The QCAE: a questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy
Open accessAbstract
Empathy has been inconsistently defined and inadequately measured. This research aimed to produce a new and rigorously developed questionnaire. Exploratory (n₁ = 640) and confirmatory (n₂ = 318) factor analyses were employed to develop the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE). Principal components analysis revealed 5 factors (31 items). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure in an independent sample. The hypothesized 2-factor structure (cognitive and affective empathy) was tested and provided the best and most parsimonious fit to the data. Gender differences, convergent validity, and construct validity were examined. The QCAE is a valid tool for assessing cognitive and affective empathy.
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“We added two questions about different aspects of empathy required in the task (compassion and perspective taking, rated on a 7-point scale from "completely disagree" to "completely agree") and asked each participant to fill in the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE, [31]).”
- Authors
- Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Assessment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-95
- ISSN
- 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7752
- OpenAlex
- W2122840102
- Cited by
- 961
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive empathy, affective empathy, empathy measurement, questionnaire development, factor structure, gender differences, convergent validity, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anger, Cognition, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Students, Universities, Sex Distribution, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
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