Co-release of acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid by a retinal neuron
Open accessAbstract
Rabbit retinas were vitally stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), a fluorescent compound that selectively accumulates within the cholinergic amacrine cells. The retinas were then incubated in vitro in the presence of radioactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and autoradiographed. The cells that accumulated DAPI were found to accumulate GABA, confirming immunohistochemical evidence that the cholinergic amacrine cells contain GABA. Incubation of retinas in the presence of elevated concentrations of K+ caused them to release acetylcholine and GABA, and autoradiography showed depletion of radioactive GABA from the cholinergic amacrine cells. This indicates that the cholinergic amacrine cells can secrete acetylcholine and GABA. Retinas were double-labeled with [14C]GABA and [3H]acetylcholine, allowing simultaneous measurement of their release. The release of [14C]GABA was found to be independent of extracellular Ca2+. Radioactive GABA synthesized endogenously from [14C]glutamate behaved the same way as radioactive GABA accumulated from the medium. In the same experiments the simultaneously measured release of [3H]acetylcholine was strongly Ca2+-dependent, indicating that the releases of acetylcholine and GABA are controlled by different mechanisms. Synaptic vesicles immunologically isolated from double-labeled retinas contained much [3H]acetylcholine and little or no [14C]GABA. These results suggest that the cholinergic amacrine cells release acetylcholine primarily by vesicle exocytosis and release GABA primarily by means of a carrier.
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- Authors
- O'Malley, D. M., & Masland, R. H.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1989-05
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3414-3418
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC287143
- OpenAlex
- W2126180763
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ey005747-10, 5r37ey001075-23)
- National Eye Institute (R37 EY01075, R01-EY05747)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- acetylcholine release, gamma-aminobutyric acid release, cholinergic amacrine cells, retinal neurons, CO release, calcium-dependent exocytosis, synaptic vesicles, potassium-evoked release, rabbit retina
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholine, Animals, Autoradiography, Calcium, Carbon Radioisotopes, Choline, Fluorescent Dyes, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Glutamates, Indoles, Magnesium, Neurons, Potassium, Rabbits, Retina, Tritium, Glutamic Acid
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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