Extreme weather events and military conflict over seven centuries in ancient Korea

A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix

Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1987) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913610 · Cited by 16,936 · see citing works

A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and AutocorrelationConsistent Covariance Matrix

Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1986) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/t0055 · Cited by 12,682 · see citing works

The Strategy of Conflict

Schelling, T. C. (1960) · Cited by 7,691 · see citing works

Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression

Stock, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2005) · Identification and Inference for Econometric Models · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614491.006 · Cited by 7,211 · see citing works

Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980

Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W., & Costa-Roberts, J. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1204531 · Cited by 4,734 · see citing works

Rationalist explanations for war

Fearon, J. D. (1995) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818300033324 · Cited by 3,995 · see citing works

Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security

Wheeler, T., & von Braun, J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1239402 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works

Perception and Misperception in International Politics

Jervis, R. (2017) · doi:10.1515/9781400885114 · Cited by 3,199 · see citing works

Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach

Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., & Sergenti, E. (2004) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/421174 · Cited by 2,460 · see citing works

Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century

Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2012) · American Economic Journal Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.4.3.66 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works

Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict

Hsiang, S. M., Burke, M., & Miguel, E. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1235367 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works

Atmospheric Warming and the Amplification of Precipitation Extremes

Allan, R. P., & Soden, B. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1160787 · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works

Perception and Misperception in International Politics

Jervis, R. L. (2017) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvc77bx3 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works

Testing Identifiability and Specification in Instrumental Variable Models

Cragg, J. G., & Donald, S. G. (1993) · Econometric Theory · doi:10.1017/s0266466600007519 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works

Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought

Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1421533112 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works

A Robust Test for Weak Instruments

Olea, J. L. M., & PFLUEGER, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/00401706.2013.806694 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works

War as a Commitment Problem

Powell, R. (2006) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818306060061 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works

Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict

Reuveny, R. (2007) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.05.001 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works

Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa

Burke, M., Miguel, E. A., Satyanath, S., Dykema, J. A., & Lobell, D. B. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0907998106 · Cited by 989 · see citing works

Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy

Rose, G. (1998) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887100007814 · Cited by 985 · see citing works

How climate change affects extreme weather events

Stott, P. A. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf7271 · Cited by 953 · see citing works

Climate, conflict and forced migration

Abel, G. J., Brottrager, M., Crespo Cuaresma, J., & Muttarak, R. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.003 · Cited by 564 · see citing works

Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history

Zhang, D. D., Brecke, P., Lee, H. F., He, Y.-Q., & Zhang, J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0703073104 · Cited by 540 · see citing works

Extreme Weather and Civil War: Does Drought Fuel Conflict in Somalia through Livestock Price Shocks?

Maystadt, J.-F., & Ecker, O. (2014) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aau010 · Cited by 346 · see citing works

Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability

Fukuyama, F., & Myers, N. (1994) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20045934 · Cited by 281 · see citing works

The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China

(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-1685 · Cited by 272 · see citing works

The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China.

Johnson, G. E., & Barfield, T. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076180 · Cited by 262 · see citing works

Precipitation Variability and Extreme Events in Eastern China during the Past 1500 Years

Zheng, J., Wang, W., Ge, Q., Man, Z., & Zhang, P. (2006) · Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences · doi:10.3319/tao.2006.17.3.579(a · Cited by 262 · see citing works

Climate change and violent conflict in Europe over the last millennium

Tol, R. S. J., & Wagner, S. (2009) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9659-2 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Useful adversaries: grand strategy, domestic mobilization, and Sino-American conflict, 1947-1958

(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5276 · Cited by 225 · see citing works

Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958

Zagoria, D. S., & Christensen, T. J. (1998) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048946 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Climate and conflicts: the security risks of global warming

Scheffran, J., & Battaglini, A. (2010) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0175-8 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Tests with correct size when instruments can be arbitrarily weak

Moreira, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.01.012 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Climate Shocks and Sino-nomadic Conflict

Bai, Y., & Kung, J. K.-S. (2011) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00106 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Stable water isotope behavior during the last glacial maximum: A general circulation model analysis

Jouzel, J., Koster, R. D., Suozzo, R. J., & Russell, G. L. (1994) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/94jd01819 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Farming or Fighting? Agricultural Price Shocks and Civil War in Africa

Fjelde, H. (2015) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.032 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Climate change, rice crops, and violence

Caruso, R., Petrarca, I., & Ricciuti, R. (2016) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343315616061 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Holocene and Eemian climatic optima in the Korean Peninsula based on textural and carbon isotopic records from the stalagmite of the Daeya Cave, South Korea

Jo, K. N., Woo, K. S., Lim, H. S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Kim, R., Lee, J. I., Yoon, H. I., et al. (2011) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Temperature, maize yield, and civil conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa

Jun, T. (2017) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-017-1941-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

The Silla annals of the Samguk sagi

金, 富., Shultz, E. J., Kang, H. H. W., & Kane, D. (2012) · Academy of Korean Studies Press eBooks · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Koguryŏ annals of the Samguk sagi

金, 富., & Shultz, E. J. (2011) · Academy of Korean Studies Press eBooks · Cited by 4 · see citing works

New perspectives on historical climatology

White, S., Pei, Q., Kleemann, K., Dolák, L., Huhtamaa, H., & Camenisch, C. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.808 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Pollution exposure and social conflicts: Evidence from China's daily data

Li, J., & Meng, G. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102870 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Varying climatic-social-geographical patterns shape the conflict risk at regional and global scales

Hao, M., Ding, F., Xie, X., Fu, J., Qian, Y., Ide, T., Maystadt, J.-F., Chen, S., Ge, Q., & Jiang, D. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01294-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

The impacts of climate change on violent conflict risk: a review of causal pathways

Xie, X., Hao, M., Ding, F., Scheffran, J., Ide, T., Maystadt, J.-F., Qian, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, S., Wu, J., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ad8a21 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Exploring the direct and indirect impacts of climate variability on armed conflict in South Asia

Xie, X., Hao, M., Ding, F., Helman, D., Scheffran, J., Wang, Q., Ge, Q., & Jiang, D. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105258 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Role of solar activity and Pacific decadal oscillation in the hydroclimatic patterns of eastern China over the past millennium

Zhang, L., Wu, M., Zheng, J., & Hao, Z. (2022) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103905 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Droughts and conflicts during the late Roman period

Norman, C., Schwinden, L., Krusic, P. J., Rzepecki, A., Bebchuk, T., & Büntgen, U. (2025) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-025-03925-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Does climate change transform military medicine and defense medical support?

Robinson, Y., Khorram‐Manesh, A., Arvidsson, N., Sinai, C., & Taube, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1099031 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The relationship between interannual dry/wet changes and nomadic wars in the Hexi Corridor region of China during the period 241–1912 A.D.

Tang, F., Shi, Z., Tian, Q., Du, X., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-023-1296-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Introducing the Warring-States Japan Battle Data

Anderson, N. (2022) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2023.2149514 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Climate Change in Historical Perspective: Violence, Conflict, and Migration

Pei, Q., Long, Y., & Lin, X. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_389-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Climate change expected to increase conflict risks over the next decades across sub-Saharan Africa

Jiang, D., Zhuo, J., Chen, S., Hao, M.-M., Xie, X., Ide, T., Scheffran, J., Yao, L., Wu, W.-X., Jiang, H., et al. (2025) · The Innovation Geoscience · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2025.100139 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

References

(2023) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14970.003.0010

Methodological Innovations in the History of Climate and Society Studies

White, S. S., Pei, Q., & Dolák, L. (2025) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780197768709-0024

The East Asian climate-warfare nexus underwent a paradigm shift across pre-industrial and industrial eras

Chang, H., & Fang, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-47182-6

More droughts, more war?

Müller-Itten, M. C., & Müller, M. F. (2020) · TheScienceBreaker · doi:10.25250/thescbr.brk436

Impact of Extreme Weather Events in the Wartime Okinawa

Compel, R. (n.d.) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)

Climate Change, Weather Shocks and Violent Conflict: A Critical Look at the Evidence

Klomp, J., & Bulte, E. (2013) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12051 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

A Case Study of Extreme Weather Shock and Warfare: The Fall of the Kingdom of Israel c.720 BCE

Kostick, C. (2022) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10012

High Temps, High Tempers? Weather- Related Natural Disasters & Civil Conflict

Slettebak, R., & de Soysa, I. (2015)