Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET
Open accessAbstract
The insect repellent DEET is effective against a variety of medically important pests, but its mode of action still draws considerable debate. The widely accepted hypothesis that DEET interferes with the detection of lactic acid has been challenged by demonstrated DEET-induced repellency in the absence of lactic acid. The most recent hypothesis suggests that DEET masks or jams the olfactory system by attenuating electrophysiological responses to 1-octen-3-ol. Our research shows that mosquitoes smell DEET directly and avoid it. We performed single-unit recordings from all functional ORNs on the antenna and maxillary palps of Culex quinquefasciatus and found an ORN in a short trichoid sensillum responding to DEET in a dose-dependent manner. The same ORN responded with higher sensitivity to terpenoid compounds. SPME and GC analysis showed that odorants were trapped in conventional stimulus cartridges upon addition of a DEET-impregnated filter paper strip thus leading to the observed reduced electrophysiological responses, as reported elsewhere. With a new stimulus delivery method releasing equal amounts of 1-octen-3-ol alone or in combination with DEET we found no difference in neuronal responses. When applied to human skin, DEET altered the chemical profile of emanations by a “fixative” effect that may also contribute to repellency. However, the main mode of action is the direct detection of DEET as indicated by the evidence that mosquitoes are endowed with DEET-detecting ORNs and corroborated by behavioral bioassays. In a sugar-feeding assay, both female and male mosquitoes avoided DEET. In addition, mosquitoes responding only to physical stimuli avoided DEET.
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There are several electrophysiological and behavioural assays with correspondingly robust analyses currently being used in vector biology research that could be incorporated into such schemes once adopted by WHOPES and the wider scientific community.
“The promising news is that there are several electrophysiological and behavioural assays with correspondingly robust analyses currently being used in vector biology research that could be incorporated into such schemes once adopted by WHOPES and the wider scientific community [16,36-42].”
From Spatial repellents: from discovery and development to evidence-based validation (2012) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Syed, Z., & Leal, W. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leal, Walter S.
- ORCID
- Syed, Zainulabeuddin
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2008-09-09
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- 13598-13603
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2518096
- OpenAlex
- W2163645458
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 22.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, Davis
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1U01AI05826-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Pheromone Research and Control
- Keywords
- DEET, mosquito repellents, olfactory sensory neurons, Culex quinquefasciatus, olfactory avoidance, 1-octen-3-ol, terpenoids, olfactory sensilla, mosquito olfaction, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Avoidance Learning, Biological Assay, DEET, Female, Humans, Insect Repellents, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Culicidae, Odorants, Oxygen, Physical Stimulation, Smell
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