Effect of electron count and chemical complexity in the Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti high-entropy alloy superconductor
Open accessAbstract
Significance: High-entropy alloys are a new class of materials that consist of several principal elements arranged on simple lattices. These structures are stabilized by the high configurational entropy of the random mixing of the elements. Here, we show that the properties of a superconducting high-entropy alloy are strongly related to the electron count and that the superconducting transition temperatures of these alloys fall between those of analogous crystalline and amorphous materials. We find that despite the large degree of randomness and disorder in these alloys, the superconducting properties are nevertheless strongly dependent on the chemical composition and complexity. We argue that high-entropy alloys are excellent model systems for understanding how superconductivity and other collective quantum states evolve from crystals to amorphous solids.
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The Ta-Hf-Nb-Zr-Ti system has emerged as the most extensively investigated BCC-type HEA superconductor.
“The Ta-Hf-Nb-Zr-Ti system has emerged as the most extensively investigated BCC-type HEA superconductor 9 -17 .”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The introduction (p. 2) identifies Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti as a BCC high-entropy-alloy superconductor, and the Summary and Conclusion (p. 7) report investigations of multiple compositions. The paper does not compare how extensively this system has been investigated with other BCC HEA superconductors, so it does not establish “most extensively investigated.” (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe atomic disorder present in the BCC-type HEAs has a minimal influence on the superconducting state, as Tc is insensitive to disorder in both simple crystalline and amorphous metallic states.
“Thus, the atomic disorder present in the BCC-type HEAs has a minimal in fl uence on the superconducting state, as T c is insensitive to disorder in both simple crystalline and amorphous metallic states.”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Significance section (p. 5) reports that increasing atomic disorder from a binary alloy to the BCC HEA causes very little decrease in Tc, supporting the claim about the HEA. The paper compares Tc trends in crystalline alloys and amorphous films (p. 4), but does not say Tc is insensitive to disorder in both of those states. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Tc range is approximately 2-8 K in BCC-type HEA superconductors.
“The T c range is approximately 2 -8 K in BCC-type HEA superconductors.”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Summary and Conclusion (p. 7) says all studied Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti HEAs have a BCC lattice and reports superconducting critical temperatures of approximately 4.49–7.92 K. This supports the upper end of the claimed range, but the paper does not establish a lower bound near 2 K or that the range applies to BCC-type HEA superconductors generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExperimental evidence has indicated that the VEC of HEA and HEC superconductors is critical in determining their superconducting Tc and material stability.
“Experimental evidence has indicated that the VEC of HEA and HEC superconductors is critical in determining their superconducting T c and material stability.”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Summary and Conclusion (p. 7) reports a dependence of superconducting Tc on valence electron count in the Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti HEA. But the Significance section (p. 3) says high entropy stabilizes its BCC structure even where electron count would predict HCP, so the paper does not establish VEC as critical to this material’s stability. It also does not study HEC superconductors. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe upper critical fields appear to increase with increasing entropy in some high-entropy systems.
“Furthermore, the upper critical fi elds appear to increase with increasing entropy in some high-entropy systems 9,44,70 .”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The upper-critical-fields discussion (p. 5) says the slopes of the upper critical fields increase with mixing entropy. It does not establish the same trend for the upper critical field values: the x = 0.5 sample has the largest field, while x = 0.84 has the greatest mixing entropy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Nb content in BCC-type HEAs is typically 25% or higher when the Tc is > 7 K.
“The Nb content in BCC-type HEAs is typically 25% or higher when the T c is > 7 K 6,9,12,13,23,71 .”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The paper reports a BCC Ta–Nb–Hf–Zr–Ti alloy series and identifies the x = 0.33 composition, with approximately 33.5% Nb, as nearly optimal for superconductivity (Significance, pp. 3, 6). Its reported critical temperatures reach 7.92 K (Summary and Conclusion, p. 7). This supports an example of a high-Tc BCC HEA with at least 25% Nb, but the paper does not establish the claimed 25% threshold as a typical pattern across BCC-type HEAs. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExperimental measurements have shown that several BCC-type alloy superconductors have different Tc values with the same VEC = 4.7.
“Experimental measurements have shown that several BCC-type alloy superconductors have different T c values with the same VEC = 4.7 9,69 .”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Tc values of (NbTa)1-x(TiHfZr)x superconductors fall between those of crystalline alloys and amorphous materials.
“The T c values of (NbTa)1x (TiHfZr) x superconductors fall between those of crystalline alloys and amorphous materials.”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
There is no loss of superconductivity or substantial reduction in Tc with the disorder introduced resulting from an increased number of constituent elements.
“There is no loss of superconductivity or substantial reduction in T c with the disorder introduced resulting from an increased number of constituent elements.”
From Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- von Rohr, F., Winiarski, M. J., Tao, J., Klimczuk, T., & Cava, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland;
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- E7144-E7150
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5135312
- OpenAlex
- W2535364585
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f71f960503eea6ad25d676afc5d6b09027d60c6
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 7.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant GBMF-4412)
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki (DEC-2012/07/E/ST3/00584)
- DOE | Brookhaven National Laboratory, Office of Science (DE-AC02-98CH10886)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › High Entropy Alloys Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Superconducting Materials and Applications
- Keywords
- high-entropy alloys, superconductivity, valence electron count, superconducting transition temperature, body-centered cubic lattice, amorphous materials, disorder robustness, solid solutions
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