Administration Reverses Effects of Sustained Weight-Reduction on Energy Expenditure and Circulating Concentrations of Thyroid Hormones
Rosenbaum, M., Murphy, E. M., Heymsfield, S. B., Matthews, D. E., & Leibel, R. L. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.5.2391 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Dendritic epidermal T cells regulate skin homeostasis through local production of insulin-like growth factor 1
Sharp, L. L., Jameson, J. M., Cauvi, G., & Havran, W. L. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1152 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Synchronicity of Frequently Sampled Thyrotropin (TSH) and Leptin Concentrations in Healthy Adults and Leptin-Deficient Subjects: Evidence for Possible Partial TSH Regulation by Leptin in Humans
Mantzoros, C. S., Ozata, M., Negrao, A. B., Suchard, M. A., Ziotopoulou, M., Caglayan, S., Elashoff, R. M., Cogswell, R. J., Negro, P., Liberty, V., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3284 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citation
Low energy availability, not exercise stress, suppresses the diurnal rhythm of Leptin in healthy young women
Hilton, L. K., & Loucks, A. B. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.e43 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Balancing susceptibility to infection and autoimmunity: a role for leptin?
Matarese, G. (2002) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02188-9 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cell-mediated immunity in genetically obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice
Chandra, R. K. (1980) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/33.1.13 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Dietary restriction reduces luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency during waking hours and increases LH pulse amplitude during sleep in young menstruating women
Loucks, A. B. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.78.4.910 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The long-term effect of recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy on hyperandrogenism and menstrual function in female and pituitary function in male and female hypoleptinemic lipodystrophic patients
Musso, C., Cochran, E., Javor, E., Young, J., DePaoli, A. M., & Gorden, P. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.021 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Leptin and the Proinflammatory State Associated with Human Obesity
Hukshorn, C. J., Lindeman, J. H. N., Toet, K. H., Saris, W. H. M., Eilers, P. H. C., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., & Kooistra, T. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030803 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Acute leptin deficiency, leptin resistance, and the physiologic response to leptin withdrawal
Montez, J. M., Soukas, A. A., Asilmaz, E., Fayzikhodjaeva, G., Fantuzzi, G., & Friedman, J. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409530102 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Reproductive function during weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Leptin represents a metabolic gate to gonadotropin secretion
Holtkamp, K., Mika, C., Grzella, I., Heer, M. A., Pak, H., Hebebrand, J., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2003) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-002-0800-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Short-term fasting affects luteinizing hormone secretory dynamics but not reproductive function in normal-weight sedentary women
Olson, B. R., Cartledge, T. P., Sebring, N. G., Defensor, R., & Nieman, L. K. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.4.7714088 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Recombinant Methionyl Human Leptin Administration Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells<i>in Vivo</i>and Regulates Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor Levels in Humans with Relative Leptin Deficiency
Chan, J. L., Moschos, S. J., Bullen, J., Heist, K., Li, X., Kim, Y.-B., Kahn, B. B., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1823 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Short-Term Fasting Suppresses Leptin and (Conversely) Activates Disorderly Growth Hormone Secretion in Midluteal Phase Women—A Clinical Research Center Study1
Bergendahl, M., Evans, W. S., Pastor, C. L., Patel, A. C., Iranmanesh, A., & Veldhuis, J. D. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.3.5536 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Physiologic r-metHuLeptin Administration during Acute Caloric Deprivation in Normal-Weight Women
Schurgin, S., Canavan, B., Koutkia, P., DePaoli, A. M., & Grinspoon, S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1102 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Endocrine and chronobiological effects of fasting in women
Berga, S. L., Loucks, T. L., & Cameron, J. L. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01686-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of Fasting on Neuroendocrine Function and Follicle Development in Lean Women1
Alvero, R. J., Kimzey, L. M., Sebring, N. G., Reynolds, J. C., Loughran, M., Nieman, L. K., & Olson, B. R. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.1.4512 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Short‐term fasting in normal women: absence of effects on gonadotrophin secretion and the menstrual cycle
Soules, M. R., Meriggiola, M. C., Steiner, R. A., Clifton, D. K., Toivola, B., & Bremner, W. J. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02505.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Leptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology
Mantzoros, C. S., Magkos, F., Brinkoetter, M., Sienkiewicz, E., Dardeno, T. A., Kim, S.-Y., Hamnvik, O.-P. R., & Koniaris, A. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2011 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation
Chakhtoura, M., Haber, R., Ghezzawi, M., Rhayem, C., Tcheroyan, R., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101882 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research
Blüher, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26788e · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fasting-Induced Changes in the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
Boelen, A., Wiersinga, W. M., & Fliers, E. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0253 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Leptin in reproduction.
Blüher, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2007) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3282f1cfdc · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
The evolution of the adipose tissue: A neglected enigma
Ottaviani, E., Malagoli, D., & Franceschi, C. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.06.018 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Leptin Does Not Mediate Short-Term Fasting-Induced Changes in Growth Hormone Pulsatility but Increases IGF-I in Leptin Deficiency States
Chan, J. L., Williams, C. J., Raciti, P., Blakeman, J., Kelesidis, T., Kelesidis, I., Johnson, M. L., Thorner, M. O., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0056 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Short-term fasting-induced autonomic activation and changes in catecholamine levels are not mediated by changes in leptin levels in healthy humans
Chan, J. L., Mietus, J. E., Raciti, P. M., Goldberger, A. L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02684.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
GEOFFREY HARRIS PRIZE LECTURE 2018: Novel pathways regulating neuroendocrine function, energy homeostasis and metabolism in humans
Papathanasiou, A. E., Nolen-Doerr, E., Farr, O. M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-0847 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Exogenous Glucocorticoids and a High-Fat Diet Cause Severe Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia and Limit Islet Glucose Responsiveness in Young Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
Beaudry, J. L., D'souza, A. M., Teich, T., Tsushima, R. G., & Riddell, M. C. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-2114 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Effect of Fasting on Tissue Cyclic cAMP and Plasma Glucagon in the Obese Hyperglycemic Mouse
VINE, R. L. L., Voyles, N. R., Perrino, P. V., & Recant, L. (1975) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-97-3-615 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modulation of Adipoinsular Axis in Prediabetic Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats by Diazoxide
Alemzadeh, R., & Tushaus, K. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1523 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Impaired Growth Hormone Secretion in Genetically Obese Zucker Rats: Roles of Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor and Somatostatin*
TANNENBAUMt, G. S., Lapointe, M., Gurd, W., & Finkelstein, J. A. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-6-3087 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Has a Major Role in Thyroid Hormone Feedback Regulation of Thyrotropin Synthesis and Secretion
Taylor, T., Wondisford, F. E., Blaine, T. A., & Weintraub, B. D. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-1-317 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Authors: Chan, J. L., Matarese, G., Shetty, G. K., Raciti, P., Kelesidis, I., Aufiero, D., De Rosa, V., Perna, F., Fontana, S., & Mantzoros, C. S.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IT)
Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IT)
Gruppo di ImmunoEndocrinologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS–CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; and
University of Naples Federico II (IT)
ORCID: Matarese, Giuseppe
Raciti, Patricia
Perna, Francesco
Fontana, Silvia
Mantzoros, Christos S.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2006-05-30
Volume: 103
Issue: 22
Pages: 8481-8486
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505429103
OpenAlex: W1977283476
Semantic Scholar: ffeb3c2fce9d0e978679b013e3b2d8974a550768
Cited by: 213
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 9.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Amgen
Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Public Health Service (R0-158785)
National Center for Research Resources (RR 01032, M01RR001032, K23RR018860)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: leptin, hypoleptinemia, fasting, recombinant human leptin, luteinizing hormone pulsatility, thyroid-stimulating hormone, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, renin-aldosterone system, immune function, insulin-like growth factor I, sex steroids, metabolic regulation, neuroendocrine regulation
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Weight, Cells, Cultured, Fasting, Female, Hormones, Humans, Immunity, Immunity, Innate, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Leukocyte Count, Neurosecretory Systems, T-Lymphocytes, Time Factors, Leptin, Body Fat Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks