The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
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In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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Cited by
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Items 1,501–1,600 of 6,272
The evidence contained in the P-value is context dependent
Hartig, F., & Barraquand, F. (2022) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.011 · Cited by 18
“For these reasons and more, [7] warn that “Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information” and “By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis”.”
BackgroundChung, J., Freeman, N. L. B., Kosorok, M. R., Marston, W. A., Conte, M. S., & McGinigle, K. L. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3424 · Cited by 18
Lussier, A. A., Zhu, Y., Smith, B. J., Simpkin, A. J., Smith, A. D. A. C., Suderman, M. J., Walton, E., Ressler, K. J., & Dunn, E. C. (2022) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2022.2028072 · Cited by 20
“In particular, the American Statistical Association recently outlined six important principles to avoid the misuse of p-values in scientific analyses [44].”
BackgroundMun, K. T., Bonomo, J., Liebeskind, D. S., & Saver, J. L. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.038153 · Cited by 19
Stokmo, H. L., Aly, M., Lothe, I. M. B., Borja, A. J., Seraj, S. M., Ghorpade, R., Miao, X., Hjortland, G. O., Malinen, E., Sørbye, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13170 · Cited by 17
“As recommended by the American Statistical Association the term “statistical significance” was not used in this manuscript.(51,52) All p-values were reported as continuous quantities.”
MethodLytsy, P., Hartman, M., & Pingel, R. (2022) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.48101/ujms.v127.8760 · Cited by 18
“A P-value is a statement about the data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation and is not a statement about the explanation itself (12).”
BackgroundInfluentialRodríguez–Villegas, C., Díaz, P. A., Salgado, P., Tomasetti, S. J., Díaz, M., Marín, S. L., Baldrich, Á. M., Niklitschek, E. J., Pino, L., Matamala, T., et al. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119901 · Cited by 18
Bayesian Performance Analysis for Algorithm Ranking Comparison
Rojas-Delgado, J., Ceberio, J., Calvo, B., & Lozano, J. A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation · doi:10.1109/tevc.2022.3208110 · Cited by 19
“Certainly, the statistical test provides a reference of the uncertainty, the so-called p-value, but this value is not easy to interpret, as it mixes the magnitude of the difference and the sample size [3], [4], [5].”
BackgroundAn Exploratory Study of Stock Price Movements from Earnings Calls
Medya, S., Rasoolinejad, M., Yang, Y., & Uzzi, B. (2022) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3487553.3524205 · Cited by 19
Seasonal Variation in Neurologic Hospitalizations in the United States
Hamedani, A. G., Thibault, D. P., & Willis, A. W. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26579 · Cited by 18
Long-term performance and impacts of living shorelines in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay
Palinkas, C. M., Bolton, M. C., & Staver, L. W. (2023) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.106944 · Cited by 22
Leite, G. M. C., Marcelino, C. G., Pedreira, C. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136775 · Cited by 18
The Statistical Fragility of Orbital Fractures: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Megafu, M. N., Megafu, E. C., Nguyen, J. T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2023.02.012 · Cited by 18
Neural electrophysiological correlates of detection and identification awareness
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“Second, the claim that VAN is not an NCC of identification is an attempt to prove the null hypothesis (i.e., VAN = 0), but this approach is inherently difficult to do with null hypothesis sig-nificance testing (Dienes, 2016; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialYu, B., Yuan, J., Yan, C., Xu, J., Ma, C., & Dai, H. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15184623 · Cited by 18
Bergström, A., Creed, I. F., Paltsev, A., de Wit, H. A., Lau, D. C. P., Drakare, S., Vrede, T., Isles, P. D. F., Jönsson, A., Geibrink, E., et al. (2024) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.17220 · Cited by 19
“…probability of error to accept given the source (two different monitoring programs) and type (ecological time series) of data, as well as the type of analysis performed (time series analysis; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019, but also Oliver et al., 2018; Paltsev & Creed, 2022).”
MethodFormánek, T., Potočár, L., Wolfová, K., Melicharová, H., Mladá, K., Wiedemann, A. M., Chen, D., Mohr, P., Winkler, P., Jones, P. B., et al. (2024) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004422 · Cited by 18
“In line with the statement from the American Statistical Association on p -values [39], we present effect sizes with 95% CIs throughout the manuscript.”
MethodSignificance Testing Needs a Taxonomy
Bradley, M. T., & Brand, A. (2016) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294116662659 · Cited by 14
Lee, Y., & Bierman, A. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw110 · Cited by 18
“Conversely, significance is not a measure of strength (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 10), and the standardized associations suggested a relatively weak relationship with both outcomes once these controls are in place.”
BackgroundSkeels, C. L., & Windmeijer, F. A. G. (2018) · Econometrics · doi:10.3390/econometrics6040044 · Cited by 20
“Given the recent statement on p-values issued by the American Statistical Association Board of Directors (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), it would be remiss of a paper such as this to be silent on the matter.”
BackgroundOniśko, A., Drużdżel, M. J., & Austin, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.4103/2153-3539.197191 · Cited by 17
“37-40]”
Kua, K. P., & Lee, S. W. H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172289 · Cited by 18
“A probability of 0.05 was considered statistically significant [24] [25] [26] [27] .”
BackgroundInfluentialWeber, E. J., & Hoo, Z. H. (2018) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2018-207763 · Cited by 22
Dyderski, M. K., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2018) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-018-0885-4 · Cited by 19
“…n = 1116 (372 plots 9 3 years), we resigned from interpretation of p values, which could be biased by reporting statistically significant results with little or no biological meaning (the so-called ‘p value hacking’), according to the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodLawler, J. M., Bocknek, E. L., McGinnis, E. W., Martinez‐Torteya, C., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2018) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12271 · Cited by 20
Suryanarayanan, S., Kleinman, D. L., Gratton, C., Toth, A. L., Guédot, C., Groves, R. L., Piechowski, J., Moore, B., Hagedorn, D., Kauth, D., et al. (2018) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biy118 · Cited by 18
BIG DATA IN CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
Lu, W., Webster, C. J., Peng, Y. M., Chen, X., & Chen, K. (2018) · Detritus · doi:10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13737 · Cited by 21
“Although this method is disputed (Goodman, 1999; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), it is commonly used as a license for making a claim of a scientific finding or implied truth in numerous fields including CWM (Wetzels et al.”
MethodAlexithymia and temporomandibular joint and facial pain in the general population
Kindler, S., Schwahn, C., Terock, J., Mksoud, M., Bernhardt, O., Biffar, R., Völzke, H., Metelmann, H. R., & Grabe, H. J. (2018) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12748 · Cited by 18
Beyond inference by eye: Statistical and graphing practices in JEAB, 1992‐2017
Kyonka, E. G. E., Mitchell, S. H., & Bizo, L. A. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.509 · Cited by 18
HOW DO RATING AGENCIES’ DECISIONS IMPACT STOCK MARKETS? A META‐ANALYSIS
Hubler, J., Louargant, C., Laroche, P., & Ory, J. (2019) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12317 · Cited by 17
Negative Parenting Moderates the Prospective Association of ADHD Symptoms and Youth Social Problems
Fenesy, M. C., Teh, S. E., & Lee, S. S. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00542-5 · Cited by 24
Korologou‐Linden, R., Anderson, E. L., Jones, H. J., Smith, G. D., Howe, L. D., & Stergiakouli, E. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz080 · Cited by 16
Rajabzadeh, M., Aghaie, H., & Bahrami, H. (2019) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.07.006 · Cited by 18
Tobacco Smoking, Substance Use, and Mental Health Symptoms in People with HIV in an Urban HIV Clinic
Miles, D. R. B., Bilal, U., Hutton, H. E., Lau, B. M., Lesko, C. R., Fojo, A. T., McCaul, M. E., Keruly, J. C., Moore, R. D., & Chander, G. (2019) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2019.0075 · Cited by 18
“40 The data were analyzed using R Environment for Statistical Computing v3.”
A Procedure and Guidelines for Analyzing Groups of Software Engineering Replications
Santos, A., Vegas, S., Oivo, M., & Juristo, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2935720 · Cited by 23
“suggested that effect sizes and 95% CIs should be used instead of p-values [37], [81], [82].”
BackgroundMethodA novel method to trigger the reconsolidation of fear memory
Yang, Y., Jie, J., Li, J., Chen, W., & Zheng, X. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103461 · Cited by 18
Problem with p values: why p values do not tell you if your treatment is likely to work
Price, R., Bethune, R. M., & Massey, L. H. (2019) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137079 · Cited by 18
Serbanescu, I., Walter, H., Schnell, K., Kessler, H., Weber, B., Drost, S., Groß, M., Neudeck, P., Klein, J. P., Assmann, N., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103512 · Cited by 21
Micro grinding 16MnCr5 hardened steel using micro pencil grinding tools with diameters ∼50 μm
Arrabiyeh, P. A., Setti, D., Basten, S., et al. (2019) · CIRP journal of manufacturing science and technology · doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2019.10.002 · Cited by 18
Gao, L., Smielewski, P., Li, P., Czosnyka, M., & Ercole, A. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6631 · Cited by 18
“P values are reported as is without thresholds for statistical significance in accordance with the latest statistical guidance from the American Statistical Association.(29,30) All tests were two tailed and without correction for multiple comparisons.”
MethodAbarca-Álvarez, F. J., Campos-Sánchez, F. S., & Osuna-Pérez, F. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11236622 · Cited by 18
“Based on the recommendations made by the American Statistical Association [87], for each variable and profile, together with the statistical significance, its effect size (ES) was calculated [88].”
MethodExamination of CIs in health and medical journals from 1976 to 2019: an observational study
Barnett, A. G., & Wren, J. D. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032506 · Cited by 18
Schachter, E. N., Rohr, A., Habre, R., et al. (2020) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-019-00789-3 · Cited by 18
“The use of an arbitrary cutoff for significance must interpreted with care in determining the presence and importance of clinical effects (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016, Wasserstein et al. 2019).”
BackgroundLehnebach, R., Alméras, T., & Clair, B. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa070 · Cited by 18
“Following the ASA statement, the estimated coefficients and associated P-values are also supplemented by confidence intervals.”
MethodNeural Processing and Perceived Discrimination Stress in African Americans
Wright, K., Jack, A. I., Friedman, J. P., Jones, L. M., Sattar, A., Fresco, D. M., & Moore, S. M. (2020) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000441 · Cited by 19
Rubbert-Roth, A., Aletaha, D., Devenport, J., Sidiropoulos, P., Luder, Y., Edwardes, M., & Jacobs, J. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa259 · Cited by 14
Schmid, D., & Stanton, N. A. (2019) · Human-Intelligent Systems Integration · doi:10.1007/s42454-020-00012-0 · Cited by 19
Huybrechts, K. F., Bateman, B. T., & Hernández–Dı́az, S. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.12.1219 · Cited by 18
Marcos, B., Gonçalves, J., Alcaraz‐Segura, D., Cunha, M., & Honrado, J. P. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13040780 · Cited by 19
A discussion on significance indices for contingency tables under small sample sizes
Oliveira, N. L., Pereira, C. A. D. B., Diniz, M. A., & Polpo, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199102 · Cited by 18
“With this goal in mind, all significance indices considered here, including the P-value and the Bayesian e-value, are in agreement with the ASA’s statement on significance indices (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
ResultRaghunandan, K. R., Aithal, G., Shetty, S., & Bhavya, K. (2020) · Cybernetics and Information Technologies · doi:10.2478/cait-2020-0030 · Cited by 19
Sentence Comprehension as a Cognitive Process
Vasishth, S., & Engelmann, F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316459560 · Cited by 29
Juvenile Graphical Perception: A Comparison between Children and Adults
Panavas, L., Worth, A. E., Crnovrsanin, T., Sathyamurthi, T., Cordes, S., Borkin, M. A., & Dunne, C. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501893 · Cited by 22
“Since using p-values as a binary threshold for claiming a scientifc fnding or statistical signifcance used in isolation can lead to erroneous beliefs and poor decision making [28, 73], we augment the null hypothesis signifcance testing with interval estimation of efect sizes [19, 21].”
MethodFeckler, A., Low, M., Zubrod, J. P., & Bundschuh, M. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4127 · Cited by 19
The Language of Betting as a Strategy for Statistical and Scientific CommunicationPreprint
Shafer, G. R. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.06991 · Cited by 20
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association issued a statement listing common misunderstandings of p-values and urging full reporting of searches that produce p-values [46].”
BackgroundSchool start times and teenage driver motor vehicle crashes
Foss, R. D., Smith, R. L., & O'Brien, N. P. (2019) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.031 · Cited by 17
The effect of result‐based agri‐environmental payments on biodiversity: Evidence from Switzerland
Schaub, S., Roth, T., & Bonev, P. (2025) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/ajae.12512 · Cited by 18
Novel Data Reduction Based on Statistical Similarity
Lee, D., Sim, A., Choi, J., et al. (2016) · International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management · doi:10.1145/2949689.2949708 · Cited by 17
“As the standardized distance (2) grows, the value of the complementary cumulative distribution function (ccdf) regarding the Kolmogorov distribution yields a smaller value, which is dubbed the p-value [24].”
BackgroundA simulation study of trend detection methods for integrated ecosystem assessment
Hardison, S., Perretti, C. T., DePiper, G., et al. (2019) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz097 · Cited by 17
Response surface models: To reduce or not to reduce?
Smucker, B. J., Edwards, D. J., & Weese, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Quality Technology · doi:10.1080/00224065.2019.1705208 · Cited by 19
Not Published Is Not Perished: Addressing Publication Bias in Meta-Analytic Studies in Communication
Sun, Y., & Pan, Z. (2020) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqz015 · Cited by 18
Lo, E., & Lasnier, B. (2020) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.003 · Cited by 17
“Null hypothesis significance testing, without consideration of the range of plausible effect sizes, is known to produce conclusions that are nonreproducible and represent over-simplistic dichotomies that can impede scientific progress [2,3].”
Pate, R. R., Frongillo, E. A., Cordan, K., Dowda, M. C., McLain, A. C., Torres, M. E., Brown, W. H., Bucko, A., & Shull, E. R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09023-7 · Cited by 18
“Consistent with recent published guidelines on significance testing, the study will report 95% confidence intervals of estimated parameters [24].”
Methodological Gaps in Studying the Oral-Systemic Disease Connection
Raittio, E. J., & Farmer, J. W. (2021) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034520982972 · Cited by 17
“Misinterpretation and overuse of the P value can lead to implausible interpretations (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundAbuley, I. K., & Hansen, J. G. (2021) · European Journal of Plant Pathology · doi:10.1007/s10658-021-02350-4 · Cited by 17
“This is because p value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a hypothesis, size of an effect or relevance of a result (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundTennant, P. W. G., Doxford‐Hook, E., Flynn, L., Kershaw, K., Goddard, J. R., & Stacey, T. (2021) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16906 · Cited by 17
Bell, J. A., Wade, K. H., O’Keeffe, L. M., Carslake, D., Vincent, E. E., Holmes, M. V., Timpson, N. J., & Smith, G. D. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003751 · Cited by 17
“As recommended for aims of estimation [47,48], we present exact P values and base our interpretations of results on effect size and precision.”
BackgroundCurrent use of effect size or confidence interval analyses in clinical and biomedical research
Amaral, E. D. O. S., & Line, S. R. P. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-04150-3 · Cited by 22
Sreepada, R. S., & Patra, B. K. (2021) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101089 · Cited by 21
Lin, R., Learman, L. N., Bangash, M. A., Melnikova, T., Leyder, E. C., Reddy, S. C., Naidoo, N. N., Park, J. M., Savonenko, A. V., & Worley, P. F. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110014 · Cited by 18
“To gain a more comprehensive profile of stress-induced social preferences beyond conventional p values (Betensky, 2019; Johnson, 2013; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), we calculated Hedges’ g coefficients of effect size (Brydges, 2019; Lakens, 2013).”
Liebich, S., & Vary, P. (2021) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslp.2021.3130966 · Cited by 17
(Not) being granted the right to belong—Amateur football clubs in Germany
Nobis, T., Gómez‐González, C., Nesseler, C., & Dietl, H. (2021) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/10126902211061303 · Cited by 19
“However, we agree with those who argue that the p-value alone offers only limited evidence against a null hypothesis (Bernardi et al., 2017; McShane et al., 2019; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMennis, J. L., McKeon, T. P., Coatsworth, J. D., Russell, M. A., Coffman, D. L., & Mason, M. J. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102728 · Cited by 17
de Vareilles, A., Filipović, D., Obradović, D., et al. (2022) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat5010006 · Cited by 17
Schiappapietra, E., Lanzano, G., & Sgobba, S. A. (2022) · Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107294 · Cited by 17
Hisler, G. C., Dickinson, D. L., Bruce, S. A., & Hasler, B. P. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13728 · Cited by 16
“…across statistical tests, study precision) and to not rely exclusively on binary ‘yes/no’ decisions around the threshold of 0.05 when reporting and interpreting results (Wassersteinm & Lazar, 2016), this effect is still interpreted and discussed, although caution and replication is warranted.”
BackgroundInfluentialTzirakis, K., Kamarianakis, Y., Kontopodis, N., et al. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10020272 · Cited by 17
“05) that signify “statistical significance” are utilized [57].”
BackgroundBrewer, R., Whitten, T., Logos, K., Sayer, M., Langos, C., Holt, T. J., Cale, J., & Goldsmith, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02586-0 · Cited by 24
“These criticisms have been highlighted by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), with many arguing that con-fi dence intervals are a more suitable approach to determining the precision and strength of an association (e.g., Andrade, 2019; Halsey, 2019; Ranstam, 2012).”
BackgroundMuzi, S., & Pace, C. S. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2862 · Cited by 17
Woodside, A. G., Akrout, H., & Mrad, M. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21890 · Cited by 32
Optimal Granularity of Machine Learning Models: A Perspective of Granular Computing
Witold Pedrycz, C., & Wang, X. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2023.3346410 · Cited by 17
“Thewidthoftheinterval isimpliedbythepredefinedvalueoftheconfidencelevel α (commonly set up as 0.01 or 0.05); however, the choice of this value is argued [6], [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialChallenges in applying minimal clinically important difference: a critical review
Podurgiel, J., Piscitelli, D., & Denegar, C. R. (2024) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000613 · Cited by 17
Death by p-value: the overreliance on p-values in critical care research
Patel, S., & Green, A. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05307-9 · Cited by 20
“Because our goal was to highlight near misses, we included only studies where the primary outcome’s p-value landed between 0.05 and 0.10, reasoning that such borderline results exemplify the pitfalls of rigid significance thresholds [1, 11].”
InfluentialIndications for Insulin Pump Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes and Associations With Glycemic Control
JENDLE, J. H., Rawshani, A., Svensson, J., Avdic, T., & Guðbjörnsdóttir, S. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296816650209 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, this study shows that the vast majority of CSII users have started treatment due to problems with glycemic control and patients who are older (and consequently at higher risk of cardiovascular and adverse outcomes) are less frequently treated with CSII.”
MethodInfluentialPolitzer‐Ahles, S., Xiang, M., & Almeida, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175199 · Cited by 17
Why the p Value Alone Is Not Enough: The Need for Confidence Intervals in Plastic Surgery Research
Samargandi, O. A., Al-Taha, M. T., Moran, K., Al‐Youha, S., & Bezuhly, M. (2017) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000003960 · Cited by 17
Early laparoscopic adhesiolysis for small bowel obstruction: retrospective study of main advantages
Mazzetti, C. H., Serinaldi, F., Lebrun, E., & Lemaitre, J. (2017) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5979-x · Cited by 17
Can Imagination Reduce Prejudice Over Time? A Preregistered Test of the Imagined Contact Hypothesis
Schuhl, J., Lambert, E. G., & Chatard, A. (2019) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2019.1579719 · Cited by 22
“…testing procedure creates a number of problems (e.g., questionable research practices, publication bias) and provides very little basis upon which we can draw conclusions about the hypotheses (Trafimow, 2003; Trafimow & Marks, 2015; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we refrained from using this approach.”
Pereira, C. A. D. B., Nakano, E. Y., Fossaluza, V., Esteves, L. G., Gannon, M., & Polpo, A. (2017) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e19120696 · Cited by 16
“More recently, a publication by the American Statistical Association [5] makes recommendations for scientists to be concerned with choosing the appropriate level of significance.”
BackgroundAn object-oriented energy benchmark for the evaluation of the office building stock
Li, X., Yao, R., Li, Q., Ding, Y., & Li, B. (2018) · Utilities Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jup.2018.01.008 · Cited by 17
“If the 286 p-value, an index to assess statistical significance(Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), is 287 greater than the significance level α, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, so it is 288 reasonable to believe that the natural logarithm of EUI (d) is normally distributed.”
BackgroundThomas, K. J., McGloin, J. M., & Sullivan, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-018-9385-x · Cited by 16
Kamei, Y., Kamei, D., Tsuchiya, K., Mineshima, M., & Nitta, K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201591 · Cited by 17
Advanced Statistical Testing of Quantum Random Number Generators
Martinez-Becerril, A. C., Solís, A., Rojas, R. D. H., U’Ren, A. B., Hirsch, J. G., & Castillo, I. P. (2018) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e20110886 · Cited by 22
Mack, M. R., Hensen, C., & Barbera, J. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00713 · Cited by 20
Rigorous Statistical Methods for Rigorous Microbiome Science
Willis, A. D. (2019) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00117-19 · Cited by 16
Rickard, M., Lorenzo, A. J., Hannick, J. H., Blais, A., Koyle, M. A., & Bägli, D. (2019) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.03.045 · Cited by 16
“The median FI of all articles was 2 (1-112) and FQ was 0.”
BackgroundWirth, B., Kunz, S. N., Schwyzer, H., et al. (2019) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-019-05681-2 · Cited by 17
“More importantly, group mean differences and outcome changes from baseline and their respective 95% confidence intervals allow for judgment on whether these statistics reflect minimal important difference or change [45, 48].”
BackgroundROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR SOLVING THE ENERGY INSECURITY IN ASIA
Rakpho, P., Yamaka, W., Puttachai, W., et al. (2020) · The Singapore Economic Review · doi:10.1142/s0217590820430018 · Cited by 17
Randomization‐based interval estimation in randomized clinical trials
Wang, Y., & Rosenberger, W. (2020) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8577 · Cited by 19
Kormáksson, M., Kelly, L. J., Zhu, X., et al. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8955 · Cited by 17
“Note that the expectation in Equation 1 is with respect to the data-generating distribution: the FDP for any realisation of an FDR-controlling procedure will vary around the FDR due to randomness in the data and, possibly, the selection procedure ˆ S .”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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