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An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production
Open accessAbstract
A quarter of all anthropogenic methane emissions in the United States are from enteric fermentation, primarily from ruminant livestock. This study was undertaken to test the effect of a methane inhibitor, 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP), on enteric methane emission in lactating Holstein cows. An experiment was conducted using 48 cows in a randomized block design with a 2-wk covariate period and a 12-wk data collection period. Feed intake, milk production, and fiber digestibility were not affected by the inhibitor. Milk protein and lactose yields were increased by 3NOP. Rumen methane emission was linearly decreased by 3NOP, averaging about 30% lower than the control. Methane emission per unit of feed dry matter intake or per unit of energy-corrected milk were also about 30% less for the 3NOP-treated cows. On average, the body weight gain of 3NOP-treated cows was 80% greater than control cows during the 12-wk experiment. The experiment demonstrated that the methane inhibitor 3NOP, applied at 40 to 80 mg/kg feed dry matter, decreased methane emissions from high-producing dairy cows by 30% and increased body weight gain without negatively affecting feed intake or milk production and composition. The inhibitory effect persisted over 12 wk of treatment, thus offering an effective methane mitigation practice for the livestock industries.
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“3-nitrooxypropanol is the latest developed and promising inhibitor for methanogenesis,127 which has been shown to reduce methane emissions in ruminant animals by up to 40%.128,129”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [128]
In the citing paper
“3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) has been shown to reduce methane emissions by up to 30% (Hristov et al., 2015; Jayanegara et al., 2018).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Hristov et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“This enzyme catalyzes the last step of methane-forming reactions (Duin et al., 2016) and its inhibition can result in a reduction in rumen methanogenesis (up to 30%) without negative effects to the animal (Hristov et al., 2015).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Hristov et al., 2015
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“Because this technique collects spot breath samples several times a day over several days to estimate daily emissions for individual animals, a relatively large number of animals can be used in an experiment (Hristov et al., 2015b).”
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“authors have reported persistent decreases in CH4 production to week 16 with nitrate supplementation [46] and to week 12 with 3-nitrooxypropanol supplementation [47].”
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“Since enteric CH4 emissions are the major contributor to total CH4 emissions, efforts have been made to develop and test strategies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions from dairy cows [8].”
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Crop byproducts supplemented in livestock feeds reduced greenhouse gas emissions
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Fibrolytic enzymes improving in vitro rumen degradability of tropical forages
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“Intriguingly, 3-nitrooxypropanol is widely regarded as a promising candidate for enteric CH4 mitigation [9,10].”
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Synthetic Biology of Plants and Microbes for Agriculture, Environment, and Future Applications
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“Whilst inhibition caused by 3-NOP is persistent [41,42,86], inhibition caused by BES in sheep lasted for only 3 d, after which methane production returned to pretreatment levels [112].”
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Audino Melgar, M., Nedelkov, K., Martins, C. M. D. M. R., Welter, K. C., Chen, X., Räisänen, S. E., Harper, M. T., Oh, J., Duval, S. M., & Hristov, A. N. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-18331 · Cited by 18
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“Previous studies on methane inhibitors have reported a significant increase in hydrogen emissions under methane inhibition, whereas carbon dioxide remained unchanged or increased (Hristov et al., 2015; Melgar et al., 2020, 2021).”
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“BCM-treated goats, and similar effects were observed with other CH4 inhibitors ((65)).”
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Proteins in Our Diet: Challenges in Feeding the Global Population
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“It has been shown that 3-NOP is most effectively decreasing CH 4 production when added to a PMR, because of the continuous presence in the rumen (e.g., Hristov et al., 2015).”
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Feeding 3-nitrooxypropanol reduces methane emissions by feedlot cattle on tropical conditions
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“Indeed, Hristov et al. (2015) concluded that 3-NOP is effective in decreasing enteric CH 4 emissions provided the additive is continuously present in the rumen, which is possible when it is mixed in a total mixed ration and, hence, intake is spread throughout the day.”
Orzuna‐Orzuna, J. F., Godina-Rodríguez, J. E., Garay-Martínez, J. R., Rivera, L. D. G., Maldonado‐Jáquez, J. A., & Lara-Bueno, A. (2024) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation10060273 · Cited by 19
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“Potent compounds that inhibit MCR, particularly as additives to ruminant feedstocks (24), will likely be a reliable and cost-effective strategy to curb methane emissions, which is a critical aspect of international efforts to limit global temperature rise.”
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“toxicity to the host animal or inhabiting microbes, adaptation of ruminal microbes, and availability of the candidate item(s), wide application of most of these approaches remains an issue [17].”
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Kelly, L., Pressman, E. M., Agudelo, J. F. R., Chernavsky, H., Alvarez-Hess, P. S., Jacques, S., Hess, M., & Kebreab, E. (2025) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaf028 · Cited by 14
“In tie-stall and feedlot settings, respectively, Hristov et al. (2015) and Roque et al. (2021) used the same spot sampling scheme employed in our study, which divides the 24 hours of a day into 8 three-hour periods, distributes these periods over 3 d, and obtains a sample from each animal in each…”
If It Matters, Measure It: A Review of Methane Sources and Mitigation Policy in Canada
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“Subsequent in vivo trials showed that 3 ‐ NOP reduced methane emissions by 30% without affecting feed intake or milk production in dairy cows [19].”
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“Initially, 3-nitrooxypro-panol (3-NOP) showed promise as a livestock supplement with a 30 % reduction in methane production [5,6].”
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Ni, H., Zeng, H., Liu, Z., Li, W., Miao, S., Yang, A., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Carbon Neutrality · doi:10.1007/s43979-025-00124-z · Cited by 13
“In detail, it showed that feeding lactating cows 3NOP at a rate of 0.04–0.08 g/ kg DM reduced methane production by 30%, with no impact on feed intake and milk production [63].”
InfluentialXuan, T., Zheng, T., Li, T., Wu, B., Li, T. S., Bao, W., & Qin, W. (2024) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation10090440 · Cited by 12
Programming rumen microbiome development in calves with the anti-methanogenic compound 3-NOP
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“The dam treatment (H-or H + ) did not have any effect ( P > 0.05) on the rumen fermentation parameters and body weight in the untreated suckling calves (C), except for fumarate at week 15 ( P = 0.015) and butyrate at week 22 ( P = 0.015) (Supplementary Tables 14– 17).”
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“Ruminant livestock emits 2.1 Gt of CO 2 equivalent CH 4 annually [3].”
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“The potential of 3-NOP has been confirmed in previous studies in beef cattle [11,14,16,17,39] and others [3,5,10].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hristov, A. N., Oh, J., Giallongo, F., Frederick, T. W., Harper, M. T., Weeks, H. L., Branco, A. F., Moate, P. J., Deighton, M. H., Williams, S. R. O., Kindermann, M., & Duval, S.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil;
- Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources (AU)
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland;
- Research Centre for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products France, Saint Louis Cedex 68305, France
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-07-30
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 10663-10668
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4553761
- OpenAlex
- W2145651012
- Cited by
- 496
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 74.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2015-08-12)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- enteric methane, 3-nitrooxypropanol, methane inhibitors, dairy cattle, Holstein cows, methane mitigation, milk production, milk protein, lactose yield, weight gain, ruminant methane emissions, feed intake, fiber digestibility
- MeSH terms
- Medicago sativa, Animals, Animal Feed, Archaea, Energy Intake, Carbon Dioxide, Cattle, Zea mays, Female, Fermentation, Gases, Hydrogen, Lactation, Methane, Milk, Rumen, Weight Gain, Greenhouse Effect, Dietary Supplements, Propanols
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