The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects
Open accessAbstract
It is commonly stated that ‘snack’ foods provide ‘empty calories’ and, therefore elevate energy intake whist providing insignificant quantities of other nutrients. The data presented in the present review suggest that foods which contribute to the pattern of ‘snacking’ contribute significantly to the nutrient quality of the diet. Those who ‘snack’ frequently tend to eat more food in general. Part of the difficulty in identifying the nutritional implications of ‘snacking’ is related to the definitions of ‘meals’ and ‘snacks’ and subsequent categorization of individual patterns. The physiological definitions typically relating to energy content or the time of eating do not necessarily coincide with colloquial, cultural or individual perceptions of what constitutes a ‘meal’ or ‘snack’. Clearly, a more consistent approach would facilitate interpretation of the literature and enable more effective health education messages about ‘snacking’ to be delivered.
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“It is also subject to bias of the researcher, as the time intervals to define a meal or snack are often based on their understanding of eating patterns, potentially influenced by local or cultural factors( 44 )”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
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“it is not standardised due to subjectivity in participants' allocation of an eating event as a meal or snack( 44 , 48 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Although it is widely acknowledged that different definitions used to define meals/snacks are likely to hamper interpretation of findings across studies( 8 , 44 ), research explicitly examining the impact of these different definitions is rare( 55 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Markers of the Validity of Reported Energy Intake
Livingstone, M. B. E., & Black, A. E. (2003) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.3.895s · Cited by 1,081
Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422414000262 · Cited by 379
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Zizza, C., Siega-Riz, A. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2001) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0817 · Cited by 332
Meal frequency and energy balance
Bellisle, F., McDevitt, R., & Prentice, A. M. (1997) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970104 · Cited by 279
Metadata
- Authors
- Gatenby, S. J.
- Corresponding author
- Gatenby, Susan J.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S7-S20
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2036961767
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- meal frequency, snacking, meal patterns, snacks, empty calories, energy intake, nutrient intake, dietary assessment, health education
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food, Food Preferences, Humans, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Nutritive Value, Periodicity
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