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Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh
Open accessAbstract
The consequences of environmental change for human migration have gained increasing attention in the context of climate change and recent large-scale natural disasters, but as yet relatively few large-scale and quantitative studies have addressed this issue. We investigate the consequences of climate-related natural disasters for long-term population mobility in rural Bangladesh, a region particularly vulnerable to environmental change, using longitudinal survey data from 1,700 households spanning a 15-y period. Multivariate event history models are used to estimate the effects of flooding and crop failures on local population mobility and long-distance migration while controlling for a large set of potential confounders at various scales. The results indicate that flooding has modest effects on mobility that are most visible at moderate intensities and for women and the poor. However, crop failures unrelated to flooding have strong effects on mobility in which households that are not directly affected but live in severely affected areas are the most likely to move. These results point toward an alternate paradigm of disaster-induced mobility that recognizes the significant barriers to migration for vulnerable households as well their substantial local adaptive capacity.
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“And yet, various studies suggest that most people remain in their place of residence even when environmental conditions deteriorate dramatically (Gray and Mueller 2012; Jamero et al. 2017; Khatun et al. 2022; Mallick and Mallick 2021; Penning-Rowsell et al. 2013).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Gray and Mueller 2012
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“The latter finding is in line with recent studies from Bangladesh reporting that flooding has an insignificant or even negative effect on migration (Call et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2017; Gray & Mueller, 2012; Chen & Mueller, 2018).”
From Environmental shocks and migration among a climate-vulnerable population in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Gray & Mueller, 2012
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Rural unemployment pushes migrants to urban areas in Jiangsu Province, China
Lyu, H., Dong, Z., Roobavannan, M., Kandasamy, J., & Pande, S. (2019) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0302-1 · Cited by 74
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“…place in Bangladesh, where large numbers of people move to Dhaka each year from rural areas affected by tropical cyclones, erosion, droughts, extreme temperatures, and seasonal food insecurity (Etzold et al. 2014; Gray and Mueller 2012; Mallick and Vogt 2012; Walsham 2010; Wrathall et al. 2014).”
BackgroundOpportunities and Challenges for Investigating the Environment-Migration Nexus
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“Importantly, they found that even short-term deficits in rainfall are likely to increase long-term rural-rural migration (see also Gray 2009;Massey et al. 2010, and Gray and Müller 2012a,b for the Ecuadorian Andes, Nepal, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh respectively).”
BackgroundFlood-induced population displacements in the world
Kakinuma, K., Puma, M. J., Hirabayashi, Y., Tanoue, M., Baptista, E. A., & Kanae, S. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abc586 · Cited by 69
Natural hazards, internal migration and protests in Bangladesh
Petrova, K. (2021) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343320973741 · Cited by 69
The impact of hurricanes and floods on domestic migration
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“Studies show that, compared to labor migration, environmentally-induced migration often takes the form of short distance internal trips (Findley, 1994; Gray & Mueller, 2012b; Henry, Schoumaker, & Beauchemin, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialGone with the wind: International migration
Wesselbaum, D., & Aburn, A. (2019) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.008 · Cited by 67
Climate Change, Agriculture and Migration: A Survey
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“Micro-level studies using individual and household data, and employing both cross-sectional and panel data approaches, have been often applied to countries highly dependent on the agricultural sector as the main source of income, such as Ecuador [86,87], Nigeria [76,88], Bangladesh and Ethiopia [53,83,89], Indonesia […”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of air pollution on short-term movements: evidence from air travels in China
Chen, S., Chen, Y., Lei, Z., & Tan‐Soo, J. (2020) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbaa005 · Cited by 64
Parrish, R., Colbourn, T., Lauriola, P., Leonardi, G. S., Hajat, S., & Zeka, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176036 · Cited by 71
“This has allowed the narrative to evolve through time: the conventional narrative suggests a more simplistic view of climate change as a blanket push driver resulting in large-scale waves of migration [18].”
BackgroundWrathall, D. J., Bury, J. T., Carey, M., Mark, B. G., McKenzie, J. M., Young, K. R., Baraër, M., French, A., & Rampini, C. (2014) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.873326 · Cited by 67
Islam, A. R. M. T., Karim, M. R., & Mondol, M. A. H. (2020) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-020-03411-0 · Cited by 62
Duijndam, S., Botzen, W. J. W., Hagedoorn, L., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.747 · Cited by 64
“Gray and Mueller (2012) in another Bangladesh study find that indicators of flood severity are negatively associated with migration among men, albeit insignificantly, while they tend to be positively associated with migration among women, and significantly so for moderate flood severity.”
BackgroundInfluentialAdams, H., & Adger, W. N. (2013) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015006 · Cited by 60
Social protection as a strategy to address climate-induced migration
Schwan, S., & Yu, X. (2017) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-01-2017-0019 · Cited by 69
“Migration is thus negatively correlated with vulnerability: the most vulnerable people often have the least capabilities to migrate (Adger et al., 2014; Black et al., 2011; Gray and Mueller, 2012a, 2012b; Jülich, 2011).”
InfluentialWhat Defines Livelihood Vulnerability in Rural Semi-Arid Areas? Evidence from Pakistan
Qaisrani, A., Umar, M. A., Siyal, G. E. A., & Salik, K. M. (2018) · Earth Systems and Environment · doi:10.1007/s41748-018-0059-5 · Cited by 60
“Through loss of lives, property and livelihoods, people lose their human, physical, natural and financial capital that has long-lasting repercussions on income and income-generating means (Gray and Mueller 2012; Ngwa et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe Costs of Living with Floods in the Jamuna Floodplain in Bangladesh
Ferdous, M. R., Wesselink, A., Brandimarte, L., Slager, K., Zwarteveen, M., & Baldassarre, G. D. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11061238 · Cited by 60
Connecting the dots between climate change, household water insecurity, and migration
Stoler, J. B., Brewis, A., Kangmennaang, J., Keough, S. B., Pearson, A. L., Rosinger, A. Y., Stauber, C., & Stevenson, E. G. J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2021.02.008 · Cited by 65
Etzold, B. (2014) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.1893 · Cited by 60
“A longitudinal study (1994–2010) undertaken in 14 districts across Bangladesh found that 81 per cent of permanent long-distance moves were directed to urban centres, 13 per cent to international destinations, and six per cent to other rural districts (Gray and Mueller, 2012).”
BackgroundClimate anomalies, land degradation, and rural out-migration in Uganda
Call, M., & Gray, C. (2020) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-020-00349-3 · Cited by 71
Self-citationRisk transfer policies and climate-induced immobility among smallholder farmers
Choquette-Levy, N., Wildemeersch, M., Oppenheimer, M., & Levin, S. A. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01205-4 · Cited by 59
Bhatta, G. D., Aggarwal, P. K., Poudel, S., & Belgrave, D. A. (2016) · Journal of rural and community development · doi:10.63315/7wsktk11 · Cited by 56
“Because of the frequent occurrence of climatic events in Bangladesh, climate-induced migration is quite common (Gray & Mueller, 2012; IPCC, 2007).”
BackgroundCharacterizing individual mobility perturbations in cities during extreme weather events
Zhang, X., & Li, N. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102849 · Cited by 56
Climate, migration, and the local food security context: Introducing Terra Populus
Nawrotzki, R., Schlak, A. M., & Kugler, T. A. (2016) · Population and environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-016-0260-0 · Cited by 51
“To regain food security, households may first employ in situ (in place) adaptation strategies such as selling surplus items or drawing on formal and informal assistance (Gray and Mueller 2012a; Haile 2005).”
The impact of climate change on internal migration in Brazil
Oliveira, J., & Pereda, P. C. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2020.102340 · Cited by 53
Rahman, H. M. T., Hickey, G. M., Ford, J. D., & Egan, M. A. (2018) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1271-9 · Cited by 59
“Following this observation, most of the later studies have mainly focused on the influence of climate change on agriculture, health, and community displacement due to livelihood losses and disaster-related destruction (Rahman 2008; Thurlow et al. 2012; Gray and Mueller 2012).”
BackgroundIn harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh
Mallick, B., Rogers, K. G., & Sultana, Z. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01552-8 · Cited by 57
“Hunter et al. (2015) describe that women have a higher risk perception than men and are more likely to migrate internally (e.g. within communities, regions, or cities) in response to environmental hazards, whereas men tend to migrate long-distance (Gray and Mueller 2012; Mueller et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCyclone Aila, livelihood stress, and migration: empirical evidence from coastal Bangladesh
Saha, S. K. (2016) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12214 · Cited by 54
Climate change, migration and human rights in Bangladesh: Perspectives on governance
Naser, M. M., Swapan, M. S. H., Ahsan, R., Afroz, T., & Ahmed, S. (2019) · Asia Pacific Viewpoint · doi:10.1111/apv.12236 · Cited by 58
Simatele, D., & Simatele, M. (2015) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12124 · Cited by 53
“…done by Homer-Dixon (1994), Myers (1988), Myers and Kent (1995), Ramlogan (1996), Trolldalen et al. (1992) and, more recently, Dillon et al. (2011), Gray and Mueller (2012a; 2012b) and Marchiori et al. (2012) indicate that exposure and vulnerability to weather variations interact and link…”
BackgroundHasan, M. M., Nilay, M. S. M., Jibon, N. H., & Rahman, R. M. (2023) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101079 · Cited by 54
Can high-speed rail improve health and alleviate health inequality? Evidence from China
Chen, F., Hao, X., & Chen, Z. (2021) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.007 · Cited by 50
Vajda, É. A., & Webb, C. E. (2017) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2010004 · Cited by 48
“Finally, the current and persistent population growth across Ethiopia [60], in combination with the impacts of climate change on Ethiopia’s natural resources, farming practices, and climate variables, will likely cause more mass migrations between lowlands and highlands [59].”
BackgroundTowards Coastal Resilience and Sustainability
Heidkamp, C. P., & Morrissey, J. E. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429463723 · Cited by 50
Luetz, J. M. (2017) · Climate change management · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_5 · Cited by 52
Climate-Induced Migration: Impacts on Social Structures and Justice in Bangladesh
Ahsan, R. (2019) · South Asia Research · doi:10.1177/0262728019842968 · Cited by 49
“Among different social and economic adaptation approaches (Adger et al., 2005; Huq et al., 2015), involuntary migration is notable especially for vulnerable coastal communities in the developing world (Gray & Mueller, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Hydro-Meteorological Emergencies on Internal Migration
Robalino, J., Jimenez, J., & Cascante, A. C. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.031 · Cited by 48
“Moreover, Gray and Mueller (2012) find the effects of flooding were primarily non-significant, although when testing for non-linear effects they find within-district mobility increased for those whose sub-district was subject to moderate flooding, a result driven mainly by women and poor households.”
BackgroundObserved trends in climate extremes over Bangladesh from 1981 to 2010
Khan, M., Islam, A. K. M. S., Das, M., Mohammed, K., Bala, S., & Islam, G. M. T. (2018) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr01539 · Cited by 50
Role of organizations in preparedness and emergency response to flood disaster in Bangladesh
Hossain, B. (2020) · Geoenvironmental Disasters · doi:10.1186/s40677-020-00167-7 · Cited by 48
Huang, W., Li, S., Vogt, T., Xu, R., Tong, S., Molina, T., Masselot, P., Gasparrini, A., Armstrong, B., Pascal, M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00143-2 · Cited by 47
“50,51 Therefore, the impact of population displacements on our results might be modest.”
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Vestby, J., Schutte, S., Tollefsen, A., & Buhaug, H. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2206188120 · Cited by 47
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Groth, J., Ide, T., Sakdapolrak, P., Kassa, E., & Hermans, K. (2020) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102094 · Cited by 46
Riverbank erosion and migration inter-linkage: with special focus on Assam, India
Dekaraja, D., & Mahanta, R. (2021) · ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH · doi:10.1186/s40068-020-00214-0 · Cited by 46
Relational (im)mobilities: a case study of Senegalese coastal fishing populations
Zickgraf, C. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2022.2066263 · Cited by 48
“One group of research focuses on trapped populations, emphasising that people who are involuntarily immobile are often amongst the poorest in terms of resources, assets, and various forms of capital (Blondin 2020; Nawrotzki and DeWaard 2018; Logan, Issar, and Xu 2016; Gray and Mueller 2012).”
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“Weather variations have indeed been found to significantly affect migration (Feng et al., 2010; Marchiori et al., 2012; Gray and Mueller, 2012).”
BackgroundAggregated responses of human mobility to severe winter storms: An empirical study
Wang, Y., Wang, Q., & Taylor, J. E. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188734 · Cited by 47
Causes of Urban Migration in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Urban Health Survey
Biswas, R. K., Kabir, E., & Khan, H. T. A. (2019) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-019-09532-3 · Cited by 50
Mukherjee, M., & Fransen, S. (2024) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106600 · Cited by 58
Climate change and migration: A review and new framework for analysis
Daoust, G. D., & Selby, J. (2024) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.886 · Cited by 58
“Other studies have found no, insignificant, or inconsistent migration effects from flooding (Bohra-Mishra et al., 2014; Gray & Mueller, 2012; Mueller et al., 2014), storms (Loebach, 2016; Wesselbaum, 2019), droughts (Owain & Maslin, 2018; Selby, 2019), and precipitation fluctuations (Bohra-Mishra…”
Rainfall Shocks and Within-Community Wealth Inequality: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
Thiede, B. C. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.028 · Cited by 48
Kabir, M. E., Serrao-Neumann, S., Davey, P., Hossain, M., & Alam, M. T. (2018) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.06.010 · Cited by 47
Climate variability and irregular migration to the European Union
Cottier, F., & Salehyan, I. (2021) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102275 · Cited by 52
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Wali, N., Chen, W. L., Rawal, L. B., Amanullah, A. S. M., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2018) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-018-0305-1 · Cited by 43
Climatic factors as drivers of migration: a review
Moore, M., & Wesselbaum, D. (2023) · Environment, Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02191-z · Cited by 42
“In a longitudinal survey of nearly 1,700 households from years 1990 to 2004, Gray and Mueller (2012a) found that Bangladeshi households that were predominantly rice-agriculture dependent migrated for longer periods as a result of crop failure, as opposed to more temporary migration following…”
BackgroundResultNcube, A., Mangwaya, P. T., & Ogundeji, A. A. (2018) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.023 · Cited by 42
Best, K. B., Gilligan, J. M., Baroud, H., Carrico, A. R., Donato, K. M., Ackerly, B. A., & Mallick, B. (2020) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-020-00066-9 · Cited by 45
After the Flood: Migration and Remittances as Coping Strategies of Rural Bangladeshi Households
Giannelli, G. C., & Canessa, E. (2021) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/713939 · Cited by 42
Global migration is driven by the complex interplay between environmental and social factors
Niva, V., Kallio, M., Muttarak, R., Taka, M., Varis, O., & Kummu, M. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2e86 · Cited by 42
Loebach, P. (2016) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-016-0256-9 · Cited by 41
“…hazards, as such panel data allow one to account for the timing and sequencing of events for specific subjects, in order to guard against bias relating to omission of variables and subject attrition (Fussell et al. 2010; Gray and Mueller 2012a; Henry et al. 2004; Hunter et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialContrasting development trajectories for coastal Bangladesh to the end of century
Lázár, A. N., Nicholls, R. J., Hall, J. W., Barbour, E., & Haque, A. (2020) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01681-y · Cited by 41
“…evidence that agro-climatic conditions and crop failures have an important role in urbanization and rural mobility (Chen and Mueller 2018; Gray and Mueller 2012; Henderson et al. 2017) and repeated stress over a longer period has the potential to trigger migration (Kartiki 2011; Mallick…”
BackgroundSpatial and temporal dimensions of weather shocks and migration in Nepal
Williams, N. E., & Gray, C. (2019) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-019-00334-5 · Cited by 42
“In many cases, the migration response to even devastating weather is small and in some cases there is no response at all (Gray and Mueller 2012; Loebach 2016; Lu et al. 2016).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationInsecure hope: the challenges faced by urban slum dwellers in Bhola Slum, Bangladesh
McNamara, K. E., Olson, L. L., & Rahman, M. A. (2015) · Migration and Development · doi:10.1080/21632324.2015.1082231 · Cited by 41
“According to Gray and Mueller (2012), crop failure is often the biggest driver in people’s decisions to move from rural areas to urban centres.”
BackgroundIshtiaque, A., & Nazem, N. I. (2016) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2690-5 · Cited by 37
“To answer our second question, few researches were done on natural disaster and migration in Bangladesh (see, for instance, Lein 2000; Poncelet et al. 2010; Gray and Mueller 2012), but no study emphasized to the date on household-level losses of disasteraffected migrants.”
BackgroundEvaluating crisis perturbations on urban mobility using adaptive reinforcement learning
Fan, C. H., Jiang, X., & Mostafavi, A. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103367 · Cited by 39
Dams: Effects of Hydrological Infrastructure on Development
Dillon, A., & Fishman, R. (2019) · Annual Review of Resource Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093913 · Cited by 41
Suckall, N., Fraser, E., Forster, P., & Mkwambisi, D. (2015) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.004 · Cited by 37
Best, K. B., Gilligan, J. M., Baroud, H., Carrico, A. R., Donato, K. M., & Mallick, B. (2022) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-022-01915-1 · Cited by 37
“To begin to address these uncertainties, environmental migration has been widely studied in Bangladesh (Afsar 2003; Ahsan et al. 2011; Bell et al. 2021; Call et al. 2017; Carrico and Donato 2019; Chen and Mueller 2018; Donato et al. 2016; Gray and Mueller 2012; Islam 2017; Joarder and Miller 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUsing Twitter to Analyze the Effect of Hurricanes on Human Mobility Patterns
Ahmouda, A., Hochmair, H. H., & Cvetojevic, S. (2019) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci3030087 · Cited by 40
“Crowd-sourced spatial data, such as social media, cell phone data records, or photo-sharing services, can give insight into the perception of natural disasters and perturbations in human mobility during and after such events [15], supplementing traditional data collection methods, such as household surveys [16].”
BackgroundTo Leave or Not to Leave? Climate Change, Exit, and Voice on a Pacific Island
Noy, I. (2017) · CESifo Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifx004 · Cited by 37
Linking Coastal Disasters and Migration: A Case Study of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh
Rahman, M. K., Paul, B. K., Curtis, A., & Schmidlin, T. W. (2014) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2014.922020 · Cited by 36
“Raleigh, Jordan, and Salehyan (2009) and Gray and Mueller (2012) acknowledged that disasters vary considerably in their potential to instigate migration.”
BackgroundMurphy, D. W. A. (2014) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2014.953904 · Cited by 41
“In focus group discussions with five communities in southwest Bangladesh, Penning-Rowsell et al. (2013) identify different types of population mobility and underscore the importance of short-distance, temporary moves in response to rapid-onset hazards.”
BackgroundInfluentialClimate-Related Hazards and Internal Migration Empirical Evidence for Rural Vietnam
Berlemann, M., & Tran, T. X. (2020) · Economics of Disasters and Climate Change · doi:10.1007/s41885-020-00062-3 · Cited by 38
“This finding is in line with the finding by Bohra – Mishra et al. (2014) for Indonesia and Gray and Mueller (2012) for Bangladesh that episodically occurring disasters tend to have little effect on emigration.”
ResultMahajan, V., Cantelmo, G., & Antoniou, C. (2021) · European Transport Research Review · doi:10.1186/s12544-021-00485-3 · Cited by 35
Weather shocks and migration intentions in Western Africa: insights from a multilevel analysis
Bertoli, S., B, F. D. A., Hillel Rapoport, C., & Ruyssen, I. (2021) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbab043 · Cited by 37
Coping and resilience in riverine Bangladesh
Sultana, A., Thompson, P. M., & Wesselink, A. (2019) · Environmental Hazards · doi:10.1080/17477891.2019.1665981 · Cited by 34
“…both homestead and any cultivable land they owned due to riverbank erosion generally shelter on other people’s land or on public land (including embankments) close to their original homes (Baqee, 1998; Elahi, Ahmed, & Mafizuddin, 1991; Gray & Mueller, 2012; Joarder & Miller, 2013; Rahman, 2010).”
BackgroundThe changing climate-migration relationship in China, 1989–2011
Gray, C., Hopping, D., & Mueller, V. (2020) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-020-02657-x · Cited by 37
“Most future climate migrants are likely to be internal or intra-regional migrants given that international moves are quite rare (Gray and Wise 2016) and also that climatic influences on migration are at times larger on shorter moves (Gray and Mueller 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCharacterizing preferred motif choices and distance impacts
Cao, J., Li, Q., Tu, W., & Wang, F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215242 · Cited by 34
The impacts of environmental pollution and brain drain on income inequality
Li, B., Cheng, S., & Xiao, D. (2020) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101481 · Cited by 35
Bai, D., Ye, L., Yang, Z., & Wang, G. (2022) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-02-2022-0016 · Cited by 36
RetractedKoelmel, J. P., Prasad, M. N. V., & Pershell, K. (2014) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.862207 · Cited by 32
“…with multiple health stresses (Evans and Kim 2010; Forastiere et al. 2007), have less mobility to migrate from environmental disasters (e.g., Gray and Mueller 2012), have minimal political power to leverage against polluters, and often subsist on local resources, unable to import…”
BackgroundClimate change, natural disasters, and migration
African Development Bank Group, & Mbaye, L. (2017) · IZA World of Labor · doi:10.15185/izawol.346 · Cited by 32
“Again, the different migration reactions can be attributed to authorities’ responses to the disasters; assistance was provided in the aftermath of floods, while it was not the case for crop losses [2].”
BackgroundIslam, A., & Nguyen, C. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.06.007 · Cited by 31
Paul, B. K., Rahman, M. K., Crawford, T. W., Curtis, S., Miah, M. G., Islam, M., & Islam, M. S. (2020) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102199 · Cited by 33
Cameron, M. P. (2017) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-017-0289-8 · Cited by 30
Bekaert, E., Ruyssen, I., & Salomone, S. (2021) · Journal of Demographic Economics · doi:10.1017/dem.2020.28 · Cited by 31
“Other case studies, however, find no or only modest effects of environmental stress on migration [see for instance Gray and Mueller (2012b); Mueller et al. (2014), for the case of flooding in rural Bangladesh and Pakistan, respectively].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChumky, T., Basu, M., Onitsuka, K., & Hoshino, S. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102931 · Cited by 31
Etzold, B., & Mallick, B. (2016) · Global migration issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42922-9_6 · Cited by 31
Historical Analysis and Prediction of the Magnitude and Scale of Natural Disasters Globally
Buszta, J., Wójcik, K., Santos, C. A. G., Kozioł, K., & Maciuk, K. (2023) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources12090106 · Cited by 30
Disparate Effects of Disruptive Events on Children
Torche, F., Fletcher, J. M., & Brand, J. E. (2024) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2024.10.1.01 · Cited by 36
Do social protection programs foster short-term and long-term migration adaptation strategies?
Mueller, V., Gray, C., Handa, S., & Seidenfeld, D. (2019) · Environment and Development Economics · doi:10.1017/s1355770x19000214 · Cited by 31
“Introduction There is a growing consensus that both rapid- and slow-onset climatic events drive mobility patterns across the developing world (Henry et al., 2004; Feng et al., 2010; Gray and Mueller, 2012; Bohra-Mishra et al., 2014; Mueller et al., 2014; Robalino et al., 2014; Thiede et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMigration matters: How migration is critical to contemporary human–environment geography
Jokisch, B. D., Radel, C., Carte, L., & Schmook, B. I. (2019) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12460 · Cited by 31
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Xu, M., Zhang, X., Shan, B., & Wang, A. (2022) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11010099 · Cited by 31
Lee, C.-C., Chou, C., & Mostafavi, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20384-4 · Cited by 29
“With location-based data, several studies have examined population mobility during disasters (Coleman, Gao, DeLeon, & Mostafavi, 2021; Gray & Mueller, 2012; Hsu, Fan, & Mostafavi, 2021; Lu, Bengtsson, & Holme, 2012; Pastor-Escuredo et al., 2014; Yabe, Ukkusuri, & C. Rao, 2019) and assessed disaster…”
Mosoh, D. A., Prakash, O., Khandel, A. K., & Vendrame, W. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2024.1383370 · Cited by 37
Climate variability and human migration in the Netherlands, 1865–1937
Jennings, J. A., & Gray, C. (2014) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-014-0218-z · Cited by 35
“A small number of recent studies have linked population and climate data to directly test these effects (Dillon et al. 2011; Fussell et al. 2010; Gray & Mueller 2012a, 2012b; Hunter et al. 2013; Mueller at al.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAgriculture, irrigation and drought induced international migration: Evidence from Mexico
Fishman, R., & Li, S. (2022) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102548 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Gray, C. L., & Mueller, V.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- International Food Policy Research Institute (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-04-02
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 6000-6005
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3341015
- OpenAlex
- W1976473400
- Cited by
- 687
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 71.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24 HD-050924, R00HD061752)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Earthquake and Disaster Impact Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- natural disasters, human mobility, climate change, floods, crop failure, rural migration, long-distance migration, disaster-induced migration, vulnerable families, women, poverty, adaptive capacity, Bangladesh
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Bangladesh, Disasters, Emigration and Immigration, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Population Dynamics, Rural Population, Time Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Young Adult, Floods, Climate Change
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