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An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production
Open accessAbstract
A quarter of all anthropogenic methane emissions in the United States are from enteric fermentation, primarily from ruminant livestock. This study was undertaken to test the effect of a methane inhibitor, 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NOP), on enteric methane emission in lactating Holstein cows. An experiment was conducted using 48 cows in a randomized block design with a 2-wk covariate period and a 12-wk data collection period. Feed intake, milk production, and fiber digestibility were not affected by the inhibitor. Milk protein and lactose yields were increased by 3NOP. Rumen methane emission was linearly decreased by 3NOP, averaging about 30% lower than the control. Methane emission per unit of feed dry matter intake or per unit of energy-corrected milk were also about 30% less for the 3NOP-treated cows. On average, the body weight gain of 3NOP-treated cows was 80% greater than control cows during the 12-wk experiment. The experiment demonstrated that the methane inhibitor 3NOP, applied at 40 to 80 mg/kg feed dry matter, decreased methane emissions from high-producing dairy cows by 30% and increased body weight gain without negatively affecting feed intake or milk production and composition. The inhibitory effect persisted over 12 wk of treatment, thus offering an effective methane mitigation practice for the livestock industries.
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“3-nitrooxypropanol is the latest developed and promising inhibitor for methanogenesis,127 which has been shown to reduce methane emissions in ruminant animals by up to 40%.128,129”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [128]
In the citing paper
“3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) has been shown to reduce methane emissions by up to 30% (Hristov et al., 2015; Jayanegara et al., 2018).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Hristov et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“This enzyme catalyzes the last step of methane-forming reactions (Duin et al., 2016) and its inhibition can result in a reduction in rumen methanogenesis (up to 30%) without negative effects to the animal (Hristov et al., 2015).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Hristov et al., 2015
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“Another processor noted that methane-inhibiting feed additives can reduce emissions per cow by 20–30 percent (Hristov et al. 2015), but adoption remains limited due to cost and implementation constraints.”
Akanmu, A. M. (2026) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-026-05159-8
“Synthesis reviews are more appropriate than isolated maximum responses when comparing options [51, 57, 51, 56 , 57].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hristov, A. N., Oh, J., Giallongo, F., Frederick, T. W., Harper, M. T., Weeks, H. L., Branco, A. F., Moate, P. J., Deighton, M. H., Williams, S. R. O., Kindermann, M., & Duval, S.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil;
- Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources (AU)
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland;
- Research Centre for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products France, Saint Louis Cedex 68305, France
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-07-30
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 10663-10668
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4553761
- OpenAlex
- W2145651012
- Cited by
- 496
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 74.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2015-08-12)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- enteric methane, 3-nitrooxypropanol, methane inhibitors, dairy cattle, Holstein cows, methane mitigation, milk production, milk protein, lactose yield, weight gain, ruminant methane emissions, feed intake, fiber digestibility
- MeSH terms
- Medicago sativa, Animals, Animal Feed, Archaea, Energy Intake, Carbon Dioxide, Cattle, Zea mays, Female, Fermentation, Gases, Hydrogen, Lactation, Methane, Milk, Rumen, Weight Gain, Greenhouse Effect, Dietary Supplements, Propanols
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