Lost in an iPad: Narrative engagement on paper and tablet
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of reading medium and a paratext manipulation on aspects of narrative engagement. In a 2 (medium: booklet vs. iPad) by 2 (paratext: fiction vs. nonfiction) between-subjects factorial design, the study combined state oriented measures of narrative engagement and a newly developed measure of interface interference. Results indicated that, independently of prior experience with reading on electronic media, readers in the iPad condition reported dislocation within the text and awkwardness in handling their medium. Also, iPad readers who believed they were reading nonfiction were less likely to report narrative coherence and transportation, while booklet readers who believed they were reading nonfiction were, if anything, more likely to report narrative coherence. Finally, booklet (but not iPad) readers were more likely to report a close association between transportation and empathy. Implications of these findings for cognitive and emotional engagement with textual narratives on paper and tablet are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mangen and Kuiken (2014) also found that even experienced iPad readers were more likely to lose track of their place in the text and to report awkwardness when using the device.
“Mangen and Kuiken (2014) also found that even experienced iPad readers were more likely to lose track of their place in the text and to report awkwardness when using the device.”
From Reading Books and Reading Minds: Differential Effects of Wonder and The Crossover on Empathy and Theory of Mind (2017) · cites this paper as Mangen and Kuiken (2014)
In Mangen and Kuiken (2014), the differences between paper and iPad were present only in the group that believed they were reading nonfiction; reading format did not affect narrative engagement when readers believed the story was fiction.
“However, these differences were present only in the group that believed they were reading nonfiction; reading format did not affect narrative engagement when readers believed the story was fiction.”
From Reading Books and Reading Minds: Differential Effects of Wonder and The Crossover on Empathy and Theory of Mind (2017) · cites this paper as Mangen and Kuiken (2014)
Recent studies suggest that emotional transport into stories may be reduced in digital media.
“Recent studies (Mangen & Kuiken, 2014;Mangen, 2016) suggest that emotional transport into stories may be reduced in digital media.”
From Reading Books and Reading Minds: Differential Effects of Wonder and The Crossover on Empathy and Theory of Mind (2017) · cites this paper as Mangen & Kuiken, 2014
Cites
Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1
Prensky, M. (2001) · On the Horizon · doi:10.1108/10748120110424816 · Cited by 11,104 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 4,875 · see citing works
The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives.
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701 · Cited by 4,861 · see citing works
A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness
O'Regan, J. K., & Noë, A. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01000115 · Cited by 3,126 · see citing works
The ‘digital natives’ debate: A critical review of the evidence
Bennett, S., Maton, K., & Kervin, L. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00793.x · Cited by 2,971 · see citing works
Situation models in language comprehension and memory
Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162 · Cited by 2,877 · see citing works
Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind
Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1239918 · Cited by 1,642 · see citing works
The Function of Fiction is the Abstraction and Simulation of Social Experience
Mar, R. A., & Oatley, K. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
To read or not to read: a meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood
Mol, S. E., & Bus, A. G. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021890 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works
Digital natives: Where is the evidence?
Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2010) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/01411920902989227 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Gerrig, R. J. (1993) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300159240 · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
Why we read fiction: theory of mind and the novel
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1963 · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
Keen, S. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175769.001.0001 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students’ use of digital technologies
Margaryan, A., Littlejohn, A. H., & Vojt, G. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.09.004 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
Measuring Narrative Engagement
Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2009) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260903287259 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
The QCAE: a questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy
Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.528484 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Metacognition and reading comprehension
Garner, R. (1988) · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension
Mangen, A., Walgermo, B. R., & Brønnick, K. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.002 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Self-citationNet generation or Digital Natives: Is there a distinct new generation entering university?
Jones, C., Ramanau, R., Cross, S., & Healing, G. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.022 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education
Livingstone, S. (2012) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2011.577938 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Busselle, R. W., & Bilandzić, H. (2008) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Proust and the squid : the story and science of the reading brain
Wolf, M. (2008) · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Bennett, S., & Maton, K. (2010) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00360.x · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years
Liu, Z. (2005) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410510632040 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., Hirsh, J., dela Paz, J., & Peterson, J. B. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.002 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055341 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., & Peterson, J. B. (2009) · COMM · doi:10.1515/comm.2009.025 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Rasinski, T. V., Reutzel, D. R., Chard, D. J., et al. (2010) · Cited by 537 · see citing works
In the Mind's Eye Transportation-Imagery Model of Narrative Persuasion
(2003) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606648-22 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Metacognitive regulation of text learning: On screen versus on paper.
Ackerman, R., & Goldsmith, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/a0022086 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Writing Technology: Studies in the Materiality of Literacy
Haas, C. (1997) · College Composition and Communication · doi:10.2307/358463 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Multidimensional assessment of empathic abilities: Neural correlates and gender differences
Derntl, B., Finkelmeyer, A., Eickhoff, S., Kellermann, T., Falkenberg, D. I., Schneider, F., & Habel, U. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.006 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Johnson, D. R. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Feagin, S. L. (1996) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501721465 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Nell, V. (1988) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt1ww3vk3 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Hypertext fiction reading: haptics and immersion
Mangen, A. (2008) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2008.00380.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting growth in reading ability from children's exposure to print
Cipielewski, J., & Stanovich, K. E. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(92)90018-2 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
On Being Moved by Art: How Reading Fiction Transforms the Self
Djikic, M., Oatley, K., Zoeterman, S., & Peterson, J. B. (2009) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410802633392 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Benedetto, S., Drai-Zerbib, V., Pedrotti, M., Tissier, G., & Baccino, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083676 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
E-readers, computer screens, or paper: Does reading comprehension change across media platforms?
Margolin, S. J., Driscoll, C., Toland, M. J., & Kegler, J. L. (2013) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2930 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Jeong, H. (2012) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/02640471211241663 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Oatley, K. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119970910 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Eveland, W. P., & Dunwoody, S. (2002) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4601_3 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Incidental memory for location of information in text
Rothkopf, E. Z. (1971) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(71)80066-x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Effects of screen presentation on text reading and revising
Piolat, A., Roussey, J.-Y., & Thunin, O. (1997) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1997.0145 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Wästlund, E., Reinikka, H., Norlander, T., & Archer, T. (2004) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.007 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
What is literariness? Three components of literary reading
Miall, D. S., & Kuiken, D. (1999) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539909545076 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Reading Make You Smarter? Literacy and the Development of Verbal Intelligence
Stanovich, K. E. (1993) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60302-x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Aspects of Literary Comprehension
Zwaan, R. A. (1993) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/upal.29 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Foregrounding and Its Effect on Readers' Perception
Hakemulder, J. (2004) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1207/s15326950dp3802_3 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Beyond text theory: Understanding literary response
Miall, D. S., & Kuiken, D. (1994) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539409544873 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationSpunt, R. P., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fact <i>vs</i> fiction—how paratextual information shapes our reading processes
Altmann, U., Bohrn, I. C., Lubrich, O., Menninghaus, W., & Jacobs, A. M. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss098 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kretzschmar, F., Pleimling, D., Hosemann, J., Füssel, S., Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056178 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cataldo, M. G., & Oakhill, J. V. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.92.4.791 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Importance of Deep Reading
Wolf, M., & Barzillai, M. (2009) · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Influence of Paratext on Narrative Persuasion: Fact, Fiction, or Fake?
Appel, M., & Malečkar, B. (2012) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01432.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The effects of reading speed and reading patterns on the understanding of text read from screen
Dyson, M. C., & Haselgrove, M. (2000) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.00115 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Comparing reading processes on e-ink displays and print
Siegenthaler, E., Wurtz, P., Bergamin, P. B., & Groner, R. (2011) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2011.05.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The Role of the Theory‐of‐Mind Cortical Network in the Comprehension of Narratives
Mason, R. A., & Just, M. A. (2009) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00122.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The phenomenology of on‐screen reading: University students' lived experience of digitised text
Rose, E. C. (2010) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01043.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Toch, T. (2008) · Educational leadership · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cognitive Literary Studies: Current Themes and New Directions
(2013) · Poetics Today · doi:10.1215/03335372-2389659 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Zechmeister, E. B., & McKillip, J. (1972) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033249 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Forms, effects, function: LIS students' attitudes towards portable e‐book readers
Pattuelli, M. C., & Rabina, D. L. (2010) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/00012531011046880 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reading from an LCD monitor versus paper: Teenagers’ reading performance
Kim, H. J., & Kim, J. (2012) · International Journal of Research Studies in Educational Technology · doi:10.5861/ijrset.2012.170 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Spatial coding and discourse models during text reading
Baccino, T., & Pynte, J. (1994) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690969408402114 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Experiencing Questionnaire
Kuiken, D., Campbell, P., & Sopčák, P. (2012) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.2.2.04kui · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationHow We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter
Gunn, W. G. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510480092046 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Miellet, S., He, L., Zhou, X., Lao, J., & Caldara, R. (2012) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.5.2.5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Digital Learning and Participation among Youth: Critical Reflections on Future Research Priorities
Livingstone, S. (2010) · International Journal of Learning and Media · doi:10.1162/ijlm_a_00046 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wolf, M., Ullman-Shade, C., & Gottwald, S. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/1945-8959.11.3.230 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Phenomenological and Quantitative Analyses of Absorption in Literary Passages
Braun, I. K., & Cupchik, G. C. (2001) · Empirical Studies of the Arts · doi:10.2190/w6tj-4kkb-856f-03vu · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Baccino, T. (2017) · Presses universitaires de Grenoble eBooks · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gerlach, J. P., & Buxmann, P. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liu, Z. (2012) · Journal of Data and Information Science · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Problems in achieving a global perspective of the text in computer-based writing
Eklundh, K. S. (1992) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00119656 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mangen, A. (2006) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationFiction and its study as gateways to the mind
Oatley, K. (2011) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.1.1.16oat · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aesthetic engagement during moments of suffering
Kuiken, D., & Oliver, M. B. (2013) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.3.2.07kui · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationA Case Study Examining the Reading and Study Habits of Gifted Readers in the Context of Deep Reading
Bradford, J. W. (2012) · DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., & Salmerón, L. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Fabry, R. E., & Kukkonen, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02648 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Guarisco, M. S., Brooks, C., & Freeman, L. M. (2017) · Study and Scrutiny: Research on Young Adult Literature · doi:10.15763/issn.2376-5275.2017.3.1.24-54 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Mangen and Kuiken (2014) asked college students to read an emotional murder story from either paper or an iPad.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Mangen, A., & Kuiken, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Stavanger (NO)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Venue
- Scientific Study of Literature
- Published
- 2014-12-31
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 150-177
- ISSN
- 2210-4372 (ISSN-L)
- 2210-4380
- OpenAlex
- W1994861539
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 222.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific Study of Literature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Narrative Theory and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Keywords
- narrative engagement, reading media, paratext, digital reading, iPad, transportation, narrative coherence, empathy, reader experience
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
