Leptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

Mantzoros, Christos S.; Magkos, Faidon; Brinkoetter, Mary; Sienkiewicz, Elizabeth; Dardeno, Tina A.; Kim, Sang-Yong; Hamnvik, Ole-Petter R.; Koniaris, Anastasia

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2011

Cited by 593Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Leptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

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Mantzoros, Christos S., Magkos, Faidon, Brinkoetter, Mary, Sienkiewicz, Elizabeth, Dardeno, Tina A., Kim, Sang-Yong, Hamnvik, Ole-Petter R., Koniaris, Anastasia·2011·American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2011PMC PMC3191548

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Abstract

Leptin, discovered through positional cloning 15 years ago, is an adipocyte-secreted hormone with pleiotropic effects in the physiology and pathophysiology of energy homeostasis, endocrinology, and metabolism. Studies in vitro and in animal models highlight the potential for leptin to regulate a number of physiological functions. Available evidence from human studies indicates that leptin has a mainly permissive role, with leptin administration being effective in states of leptin deficiency, less effective in states of leptin adequacy, and largely ineffective in states of leptin excess. Results from interventional studies in humans demonstrate that leptin administration in subjects with congenital complete leptin deficiency or subjects with partial leptin deficiency (subjects with lipoatrophy, congenital or related to HIV infection, and women with hypothalamic amenorrhea) reverses the energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine and metabolic abnormalities associated with these conditions. More specifically, in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, leptin helps restore abnormalities in hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral axes including the gonadal, thyroid, growth hormone, and to a lesser extent adrenal axes. Furthermore, leptin results in resumption of menses in the majority of these subjects and, in the long term, may increase bone mineral content and density, especially at the lumbar spine. In patients with congenital or HIV-related lipoatrophy, leptin treatment is also associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity and lipid profile, concomitant with reduced visceral and ectopic fat deposition. In contrast, leptin's effects are largely absent in the obese hyperleptinemic state, probably due to leptin resistance or tolerance. Hence, another emerging area of research pertains to the discovery and/or usefulness of leptin sensitizers. Results from ongoing studies are expected to further increase our understanding of the role of leptin and the potential clinical applications of leptin or its analogs in human therapeutics.

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Leptin is an adipokine that acts as a satiety signal and can directly or indirectly improve insulin sensitivity and reduce lipids and visceral adiposity.
“Leptin is an adipokine that acts as a satiety signal, and can directly or indirectly improve insulin sensitivity and reduce lipids and visceral adiposity [28].”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Leptin regulates food intake, metabolism, energy expenditure, and body weight.
“It regulates food intake, metabolism, energy expenditure, and body weight (11).”
From Sparse System Identification of Leptin Dynamics in Women With Obesity (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Excessive adipose tissue corresponds to an increase in leptin production rate and higher serum leptin levels.
“Hence, excessive amounts of adipose tissue in the body correspond to an increase in leptin production rate, and thus, higher serum leptin levels (11).”
From Sparse System Identification of Leptin Dynamics in Women With Obesity (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Leptin is produced and secreted primarily by adipocytes.
“Leptin is a hormone produced and secreted primarily by adipocytes.”
From Sparse System Identification of Leptin Dynamics in Women With Obesity (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
Leptin is a signaling hormone and adipokine essential to activating central nervous system networks involved in the suppression of appetite.
“Leptin is a signaling hormone and adipokine that is essential to activating central nervous system (CNS) networks involved in the suppression of appetite.”
From Sparse System Identification of Leptin Dynamics in Women With Obesity (2022) · cites this paper as [11]

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Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults
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Enhanced leptin sensitivity and attenuation of diet-induced obesity in mice with haploinsufficiency of Socs3
Howard, J. K., Cave, B. J., Oksanen, L. J., Tzameli, I., Bjørbæk, C., & Flier, J. S. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1072 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Central and Peripheral Administration of Kisspeptin‐10 Stimulates the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonadal Axis
Thompson, E. L., Patterson, M., Murphy, K. G., Smith, K. L., Dhillo, W. S., Todd, J. F., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2004) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.x · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects
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Increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and genes in adipose tissue of obese, insulin-resistant individuals
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Leptin Directly Alters Lipid Partitioning in Skeletal Muscle
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Leptin Inhibition of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Response to Stress 1
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Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in A-ZIP/F-1 Fatless Mice
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Insulin Resistance in Morbid Obesity
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Serum Adiponectin Levels Are Inversely Associated with Overall and Central Fat Distribution but Are Not Directly Regulated by Acute Fasting or Leptin Administration in Humans: Cross-Sectional and Interventional Studies
Gavrila, A., Chan, J. L., Yiannakouris, N., Kontogianni, M. D., Miller, L. C., Orlova, C., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030214 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
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Monogenic Obesity in Humans
Farooqi, I. S., & O’Rahilly, S. (2005) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.062904.144924 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Leptin Inhibits Osteoclast Generation
Holloway, W. R., Collier, F., Aitken, C. J., Myers, D. E., Hodge, J. M., Malakellis, M., Gough, T. J., Collier, G., & Nicholson, G. C. (2002) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.2.200 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: Evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies
Roth, J. D., Roland, B. L., Cole, R. L., Trevaskis, J. L., Weyer, C., Koda, J. E., Anderson, C. M., Parkes, D. G., & Baron, A. D. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706473105 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Body Fat Mass and Macronutrient Intake in Relation to Circulating Soluble Leptin Receptor, Free Leptin Index, Adiponectin, and Resistin Concentrations in Healthy Humans
Yannakoulia, M., Yiannakouris, N., Blüher, S., Matalas, A., Klimis‐Zacas, D. J., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021604 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
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The endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic beta cells of type 2 diabetes patients
Marchetti, P., Bugliani, M., Lupi, R., Marselli, L., Masini, M., Boggi, U., Filipponi, F., Weir, G. C., Eizirik, D. L., & Cnop, M. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0816-8 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Leptin stimulates human osteoblastic cell proliferation, de novo collagen synthesis, and mineralization: Impact on differentiation markers, apoptosis, and osteoclastic signaling
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Leptin reverses weight loss–induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli
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Effect of Lifestyle Modification on Adipokine Levels in Obese Subjects with Insulin Resistance
Monzillo, L. U., Hamdy, O., Horton, E. S., Ledbury, S., Mullooly, C., Jarema, C., Porter, S., Ovalle, K., Moussa, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.144 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
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Leptin Indirectly Regulates Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Function
Quennell, J. H., Mulligan, A. C., Tups, A., Liu, X., Phipps, S. J., Kemp, C. J., Herbison, A. E., Grattan, D. R., & Anderson, G. M. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-1693 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa.
Chan, J. L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66830-4 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
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Drug Insight: the role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology—emerging clinical applications
Brennan, A. M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0196 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
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Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
Hill, J. W., Elmquist, J. K., & Elias, C. F. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00670.2007 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Diurnal and Ultradian Dynamics of Serum Adiponectin in Healthy Men: Comparison with Leptin, Circulating Soluble Leptin Receptor, and Cortisol Patterns
Gavrila, A., Peng, C., Chan, J. L., Mietus, J. E., Goldberger, A. L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021721 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
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Leptin-Deficient Mice Exhibit Impaired Host Defense in Gram-Negative Pneumonia
Mancuso, P., Gottschalk, A., Phare, S. M., Peters-Golden, M. L., Lukacs, N. W., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.4018 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Expression of Leptin Receptor Isoforms in Rat Brain Microvessels
Bjørbæk, C., Elmquist, J. K., Michl, P., Ahima, R. S., Bueren, A. M. V., McCall, A. L., & Flier, J. S. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.8.6154 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Enhanced Weight Loss With Pramlintide/Metreleptin: An Integrated Neurohormonal Approach to Obesity Pharmacotherapy
Ravussin, É., Smith, S. R., Mitchell, J. A., Shringarpure, R., Shan, K., Maier, H., Koda, J. E., & Weyer, C. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.184 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes
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Activation of β3 Adrenergic Receptors Suppresses Leptin Expression and Mediates a Leptin-Independent Inhibition of Food Intake in Mice
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A Leptin Dose-Response Study in Obese (ob/ob) and Lean (+/?) Mice
Harris, R. B. S., Zhou, J. F., Redmann, S. M., Smagin, G. N., Smith, S. R., Rodgers, E. V., & Zachwieja, J. J. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.1.5675 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Short Term Effects of Leptin on Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and in Vivo Insulin Action
Rossetti, L., Massillon, D., Barzilai, N., Vuguin, P., Chen, W., Hawkins, M., Wu, J., & Wang, J. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.44.27758 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Assessment of Hormonal and Physical Alterations during Normal Puberty in Boys. V. Rising Leptin Levels May Signal the Onset of Puberty
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AMPK as a mediator of hormonal signalling
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Leptin rapidly suppresses insulin release from insulinoma cells, rat and human islets and, in vivo, in mice.
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The Stimulatory Effect of Leptin on the Neuroendocrine Reproductive Axis of the Monkey 1
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Leptin in human physiology and therapeutics
Dardeno, T. A., Chou, S. H.-H., Moon, H., Chamberland, J. P., Fiorenza, C. G., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.06.002 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
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Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea
Chou, S. H., Chamberland, J. P., Liu, X., Matarese, G., Gao, C., Stefanakis, R., Brinkoetter, M. T., Gong, H., Arampatzi, K., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015674108 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
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Synchronicity of frequently sampled, 24-h concentrations of circulating leptin, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol in healthy women
Licinio, J., Negrão, A. B., Mantzoros, C., Kaklamani, V., Wong, M.-L., Bongiorno, P. B., Mulla, A., Cearnal, L., Veldhuis, J. D., Flier, J. S., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2541 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
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Leptin Suppression of Insulin Secretion and Gene Expression in Human Pancreatic Islets: Implications for the Development of Adipogenic Diabetes Mellitus1
Seufert, J., Kieffer, T. J., Leech, C. A., Holz, G. G., Moritz, W., Ricordi, C., & Habener, J. F. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5460 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Congenital Leptin Deficiency Due to Homozygosity for the Δ133G Mutation: Report of Another Case and Evaluation of Response to Four Years of Leptin Therapy
Gibson, W. T., Farooqi, I. S., Moreau, M., DePaoli, A. M., Lawrence, E., O’Rahilly, S., & Trussell, R. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0376 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Leptin Concentrations in Relation to Body Mass Index and the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α System in Humans1
Mantzoros, C. S., Moschos, S. J., Avramopoulos, I., Kaklamani, V., Liolios, A. D., Doulgerakis, D. E., Griveas, I., Katsilambros, N. L., & Flier, J. S. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4323 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Markers Are Associated with Obesity in Nondiabetic Subjects
Sharma, N. K., Das, S. K., Mondal, A. K., Hackney, O. G., Chu, W. S., Kern, P. A., Rasouli, N., Spencer, H. J., Yao‐Borengasser, A., & Elbein, S. C. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Leptin Treatment Induces Loss of Bone Marrow Adipocytes and Increases Bone Formation in Leptin-Deficient ob/ob Mice
Hamrick, M. W., Della-Fera, M. A., Choi, Y.-H., Pennington, C., Hartzell, D., & Baile, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.050103 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Characterizaton of Short Isoforms of the Leptin Receptor in Rat Cerebral Microvessels and of Brain Uptake of Leptin in Mouse Models of Obesity
Hileman, S. M., Pierroz, D. D., Masuzaki, H., Bjørbæk, C., El-Haschimi, K., Banks, W. A., & Flier, J. S. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.143.3.8669 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Energy Homeostasis, Obesity and Eating Disorders: Recent Advances in Endocrinology
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Sleep Loss Reduces Diurnal Rhythm Amplitude of Leptin in Healthy Men
Mullington, J. M., Chan, J. L., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Szuba, M. P., Samaras, J., Price, N. J., Meier‐Ewert, H. K., Dinges, D. F., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01069.x · Cited by 261 · see citing works
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Leptin receptor expression and signaling in lymphocytes: kinetics during lymphocyte activation, role in lymphocyte survival, and response to high fat diet in mice.
Papathanassoglou, E., El-Haschimi, K., Li, X. C., Matarese, G., Strom, T., & Mantzoros, C. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7745 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
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The central melanocortin system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis and may mediate the effect of leptin
Kim, M. S., Small, C. J., Stanley, S. A., Morgan, D. G. A., Seal, L. J., Kong, W. M., Edwards, C. M. B., Abusnana, S., Sunter, D., Ghatei, M. A., et al. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci8857 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency in human subjects
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Lipodystrophy: pathophysiology and advances in treatment
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Cross-talk between estrogen and leptin signaling in the hypothalamus
Gao, Q., & Horváth, T. L. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00733.2007 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
In Vivo Administration of Leptin Activates Signal Transduction Directly in Insulin-Sensitive Tissues: Overlapping but Distinct Pathways from Insulin
Kim, Y., Uotani, S., Pierroz, D. D., Flier, J. S., & Kahn, B. B. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.7.7536 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Evidence for Leptin Binding to Proteins in Serum of Rodents and Humans: Modulation With Obesity
Houseknecht, K. L., Mantzoros, C. S., Kuliawat, R., Hadro, E., Flier, J. S., & Kahn, B. B. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.11.1638 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
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Regulation of Circulating Soluble Leptin Receptor Levels By Gender, Adiposity, Sex Steroids, and Leptin
Chan, J. L., Blüher, S., Yiannakouris, N., Suchard, M. A., Kratzsch, J., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2105 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
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Independent circadian and sleep/wake regulation of adipokines and glucose in humans
Shea, S. A., Hilton, M. F., Orlova, C., Ayers, R. T., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2232 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
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Leptin Induces Insulin-like Signaling That Antagonizes cAMP Elevation by Glucagon in Hepatocytes
Zhao, A. Z., Shinohara, M. M., Huang, D., Shimizu, M., Eldar-Finkelman, H., Krebs, E. G., Beavo, J. A., & Bornfeldt, K. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.15.11348 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Leptin, nutrition, and the thyroid: the why, the wherefore, and the wiring
Flier, J. S., Harris, M., & Hollenberg, A. N. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci9725 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Synchronicity of Frequently Sampled Thyrotropin (TSH) and Leptin Concentrations in Healthy Adults and Leptin-Deficient Subjects: Evidence for Possible Partial TSH Regulation by Leptin in Humans
Mantzoros, C. S., Ozata, M., Negrao, A. B., Suchard, M. A., Ziotopoulou, M., Caglayan, S., Elashoff, R. M., Cogswell, R. J., Negro, P., Liberty, V., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3284 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
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Leptin reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with severe lipodystrophy†
Javor, E. D., Ghany, M. G., Cochran, E. K., Oral, E. A., DePaoli, A. M., Premkumar, A., Kleiner, D. E., & Gorden, P. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20672 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Identification of Incidental Sequence Polymorphisms and Absence of the db/db Mouse and fa/fa Rat Mutations
Considine, R. V., Caro, J. F., Considine, E. L., Williams, C. J., & Hyde, T. M. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.7.992 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Long-Term Efficacy of Leptin Replacement in Patients With Generalized Lipodystrophy
Javor, E. D., Cochran, E. K., Musso, C., Young, J. R., DePaoli, A. M., & Gorden, P. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1994 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Leptin therapy improves insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes by CNS-dependent mechanisms in mice
Fujikawa, T., Chuang, J.-C., Sakata, I., Ramadori, G., & Coppari, R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1008025107 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Weekly Subcutaneous Pegylated Recombinant Native Human Leptin (PEG-OB) Administration in Obese Men
Hukshorn, C. J., Saris, W. H. M., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Farid, A. R., Smith, F. J., & Campfield, L. A. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.11.6955 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Leptin Regulates Functional Capacities of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
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Obesity is associated with a decreased leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier in rats.
Burguera, B. G., Couce, M., Curran, G. L., Jensen, M. D., Lloyd, R. V., Cleary, M. P., & Poduslo, J. F. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.7.1219 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans.
Chan, J. L., Matarese, G., Shetty, G. K., Raciti, P., Kelesidis, I., Aufiero, D., De Rosa, V., Perna, F., Fontana, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505429103 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
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Hereditary Diabetes in Genetically Obese Mice
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Leptin increases FA oxidation in lean but not obese human skeletal muscle: evidence of peripheral leptin resistance
Steinberg, G. R., Parolin, M. L., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., & Dyck, D. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2001 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Central control of bone remodeling by neuromedin U
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Leptin stimulates glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in C 2 C 12 myotubes: evidence for a PI3-kinase mediated effect
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Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research
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Leptin activates PI-3 kinase in C2C12 myotubes via janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) dependent pathways
Kellerer, M., Koch, M., Metzinger, E., Mushack, J., Capp, E., & Häring, H. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050832 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leptin in Anorexia Nervosa: Correlation with Nutritional Status and Potential Role in Resistance to Weight Gain1
Mantzoros, C. S., Flier, J. S., Lesem, M. D., Brewerton, T. D., & Jimerson, D. C. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.6.4006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
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Leptin restores euglycemia and normalizes glucose turnover in insulin-deficient diabetes in the rat.
Chinookoswong, N., Wang, J. L., & Shi, Z. Q. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.7.1487 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology
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Leptin Receptor Action in Hepatic Cells
Wang, Y., Kuropatwinski, K. K., White, D. W., Hawley, T. S., Hawley, R. G., Tartaglia, L. A., & Baumann, H. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.26.16216 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Leptin inhibits insulin gene transcription and reverses hyperinsulinemia in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice
Seufert, J., Kieffer, T. J., & Habener, J. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.2.674 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
OBESE, A NEW MUTATION IN THE HOUSE MOUSE*
Ingalls, A. M., Dickie, M. M., & Snell, G. D. (1996) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00519.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Selective interaction between leptin and insulin signaling pathways in a hepatic cell line
Szántó, I., & Kahn, C. R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.050580497 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Molecular and neural mediators of leptin action
Robertson, S., Leinninger, G. M., & Myers, M. G. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Abnormal Germ Cell Development in Cryptorchidism
Huff, D. S., Fenig, D. M., Canning, D. A., Carr, M. C., Zderic, S. A., & Snyder, H. M. (2001) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000049957 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Role of Leptin in Reproduction
Mantzoros, C. S. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06228.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citation
Enhancing leptin response by preventing SH2-containing phosphatase 2 interaction with Ob receptor
Carpenter, L. R., Farruggella, T. J., Symes, A. J., Karow, M. L., Yancopoulos, G. D., & Stahl, N. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6061 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Actions of Neuromedin U
Wren, A., Small, C. J., Abbott, C. R., Jethwa, P. H., Kennedy, A. R., Murphy, K. G., Stanley, S. A., Zollner, A. N., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220308 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Leptin Activates a Novel CNS Mechanism for Insulin-Independent Normalization of Severe Diabetic Hyperglycemia
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Partial saturation and regional variation in the blood-to-brain transport of leptin in normal weight mice
Banks, W. A., Clever, C. M., & Farrell, C. L. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.6.e1158 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Leptin: its role in obesity and beyond
Tritos, N. A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050838 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
Decreased Leptin Levels in Normal Weight Women with Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: The Effects of Body Composition and Nutritional Intake
Miller, K. K., Parulekar, M. S., Schoenfeld, E., Anderson, E. J., Hubbard, J. L., Klibanski, A., & Grinspoon, S. K. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.7.4975 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Long-term metreleptin treatment increases bone mineral density and content at the lumbar spine of lean hypoleptinemic women
Sienkiewicz, E., Magkos, F., Aronis, K. N., Brinkoetter, M., Chamberland, J. P., Chou, S., Arampatzi, K. M., Gao, C., Koniaris, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.05.016 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leptin and the Control of Body Weight: A Review of Its Diverse Central Targets, Signaling Mechanisms, and Role in the Pathogenesis of Obesity
Oswal, A., & Yeo, G. S. H. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.228 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy in replacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolic syndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Lee, J. H., Chan, J. L., Sourlas, E., Raptopoulos, V., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1545 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
Central Administration of an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inducer Inhibits the Anorexigenic Effects of Leptin and Insulin
Won, J. C., Jang, P., Namkoong, C., Koh, E. H., Kim, S. K., Park, J., Lee, K., & Kim, M. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.194 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance
Moon, H.-S., Matarese, G., Brennan, A. M., Chamberland, J. P., Liu, X., Fiorenza, C. G., Mylvaganam, G. H., Abanni, L., Carbone, F., Williams, C. J., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1791 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leptin Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for the Cause and Treatment of Obesity
Banks, W. A. (2001) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612013398310 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Effect of dieting on plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin levels in healthy volunteers
Wolfe, B. E., Jimerson, D. C., Orlova, C., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02101.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leptin improves pulmonary bacterial clearance and survival in ob/ob mice during pneumococcal pneumonia
Hsu, A., Aronoff, D. M., Phipps, J., Goel, D., & Mancuso, P. (2007) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03491.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The long-term effect of recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy on hyperandrogenism and menstrual function in female and pituitary function in male and female hypoleptinemic lipodystrophic patients
Musso, C., Cochran, E., Javor, E., Young, J., DePaoli, A. M., & Gorden, P. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.021 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Central Regulation of Bone Mass, The First Link between Bone Remodeling and Energy Metabolism
Karsenty, G., & Oury, F. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1030 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Gender differences in leptin levels during puberty are related to the subcutaneous fat depot and sex steroids
Roemmich, J. N., Clark, P. A., Berr, S. S., Mai, V., Mantzoros, C. S., Flier, J. S., WELTMAN, A. L., & Rogol, A. D. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.3.e543 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leptin in reproduction.
Blüher, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2007) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3282f1cfdc · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of, Evolution of, and Risk Factors for Fat Atrophy and Fat Deposition in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Men and Women
Jacobson, D. L., Knox, T., Spiegelman, D. L., Skinner, S. C., Gorbach, S. L., & Wanke, C. A. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/430379 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Leptin Rapidly Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Obese Mice by Increasing Hypothalamic Insulin Sensitivity
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Effects of leptin and adiponectin on pancreatic β-cell function
Lee, Y., Magkos, F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Kang, E. S. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparing effects of leptin and insulin on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle: evidence for an effect of leptin on glucose uptake and decarboxylation
Ceddia, R. B., William, W., & Curi, R. A. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800762 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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Effect of Leptin Replacement on Pituitary Hormone Regulation in Patients with Severe Lipodystrophy
Oral, E. A., Ruiz, E., Andewelt, A., Sebring, N., Wagner, A. J., Depaoli, A. M., & Gorden, P. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.7.8591 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The effects of recombinant human leptin on visceral fat, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy and hypoleptinemia
Mulligan, K., Khatami, H., Schwarz, J.-M., Sakkas, G. K., DePaoli, A. M., Tai, V. W., Wen, M. J., Lee, G. A., Grunfeld, C., & Schambelan, M. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1588 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Leptin Therapy Reverses Hyperglycemia in Mice With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes, Independent of Hepatic Leptin Signaling
Denroche, H. C., Levi, J., Wideman, R. D., Sequeira, R. M., Huynh, F. K., Covey, S. D., & Kieffer, T. J. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0958 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Leptin Inhibits Insulin Secretion and Reduces Insulin mRNA Levels in Rat Isolated Pancreatic Islets
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Leptin Impairs Insulin Signaling in Rat Adipocytes
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Leptin and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation of the Gonadotropin-Gonadal Axis
Chan, J. L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2001) · Pituitary · doi:10.1023/a:1012947113197 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of Leptin on Bone - an Evolving Concept of Action
Cirmanová, V., Bayer, M., Stárka, L., & Zajíčková, K. (2008) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931499 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The Central Regulation of Bone Mass, the First Link between Bone Remodeling and Energy Metabolism
Karsenty, G., & Oury, F. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.151.8.9994 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A historical perspective on leptin
Coleman, D. L. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1010-1097 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Regulation of Cortical Bone Mass: Opposing Activity of Y2 Receptor and Leptin Pathways
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Leptin as a Therapeutic Agent--Trials and Tribulations
Mantzoros, C. S., & Flier, J. S. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.11.7062 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stimulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone release by the obese (ob) gene product, leptin, from hypothalamic explants
Costa, A. C., Poma, A., Martignoni, E., Nappi, G., Ur, E., & Grossman, A. B. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199703240-00014 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Recombinant Human Leptin Treatment Does Not Improve Insulin Action in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Mittendorfer, B., Horowitz, J. F., DePaoli, A. M., Mccamish, M. A., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1302 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Related Lipoatrophy and Lipohypertrophy Are Associated with Serum Concentrations of Leptin
Nagy, G. S., Tsiodras, S., Martin, L. D., Avihingsanon, A., Gavrila, A., Hsu, W. C., Karchmer, A. W., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/367859 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development of leptin resistance in rat soleus muscle in response to high-fat diets
Steinberg, G. R., & Dyck, D. J. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.6.e1374 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Correction of diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and skeletal muscle insulin resistance by moderate hyperleptinemia
Buettner, R., Newgard, C. B., Rhodes, C. J., & O'Doherty, R. M. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.3.e563 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Circulating Insulin Concentrations, Smoking, and Alcohol Intake Are Important Independent Predictors of Leptin in Young Healthy Men
Mantzoros, C. S., Liolios, A. D., Tritos, N. A., Kaklamani, V., Doulgerakis, D. E., Griveas, I., Moses, A. C., & Flier, J. S. (1998) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00335.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Chronic central leptin infusion restores hyperglycemia independent of food intake and insulin level in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Hidaka, S., Yoshimatsu, H., Kondou, S., Tsuruta, Y., Oka, K., Noguchi, H., Okamoto, K., Sakino, H., Teshima, Y., Okeda, T., et al. (2002) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-0164com · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Congenital leptin deficiency: diagnosis and effects of leptin replacement therapy
Paz-Filho, G., Mastronardi, C. A., Delibaşı, T., Wong, M., & Licinio, J. (2010) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302010000800005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Leptin in relation to resumption of menses in women with anorexia nervosa
Audı́, L., Mantzoros, C. S., Vidal‐Puig, A., Vargas, D., Gussinyé, M., & Carrascosa, A. (1998) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000418 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citation
Genetic Variation in the Leptin Receptor Gene, Leptin, and Weight Gain in Young Dutch Adults
van Rossum, C. T. M., Hoebee, B., van Baak, M. A., Mars, M., Saris, W. H. M., & Seidell, J. C. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.51 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Leptin and OB-R: Body weight regulation by a cytokine receptor
White, D. W., & Tartaglia, L. A. (1996) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(96)00040-8 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Regulation of hypothalamic prohormone convertases 1 and 2 and effects on processing of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone
Sanchez, V. C., Goldstein, J., Stuart, R. C., Hovanesian, V., Huo, L., Münzberg, H., Friedman, T. C., Bjørbæk, C., & Nillni, E. A. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21620 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

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Metabolic Regulation of T Lymphocytes
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Adipokines in health and disease
Fasshauer, M., & Blüher, M. (2015) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.014 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Physiology of leptin: energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Klotho: Physiology and Pathophysiology of an Endocrine Network of Mineral Metabolism
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Leptin signaling and leptin resistance
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From leptin to other adipokines in health and disease: Facts and expectations at the beginning of the 21st century
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Self-citation
Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation
Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“Leptin is an important, circadially secreted adipokine and a vital regulator of energy homeostasis and metabolism, reward processing, brain development and neuroendocrine and immune function (301).”
Background
Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions
Fekete, C., & Lechan, R. M. (2014) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1087 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Adipose tissue, obesity and adipokines: role in cancer promotion
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Aging human body: changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake
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The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: A narrative review
Michalakis, K., Mintziori, G., Kaprara, A., Tarlatzis, B. C., & Goulis, D. G. (2013) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.012 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Metabolic consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence
Pervanidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.10.005 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Leptin Metabolically Licenses T Cells for Activation To Link Nutrition and Immunity
Saucillo, D. C., Gerriets, V. A., Sheng, J., Rathmell, J. C., & MacIver, N. J. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301158 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Obstructive sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional association
Aurora, R. N., & Punjabi, N. M. (2013) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70039-0 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The role of leptin in regulating bone metabolism
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O. M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.021 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: the role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin
Piya, M. K., McTernan, P. G., & Kumar, S. (2012) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-12-0498 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Peptides and Food Intake
Crespo, C. S., Cachero, A. P., Puebla, L., Barrios, V., & Arilla, E. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00058 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Circulating leptin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Polyzos, S. A., Aronis, K. N., Kountouras, J., Raptis, D. D., Vasiloglou, M. F., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3769-3 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
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20 YEARS OF LEPTIN: Role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans
ROSENBAUM, M. S., & Leibel, R. L. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-14-0358 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Leptin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review
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Self-citation
Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men
Reynolds, A. C., Dorrian, J., Liu, P. Y., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Wittert, G. A., Harmer, L. J., & Banks, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041218 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“Leptin is an adipokine that acts as a satiety signal, and can directly or indirectly improve insulin sensitivity and reduce lipids and visceral adiposity [28].”
Background
The role of thyroid hormone in metabolism and metabolic syndrome
Teixeira, P. D. F. D. S., dos Santos, P. B., & Pazos-Moura, C. C. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018820917869 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis
Amitani, M. S., Asakawa, A., Amitani, H., & Inui, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00051 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women
Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Bhutani, S., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A. (2012) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-98 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Importance of Leptin to Reproduction
Childs, G. V., Odle, A. K., MacNicol, M. C., & MacNicol, A. M. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa204 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Leptin treatment: Facts and expectations
Paz-Filho, G., Mastronardi, C. A., & Licinio, J. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.07.014 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Influence of body weight on bone mass, architecture and turnover
Iwaniec, U. T., & Turner, R. T. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0089 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Exercise Induced Adipokine Changes and the Metabolic Syndrome
Golbidi, S., & Laher, I. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2014/726861 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Vitamin D Insufficiency in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents
Zakharova, I. N., Klimov, L., Kuryaninova, V. A., Nikitina, I. L., Malyavskaya, S. I., Dolbnya, S. V., Каsyanova, A. N., Atanesyan, R. A., Stoyan, M., Михайловна, Т. А., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00103 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity
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Adaptive thermogenesis with weight loss in humans
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The impact of obesity on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes
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Puberty in Girls of the 21st Century
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The effect of underweight on female and male reproduction
Boutari, C., Pappas, P. D., Mintziori, G., Nigdelis, M. P., Athanasiadis, L., Goulis, D. G., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154229 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Authors: Mantzoros, C. S., Magkos, F., Brinkoetter, M., Sienkiewicz, E., Dardeno, T. A., Kim, S.-Y., Hamnvik, O.-P. R., & Koniaris, A.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Mantzoros, Christos S.
ORCID: Mantzoros, Christos S.
Magkos, Faidon
Kim, Sang-Yong
Hamnvik, Ole-Petter R.
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2011-10
Volume: 301
Issue: 4
Pages: E567-E584
ISSN: 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
1522-1555
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2011
PMC: PMC3191548
OpenAlex: W2010072332
Cited by: 593
References: 294
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 5.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK079929, DK-081913, R01DK058785, R56DK058785, DK079929, DK 58785, K24DK081913)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: leptin, leptin deficiency, leptin resistance, hypothalamic amenorrhea, lipoatrophy, HIV-associated lipoatrophy, energy homeostasis, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, bone mineral density, insulin sensitivity, obesity, leptin therapy
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Amenorrhea, Energy Metabolism, Female, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypothalamic Diseases, Hypothalamus, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Reproduction, Leptin

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Leptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

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