The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
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In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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Spengler, E. K., Hunsicker, L. G., Zarei, S., Zimmerman, M. B., & Voigt, M. D. (2017) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.1053 · Cited by 17
“A recent statement by the American Statistical Society points out that statistical significance and P values are frequently misinterpreted and specifically state “A pvalue, or statistical significance, does not measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result”((41)) and urges journals to stop using statisti…”
BackgroundFinucane, M. M., Martínez, I. A., & Cody, S. (2017) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1098214017737173 · Cited by 17
“Increasingly wide recognition of the pitfalls of classical p value–based inference has contributed to a broader familiarity with Bayesian methods among statisticians (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundTaylor, R. J., Sanders, D., Myers, T. D., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002391 · Cited by 17
“misinterpretation of standard p-values (40), the small sample size”
BackgroundPiendl, R., Matteis, T., & Liedtke, G. T. (2018) · Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review · doi:10.1016/j.tre.2018.03.005 · Cited by 17
Leung, Y. Y., Lim, Z. L., Fan, Q., Wylde, V., Xiong, S. Q., Yeo, S. J., Lo, N.-N., Chong, H., Yeo, W., Tan, M. H., et al. (2018) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2018.09.003 · Cited by 18
Elliffe, D. M., & Elliffe, M. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.502 · Cited by 17
A Bayes Factor for Replications of ANOVA Results
Harms, C. (2018) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1518787 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, statistical significance and p-values do not contain information about uncertainty in estimates and their misinterpretations have repeatedly been covered over the past decades (Bakan 1966; Nickerson 2000; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Ionides et al. 2017).”
BackgroundDetecting Evidential Value and p-Hacking With the p-Curve Tool
Erdfelder, E., & Heck, D. W. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000383 · Cited by 18
Weiss de Souza, I. C., Kozasa, E. H., Bowen, S., Richter, K. P., Sartes, L. M. A., Colugnati, F. A. B., & Noto, A. R. (2020) · Nicotine and Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa057 · Cited by 18
How to Choose between Different Bayesian Posterior Indices for Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Kelter, R. (2021) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2021.1967716 · Cited by 19
“(Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 132).”
BackgroundA 3 mm Chemical Exploration of Small Organics in Class I YSOs
Gal, R. L., Öberg, K. I., Huang, J., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ebf · Cited by 17
“…statistically significant anti-correlations with disk-to-envelope mass ratio, i.e. with |ρs| & 0.8 and p-values ≤ 0.05 (where the p-values are used as proxies to assess the statistical significances, e.g., Wasserstein & Lazar 2016): HCS+, H13CO+, C2S, H13CN, HC18O+, DCO+, DNC, 13CS, and DCN. 3.3.”
InfluentialWalker, A. M. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0256-9 · Cited by 19
Sorkin, J. D., MANARY, M. J., Smeets, P. A. M., MacFarlane, A. J., Astrup, A. V., Prigeon, R. L., Hogans, B. B., Odle, J., Davis, T. A., Tucker, K. L., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab223 · Cited by 18
What’s in a p? Reassessing Best Practices for Conducting and Reporting Hypothesis-Testing Research
Meyer, K. E., van Witteloostuijn, A. C., & Beugelsdijk, S. (2019) · JIBS special collections · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22113-3_4 · Cited by 18
Ideas in Ecology and Evolution
(editor, L. A. (2019) · Ideas in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.4033/iee · Cited by 17
AbdulRaheem, Y. (2024) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_601_23 · Cited by 16
Ma, X., & Marion, R. (2025) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432241303299 · Cited by 29
“We have implemented recommendations of the American Statistical Association (ASA) for interpreting the data (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
High School Youth’s Reactions to Participating in Mixed-Methodological Dating Violence Research
Edwards, K. M., Haynes, E. E., & Rodenhizer-Stämpfli, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1556264616651783 · Cited by 16
Decision-Theoretic Hypothesis Testing: A Primer With R Package OptSig
Kim, J. H. (2020) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2020.1750484 · Cited by 11
Simulation as a Tool for Teaching and Learning Epidemiologic Methods
Rudolph, J. E., Fox, M. P., & Naimi, A. I. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa232 · Cited by 16
“This is partly due to the fact that P values are often misinterpreted, with common incorrect interpretations, including the belief that the P value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true or that the observed association was produced by chance alone (6, 7).”
BackgroundA standard operating procedure for an enzymatic activity inhibition assay
Smirnovienė, J., Baranauskienė, L., Zubrienė, A., & Matulis, D. (2021) · European Biophysics Journal · doi:10.1007/s00249-021-01530-8 · Cited by 18
“However, the American Statistical Association stated that “No single index should substitute for scientific reasoning” (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundMaierhofer, C., Ranapurwala, S. I., DiPrete, B. L., Fulcher, N., Ringwalt, C. L., Chelminski, P. R., Ives, T. J., Dasgupta, N., Go, V. F.-L., & Pence, B. W. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab181 · Cited by 17
The impact of functional dependence and related surgical complications on postoperative mortality
Clifton, J. C., Engoren, M., Shotwell, M. S., Martin, B. J., Clemens, E. M., Guillamondegui, O. D., & Freundlich, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-021-01779-8 · Cited by 16
The new normal? Redaction bias in biomedical science
Grimes, D. R., & Heathers, J. A. J. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211308 · Cited by 15
“Clearly, naive fixation on arbitrary statistical significance alone can dangerouslymislead investigators, a fact that has been explicitly elucidated in recent years [17].”
BackgroundSilva, D. A. D., Thoma, M. E., Anderson, E. A., & Kim, J. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac062 · Cited by 16
Using p-values for the comparison of classifiers: pitfalls and alternatives
Berrar, D. (2022) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00828-1 · Cited by 22
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) addressed the p -value problem, concluding with a set of guidelines for the proper use of p -values and sig-nificance tests (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodAltmetrics and citation counts
Shakeel, Y., Alchokr, R., Krüger, J., et al. (2022) · ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries · doi:10.1145/3529372.3530939 · Cited by 16
“, assuming a non-existing causation) [3, 47, 48], we use the correlations we identify only to guide our actual study.”
MethodHeijkants, C. H., de Wind, A., van Hooff, M. L. M., Geurts, S. A. E., & Boot, C. R. L. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-022-10064-5 · Cited by 16
“Also, p-values do not state anything about the size or clinical relevance of effects, since statistical significance does not necessarily imply large or meaningful effects [73].”
BackgroundDental floss as an adjuvant of the toothbrush helps gingival health
Shamsoddin, E. (2022) · Evidence-Based Dentistry · doi:10.1038/s41432-022-0818-x · Cited by 16
Burgoon, L. D., Kluxen, F. M., & Frericks, M. (2022) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105311 · Cited by 20
Gupta, A., Ortiz-Babilonia, C. D., Xu, A. L., Rogers, D. L., Vulcano, E., & Aiyer, A. A. (2022) · Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics · doi:10.1177/24730114221144049 · Cited by 16
Steinschneider, S., Herman, J. D., Kucharski, J., et al. (2023) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2022wr032349 · Cited by 16
“Similar logic supports recent efforts in the statistical literature to discourage the use of arbitrary p-values when assessing the statistical significance of relationships (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodSarma, V. V. S. S., Krishna, M. S., & Srinivas, T. N. R. (2023) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-023-01179-w · Cited by 16
Assessing Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency: Which Confounders? A Narrative Review
Muth, T., Schipke, J. D., Brebeck, A.-K., & Dreyer, S. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59040800 · Cited by 16
“However, statistical significance based on a p-value does not measure the effect size or importance of a result [106].”
BackgroundTreatment With Erythropoietin for Patients With Optic Neuritis
Küchlin, S., Ihorst, G., Grotejohann, B., et al. (2023) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200067 · Cited by 16
Physics-based parametrization of a FAS nonergodic ground motion model for Central Italy
Sgobba, S. A., Lanzano, G., Colavitti, L., et al. (2023) · Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10518-023-01691-1 · Cited by 16
“All the terms in the functional show a p-value (test of the statistical significance of the explanatory variables, Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) lower than 0.05, indicating a significant correlation between the predictor and the response variable.”
BackgroundInfluentialSteinhäuser, J. L., Teed, A. R., Zoubi, O. A., Hurlemann, R., Chen, G., & Khalsa, S. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35939-2 · Cited by 18
Cocaine-induced sensitization and glutamate plasticity in the nucleus accumbens core: effects of sex
Catalfio, A. M., Fetterly, T. L., Nieto, A. M., Robinson, T. E., & Ferrario, C. R. (2023) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-023-00525-8 · Cited by 21
“Interpretation of p-values is based on guidelines set forth by the American Statistical Association [46].”
MethodBaf155 regulates skeletal muscle metabolism via HIF-1a signaling
Kang, J., Kim, D., Rhee, J., Seo, J., Park, I., Kim, J.-H., Lee, D. S., Lee, W., Kim, Y. L., Yoo, K., et al. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002192 · Cited by 19
Kent, A. J. R., Till, C. B., & Cooper, K. M. (2023) · Volcanica · doi:10.30909/vol.06.02.161172 · Cited by 16
“In accordance with recommended usage (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), we do not use P 0.05 as a rigid criterion to reject the null hypothesis, but as a guide to suggest where important relationships may exist.”
MethodInfluentialSommer, A., Weigel, S., Hense, H., et al. (2024) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-024-10847-9 · Cited by 16
Evidenced-Based Prior for Estimating the Treatment Effect of Phase III Randomized Trials in Oncology
Sherry, A. D., Msaouel, P., Kupferman, G. S., Lin, T. A., Jaoude, J. A., Kouzy, R., McCaw, Z. R., Ludmir, E. B., & van Zwet, E. W. (2024) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.24.00363 · Cited by 16
What is the (p-) value of the P-value?
Gale, R. P., Hochhaus, A., & Zhang, M.-J. (2016) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2016.193 · Cited by 15
Abreu, P., Pinheiro, C. H. D. J., Vitzel, K. F., de Vasconcelos, D. A. A., Torres, R. P., Fortes, M. A. S., Marzuca-Nassr, G. N., Mancini‐Filho, J., Hirabara, S. M., & Curi, R. (2016) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep085899 · Cited by 18
Brund, R. B. K., Rasmussen, S., Nielsen, R. O., Kersting, U. G., Læssøe, U., & Voigt, M. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12923 · Cited by 18
Exploring the utility of alcohol flushing as an instrumental variable for alcohol intake in Koreans
Cho, Y., Kwak, S., Lewis, S. J., Wade, K. H., Relton, C. L., Smith, G. D., & Shin, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18856-z · Cited by 16
p-Hacking in Experimental Audit Research
Khan, M. J., & Tronnes, P. C. (2018) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-52183 · Cited by 16
The Problems with “The Problem with ‘Magnitude-Based Inference’”
Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001823 · Cited by 16
Loet Leydesdorff, A., Bornmann, L., & Adams, J. R. (2019) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-019-03099-8 · Cited by 16
The Association between Salt and Potential Mediators of the Gastric Precancerous Process
Thapa, S., Fischbach, L. A., Delongchamp, R. R., Faramawi, M. F., & Orloff, M. S. (2019) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers11040535 · Cited by 16
“Consistent with recommendations by the American Statistical Association, our analysis focused on effect estimation rather than statistical significance testing as the appropriate analytic goal [55,56].”
MethodNyrønning, L. Å., Videm, V., Romundstad, P., Hultgren, R., & Mattsson, E. J. R. (2019) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.032 · Cited by 18
Petitions in scientific argumentation: Dissecting the request to retire statistical significance
Hardwicke, T. E., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13162 · Cited by 16
An Evaluation of Snowband Predictability in the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh
Radford, J. T., Lackmann, G. M., & Baxter, M. A. (2019) · Weather and Forecasting · doi:10.1175/waf-d-19-0089.1 · Cited by 16
Berset, S., & Schelker, M. (2019) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103592 · Cited by 16
Altman, M. (2018) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2020.05.006 · Cited by 20
de la Chica, A. G., Huck, M., Depeine, C., Rotundo, M., Adret, P., & Fernández-Duque, E. (2019) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00773-6 · Cited by 9
Fosnacht, K. J., Gonyea, R. M., & Graham, P. (2020) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2019.1689483 · Cited by 16
“…significance testing critical value for the smaller populations, as the effect size is a more appropriate measure of the practical or clinical magnitude of the findings (Cohen, 1965; Kline, 2004; Thompson, 1996; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wilkinson & The Task Force on Statistical Inference, 1999).”
BackgroundStatistical Hypothesis Testing: Overview and Application
Turner, D. P., Deng, H., & Houle, T. T. (2020) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13706 · Cited by 19
“—The P value is often unintentionally misinterpreted.(27) Though often assumed, a P value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true.”
BackgroundWhen Laypeople are Right and Experts are Wrong: Lessons from Love Canal
Fjelland, R. (2021) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789811233548_0008 · Cited by 16
“[Wasserstein & Lazar 2016] 9.”
Kelter, R. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01613-6 · Cited by 17
“: \All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an eect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct." (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016, p. 132) arXiv:2006.03332v1 [stat.ME] 5 Jun 2020 2 Due to the problems with NHST and p-value…”
BackgroundOpportunities of Antidiabetic Drugs in Cardiovascular Medicine
Yan, C., Thijs, L., Cao, Y., Trenson, S., Zhang, Z., Janssens, S. P., Staessen, J. A., & Feng, Y. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14791 · Cited by 16
“P values are statistical parameters, but do not measure effect size, the importance of a result, or the weight of the evidence.(84) We can, therefore, not exclude that GLP1-RAs prevented HF (Figure 2; P=0.”
BackgroundŚwiątkowski, W., & Carrier, A. (2020) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2020.1792297 · Cited by 15
“In the ongoing debates, Bayesian statistics have often been advocated as a viable tool to supplement the existing practices (e.g., Benjamin et al., 2017; Johnson, 2013; Lindsay, 2015; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodLee, A., Archambault, D., & Nacenta, M. A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030446 · Cited by 17
“ed using a circle and the median using a square. Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals computed using 250,000 repetitions. We report p-values to three decimal places in all figures [13,32,33,65]. Solid lines indicate p< 0:05 and dashed lines 05. 6 EXP. 1: GRAPH STRUCTURE CHANGES AT POINTS IN TIME…”
MethodIngraffia, R., Giambalvo, D., Frenda, A. S., Roma, E., Ruisi, P., & Amato, G. (2021) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104127 · Cited by 16
Karmakar, B., Pal, S., Gopikrishna, K., et al. (2021) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.109 · Cited by 16
Parys, A. V., Sæle, J., Puaschitz, N. G., Anfinsen, Å. M., Karlsson, T., Olsén, T., Haugsgjerd, T. R., Vinknes, K. J., Holven, K. B., Dierkes, J., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac217 · Cited by 16
Avoiding negative reviewer comments: common statistical errors in anesthesia journals
Lee, S. (2016) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2016.69.3.219 · Cited by 16
“To correct these year-long customs in academic areas, the American Statistical Association eventually published a statement on significance levels, in 2016 (Table 1) [18].”
BackgroundLies, damned lies and statistics: Clinical importance versus statistical significance in research
Mellis, C. (2017) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2017.02.002 · Cited by 17
The Effects of Adding Search Functionality to Interactive Visualizations on the Web
Feng, M., Deng, C., Peck, E. M., et al. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173711 · Cited by 16
Null Findings, Replications and Preregistered Studies in Business Ethics Research
Roloff, J., & Zyphur, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3864-8 · Cited by 19
“In 2016, the Ameri‑ can Statistical Association published a statement on how to interpret and report p values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), which cautions about their use—although without adequate critical insight about questionable research and reporting practices.”
BackgroundAre estimates of crash modification factors mis-specified?
Noland, R. B., & Adediji, Y. (2018) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.05.017 · Cited by 16
Booth, J. S., Goldberg, E., Patil, S. A., Barnes, R. S., Greenwald, B. D., & Sztein, M. B. (2018) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxy070 · Cited by 15
Government capabilities as drivers of performance: path to prosperity
Antoniades, N., & Haan, P. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01180 · Cited by 16
“The statistics used in this study were as follows: (a) the mean; (b) the standard deviation (Walker, 1931); (c) Pearson (1895) correlations to measure the linear relationship between the variables (Rumsey, 2018), and lastly, statistical hypothesis testing (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
MethodLiang, Y.-C., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21020185 · Cited by 19
Tremblay, S., Pieper, F., Sachs, A. J., Joober, R., & Martínez-Trujillo, J. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0371-18.2018 · Cited by 15
“If this concept is not clear to the reader, please consult the following resource (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundBeyond p values: utilizing multiple methods to evaluate evidence
Valentine, K. D., Buchanan, E. M., Scofield, J. E., & Beauchamp, M. T. (2019) · Behaviormetrika · doi:10.1007/s41237-019-00078-4 · Cited by 17
Swanson, S. A. (2016) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000558 · Cited by 16
The Bayesian Approach to Decision Making and Analysis in Nutrition Research and Practice
Gleason, P., & Harris, J. E. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.07.009 · Cited by 16
Nóbrega, M. T. C., Dantas, E. L. D. A., Alonso, R. C. B., de Almeida, L. D. F. D., Puppin‐Rontani, R. M., & de Sousa, F. B. (2019) · Dental Materials Journal · doi:10.4012/dmj.2019-108 · Cited by 16
Elobixibat alleviates chronic constipation in hemodialysis patients: a questionnaire-based study
Kamei, D., Kamei, Y., Nagano, M., Mineshima, M., Nitta, K., & Tsuchiya, K. (2020) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-020-1179-6 · Cited by 16
Wenke, R., Coman, L., Walton, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.02.011 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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