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Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging.
Open accessAbstract
We report that visual stimulation produces an easily detectable (5-20%) transient increase in the intensity of water proton magnetic resonance signals in human primary visual cortex in gradient echo images at 4-T magnetic-field strength. The observed changes predominantly occur in areas containing gray matter and can be used to produce high-spatial-resolution functional brain maps in humans. Reducing the image-acquisition echo time from 40 msec to 8 msec reduces the amplitude of the fractional signal change, suggesting that it is produced by a change in apparent transverse relaxation time T*2. The amplitude, sign, and echo-time dependence of these intrinsic signal changes are consistent with the idea that neural activation increases regional cerebral blood flow and concomitantly increases venous-blood oxygenation.
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“After an initial approach using contrast agents (Belliveau et al., 1991), BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) fMRI rapidly became dominant (Ogawa et al., 1992) because it was easier to implement and offered greater sensitivity.”
From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Ogawa et al., 1992
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) (119) and observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to the T2*-weighted contrast (120–122).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [122]
In the citing paper
“The fMRI acquisition is tuned such that the image intensity reflects local blood flow and oxygenation changes resulting from variations in local neural activity [37].”
From Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI (2013) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“This phenomenon is the basis for fMRI (8, 9) and is usually referred to as the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, following Ogawa and colleagues (6).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [8]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., & Ugurbil, K.
- Affiliations
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Biological Computation Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1992-07
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 5951-5955
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC402116
- OpenAlex
- W2050717100
- Cited by
- 3,681
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 134 · 2012: 153
- FWCI
- 80.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- National Institutes of Health (5p01hl032427-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL32427, HL 33600, R01HL033600)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- primary visual cortex, visual stimulation, functional brain mapping, gradient echo MRI, T2 relaxation time, cerebral blood flow, venous blood oxygenation, neuronal activation, echo time dependence
- MeSH terms
- Brain Chemistry, Brain Mapping, Humans, Light, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Water
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