The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging.
Open accessAbstract
We report that visual stimulation produces an easily detectable (5-20%) transient increase in the intensity of water proton magnetic resonance signals in human primary visual cortex in gradient echo images at 4-T magnetic-field strength. The observed changes predominantly occur in areas containing gray matter and can be used to produce high-spatial-resolution functional brain maps in humans. Reducing the image-acquisition echo time from 40 msec to 8 msec reduces the amplitude of the fractional signal change, suggesting that it is produced by a change in apparent transverse relaxation time T*2. The amplitude, sign, and echo-time dependence of these intrinsic signal changes are consistent with the idea that neural activation increases regional cerebral blood flow and concomitantly increases venous-blood oxygenation.
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“After an initial approach using contrast agents (Belliveau et al., 1991), BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) fMRI rapidly became dominant (Ogawa et al., 1992) because it was easier to implement and offered greater sensitivity.”
From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Ogawa et al., 1992
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“The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) (119) and observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to the T2*-weighted contrast (120–122).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [122]
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“The fMRI acquisition is tuned such that the image intensity reflects local blood flow and oxygenation changes resulting from variations in local neural activity [37].”
From Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“This phenomenon is the basis for fMRI (8, 9) and is usually referred to as the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, following Ogawa and colleagues (6).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [8]
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Citations
Cites
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868 · Cited by 6,483
Self-citationOxygenation‐sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields
Ogawa, S., Lee, T., Nayak, A. S., & Glynn, P. (1990) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910140108 · Cited by 2,269
Self-citationFox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.1140 · Cited by 2,056
Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging
Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1948051 · Cited by 1,883
Nonoxidative Glucose Consumption During Focal Physiologic Neural Activity
Fox, P. T., Raichle, M. E., Mintun, M. A., & Dence, C. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3260686 · Cited by 1,796
Thulborn, K. R., Waterton, J. C., Matthews, P. M., & Radda, G. K. (1982) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6 · Cited by 1,134
Frostig, R. D., Lieke, E. E., Ts’o, D. Y., & Grinvald, A. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6082 · Cited by 959
Echo-Planar Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Fraction of a Second
Stehling, M. K., Turner, R., & Mansfield, P. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1925560 · Cited by 623
Ogawa, S., & Lee, T. (1990) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910160103 · Cited by 565
Self-citationHlavin, L. (1990) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.40.2.388-c · Cited by 425
Echo‐planar time course MRI of cat brain oxygenation changes
Turner, R., Bihan, D. L., MOONEN, C. T. W., Despres, D., & Frank, J. A. (1991) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910220117 · Cited by 421
Fisel, C. R., Ackerman, J. L., Buxton, R. B., Garrido, L., Belliveau, J. W., Rosen, B. R., & Brady, T. J. (1991) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910170206 · Cited by 353
Relaxometry of brain: Why white matter appears bright in MRI
Koenig, S. H., Brown, R. D., Spiller, M., & Lundbom, N. M. I. (1990) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910140306 · Cited by 298
Magnetic resonance imaging of stationary blood: A review
Brooks, R. A., & Chiro, G. D. (1987) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.595994 · Cited by 137
Menon, R. S., & Allen, P. S. (1991) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910200205 · Cited by 136
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R. & Tank, D. W. (1990) Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9868-9872.
- Cooper, R., Papakostopoulos, D. & Crow, H. J. (1975) Rapid Changes of Cortical Oxygen Associated with Motor and Cog- nitive Function in Man (Churchill Livingstone, Aviemore, Scotland), pp. 1-14.8-14.9.
- Fox, P. T. & Raichle, M. E. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1140-1144.
- Frostig, R. D., Lieke, E. E., Ts'o, D. Y. & Grinvald, A. (1990) Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6082-6086.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
Thomas Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., Roffman, J. L., Smoller, J. W., Zöllei, L., Polimeni, J. R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00338.2011 · Cited by 9,182
The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity
Buckner, R. L., Krienen, F. M., Castellanos, A., Diaz, J. C., & Yeo, B. T. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00339.2011 · Cited by 7,304
The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: An overview
Van Essen, D. C., Smith, S. M., Barch, D. M., Behrens, T. E. J., Yacoub, E., & Ugurbil, K. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041 · Cited by 5,651
Self-citationHämäläinen, M., Hari, R., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Knuutila, J., & Lounasmaa, O. V. (1993) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.65.413 · Cited by 4,684
Metadata
- Authors
- Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K.
- Affiliations
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Biological Computation Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1992-07
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5951-5955
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC402116
- OpenAlex
- W2050717100
- Cited by
- 3,681
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 134 · 2012: 153
- FWCI
- 80.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- National Institutes of Health (5p01hl032427-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL32427, HL 33600, R01HL033600)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- primary visual cortex, visual stimulation, functional brain mapping, gradient echo MRI, T2 relaxation time, cerebral blood flow, venous blood oxygenation, neuronal activation, echo time dependence
- MeSH terms
- Brain Chemistry, Brain Mapping, Humans, Light, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Water
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