The DOI matches its Crossref record.
cag , a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors
Open accessAbstract
cagA , a gene that codes for an immunodominant antigen, is present only in Helicobacter pylori strains that are associated with severe forms of gastroduodenal disease (type I strains). We found that the genetic locus that contains cagA ( cag ) is part of a 40-kb DNA insertion that likely was acquired horizontally and integrated into the chromosomal glutamate racemase gene. This pathogenicity island is flanked by direct repeats of 31 bp. In some strains, cag is split into a right segment ( cag I) and a left segment ( cag II) by a novel insertion sequence (IS 605 ). In a minority of H. pylori strains, cag I and cag II are separated by an intervening chromosomal sequence. Nucleotide sequencing of the 23,508 base pairs that form the cag I region and the extreme 3′ end of the cag II region reveals the presence of 19 ORFs that code for proteins predicted to be mostly membrane associated with one gene ( cagE ), which is similar to the toxin-secretion gene of Bordetella pertussis, ptlC, and the transport systems required for plasmid transfer, including the virB4 gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens . Transposon inactivation of several of the cag I genes abolishes induction of IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial cell lines. Thus, we believe the cag region may encode a novel H. pylori secretion system for the export of virulence determinants.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
Tomb, J.-F., White, O., Kerlavage, A. R., Clayton, R. A., Sutton, G. G., Fleischmann, R. D., Ketchum, K. A., Klenk, H. P., Gill, S., Dougherty, B. A., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41483 · Cited by 3,529
Self-citationPathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Kusters, J. G., van Vliet, A. H. M., & Kuipers, E. J. (2006) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00054-05 · Cited by 2,526
Alm, R. A., Ling, L.-S. L., Moir, D. T., King, B. L., Brown, E. D., Doig, P. C., Smith, D. R., Noonan, B., Guild, B. C., deJonge, B. L., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/16495 · Cited by 1,893
In Vitro Expansion of Human Gastric Epithelial Stem Cells and Their Responses to Bacterial Infection
Bartfeld, S., Bayram, T., van de Wetering, M., Huch, M., Begthel, H., Kujala, P., Vries, R., Peters, P. J., & Clevers, H. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.042 · Cited by 820
Pathogenicity Islands in BacterialPathogenesis
Schmidt, H., & Hensel, M. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.1.14-56.2004 · Cited by 776
Helicobacter pylori evolution and phenotypic diversification in a changing host
Suerbaum, S., & Josenhans, C. (2007) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1658 · Cited by 384
Co-occurrence of anaerobic bacteria in colorectal carcinomas
Warren, R. L., Freeman, D. J., Pleasance, S., Watson, P., Moore, R. A., Cochrane, K., Allen-Vercoe, E., & Holt, R. A. (2013) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/2049-2618-1-16 · Cited by 348
Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis
Hatakeyama, M. (2009) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-009-0014-1 · Cited by 291
HATAKEYAMA, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B · doi:10.2183/pjab.93.013 · Cited by 261
Buti, L., Spooner, E., Van der Veen, A. G., Rappuoli, R., Covacci, A., & Ploegh, H. L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1106200108 · Cited by 253
Self-citationThe 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman
Maixner, F., Krause-Kyora, B., Turaev, D., Herbig, A., Hoopmann, M. R., Hallows, J. L., Kusebauch, U., Vigl, E. E., Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2545 · Cited by 231
Growth Phase-Dependent Response of Helicobacter pylori to Iron Starvation
Merrell, D. S., Thompson, L. J., Kim, C. C., Mitchell, H., Tompkins, L. S., Lee, A., & Falkow, S. (2003) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.71.11.6510-6525.2003 · Cited by 149
Wroblewski, L. E., Piazuelo, M. B., Chaturvedi, R., Schumacher, M., Aihara, E., Feng, R., Noto, J. M., Delgado, A., Israel, D. A., Zavros, Y., et al. (2015) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307650 · Cited by 143
Oliveira, M. J., Costa, A. M., Costa, A. C., Ferreira, R. M., Sampaio, P., Machado, J. C., Seruca, R., Mareel, M., & Figueiredo, C. (2009) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/604727 · Cited by 95
A Proposal for a Consolidated Structural Model of the CagY Protein of Helicobacter pylori
López-Luis, M. A., Soriano-Pérez, E. E., Parada-Fabián, J. C., Torres, J., Maldonado-Rodríguez, R., & Méndez-Tenorio, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316781 · Cited by 4
Lopez-Magaña, R., & Ottemann, K. M. (2026) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00394-25 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Censini, S., Lange, C., Xiang, Z., Crabtree, J. E., Ghiara, P., Borodovsky, M., Rappuoli, R., & Covacci, A.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-12-10
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 14648-14653
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W1973232347
- Cited by
- 1,872
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 115.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
