Reconsidering the Mind-Wandering Reader: Predictive Processing, Probability Designs, and Enculturation
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Studies on mind-wandering frequently use reading as an experimental task. In these studies, reading is conceived as a cognitive process that potentially offers a contrast to mind-wandering, because it seems to be task-related, goal-directed and stimulus-dependent. More recent work attempts to avoid the dichotomy of successful cognitive processes and processes of mind-wandering found in earlier studies. We approach the issue from the perspective that texts provoke modes of cognitive involvement different from the information processing and recall account that underlies many early mind-wandering studies. After all, reading itself is an umbrella term for activities that are characterized by a variety of phenomenological and functional signatures. We conceptualize reading and mind-wandering in relation to each other through the framework of enculturated predictive processing, which is informed by research in literary studies. Earlier accounts think of reading predominantly in terms of the construction of situation models that organize textual information. By contrast, enculturated predictive processing foregrounds shifting stances readers can take in relation to the text. Characters featuring in literary texts might be mind-wandering themselves, or passages in literary style might make the construction of a clearly defined situational model impossible. Furthermore, we take into account that texts often elicit mind-wandering through the construction of task-relevant and attention-driven virtual scenarios in readers' minds. This more complex account of reading can enrich recent attempts to understand mind-wandering as a complex, multi-dimensional phenomenon. The study of mind-wandering can benefit, we argue, from a closer attention to the process of reading and to the texts it deploys as stimuli. The emerging perspective from enculturated predictive processing and literary studies makes distinctions in reading that in turn enable research on mind-wandering to ask more precise questions about (1) different kinds of mind-wandering, (2) different modes of reading, and (3) how and where they interconnect across time.
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Fabry and Kokkonen [93] make the case for mind wandering as a form of engagement with the text.
“In a similar vein, Fabry and Kokkonen [93] make the case for mind wandering as a form on engagement with the text.”
From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as Fabry and Kokkonen [93]
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Self-citationMathematical cognition : a case of enculturation
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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Delgado, P., & Salmerón, L. (2020) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101396 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Kukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.001.0001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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Pianzola, F., Riva, G., Kukkonen, K., & Mantovani, F. (2021) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13193.2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMind surfing: Attention in musical absorption
Høffding, S., Nielsen, N., & Laeng, B. (2023) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2023.101180 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Carney, J., & Robertson, C. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266323 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Fabry, R. E. (2019) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02470-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationMind wandering in reading: An embodied approach
Trasmundi, S. B., & Toro, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1061437 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Trasmundi, S. B., Toro, J., & Mangen, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.897043 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Borkent, M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197509784.001.0001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Designs on consciousness: literature and predictive processing
Kukkonen, K. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0423 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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van de Ven, I. (2023) · Orbis Litterarum · doi:10.1111/oli.12431 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, J., Lv, J., & Chen, B. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924001081 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mind-Wandering and Emotional Processing in Nondirective Meditation
Eifring, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06955-0_11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
van de Ven, I. (2023) · Language and Literature International Journal of Stylistics · doi:10.1177/09639470231202261 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Being Moved by Art: A Phenomenological and Pragmatist Dialogue
Høffding, S., Sánchez, C. V., & Roald, T. (2022) · Estetika The European Journal of Aesthetics · doi:10.33134/eeja.246 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Trasmundi, S. B., Mangen, A., & Kokkola, L. (2025) · Language and Literacy · doi:10.20360/langandlit29735 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thinking (Im)Possibilities: Cognitive Acts of Imagination and Autofictional Books
Effe, A. (2025) · Literature · doi:10.3390/literature5020012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Emotional Responses to Dreams and Imagination
Trakas, M., & Rosen, M. G. (2026) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-026-01072-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Borkent, M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197509784.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0010
Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0011
Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0015
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Self-citationArtificial, in the Best Sense of the Word
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Self-citationPleasures and Precision Shifts
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Self-citationPlots and Probability Transformations
Kukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0002
Self-citationLiterature as a Designer Environment
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Self-citationIntertextual Precision Expectations
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Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0004
Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0005
Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.003.0008
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How to Talk about Comics and Not Fear Them
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Borkent, M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197509784.003.0006
Borkent, M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197509784.002.0009
Camilla's traces: Movement as an analytical key to literary history
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Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.002.0008
Self-citationKukkonen, K. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.002.0003
Self-citation“What are we doing when we are reading?”
Secco, F. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2387825
Empiirinen kirjallisuuden ja lukemisen tutkimus: Menetelmiä ja käytäntöjä
Ovaska, A., Harinen, K., Kinnunen, E., Lahtinen, T., Löytty, O., & Suomalainen, R. (2026) · doi:10.21435/tl.304
- Authors
- Fabry, R. E., & Kukkonen, K.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Kukkonen, Karin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-01-08
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 2648-2648
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6331403
- OpenAlex
- W2910071476
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universitetet i Oslo
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Narrative Theory and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- mind wandering, reading, predictive processing, situation model, virtual scenarios, literary style, attention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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