The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
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In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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From tea tasting to t test: a P value ain't what you think it is
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“” The American Statistical Association (ASA) has done the scientific community a great service by describing what a P value is and what it is not and to highlight the misuses of the P value.(2) For example, in the June issue of The Journal, Lapidus and colleagues(3) reported that in randomized, placebocontrolled, clin…”
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“Results were interpreted based on obtained effect sizes (relative risk) and confidence intervals in addition to statistical significance level (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
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“This situation compelled the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) to emphasize some modest minimal standards.”
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“We consider p-values of 0.05 as significant as we have a reasonably large sample size of 163 (but see Boos and Stefanski, 2011; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; McShane et al., 2019 for debate on the use of p-value).”
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“16 Bayesian methods provide a formal method to estimate the probability of a treatment benefit or harm not directly assessed in frequentist analyses.”
Leggett, S. (2021) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-021-01429-7 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, no p-values will be reported here as per the American Statistical Association (ASA) guidelines (Wasserstein et al. 2019; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundKoch, E. D., Freitag, C. M., Mayer, J. S., Medda, J. E., Reif, A., Grimm, O., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Sanchez, J. P., Asherson, P. J., Kuntsi, J., et al. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.01.110 · Cited by 14
McCaw, Z. R., Kim, D. H., & Wei, L. J. (2022) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkac007 · Cited by 13
“A P value alone cannot be used to quantify clinical utility (5).”
BackgroundMezlini, A. M., Shapiro, A. D., Daza, E. J., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.11958 · Cited by 13
Numerical prediction of loudness metrics for N-waves and shaped sonic booms in kinematic turbulence
Carr, A. N., Lonzaga, J. B., & Miller, S. A. (2022) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0011514 · Cited by 13
P-Values and Power in Orthopedic Research: Myths and Reality
Zaniletti, I., Devick, K. L., Larson, D. R., Lewallen, D. G., Berry, D. J., & Kremers, H. M. (2022) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2022.05.026 · Cited by 13
Bucher, A., Blazek, E. S., & West, A. B. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/42343 · Cited by 13
“Within the population who was eligible to receive intervention messaging, we saw no practical differences [40] in the frequency at which people engaged with the intervention or took action following a message based on their age, race, educational attainment, or household income.”
BackgroundMündt, T., Heinemann, F., Müller, J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-022-04805-2 · Cited by 13
Demographic and socioeconomic correlates to buprenorphine access in pharmacies
Welsh, J. W., Yarbrough, C. R., Sitar, S. I., Mataczynski, M. J., Peralta, A. M., Kan, M., Crawford, N. D., Conrad, T. A., Kee, C., & Young, H. N. (2022) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.12.015 · Cited by 14
Kelter, R. (2023) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.202200095 · Cited by 13
“…replication crisis in medical science puts the finger on a weak spot in applied empirical research (Ioannidis, 2016; Wagenmakers & Pashler, 2012; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019), the lack of neutral comparison studies which aim at providing guidelines as described above…”
BackgroundFisher, K., Schlub, T. E., Boyer, Z., Rasmussen, T. A., Rhodes, A., Hoh, R., Hecht, F. M., Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., & Palmer, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1064346 · Cited by 14
Generalized linear model-based data analytic approach for construction equipment management
Yang, Y., Yu, C., & Zhong, R. Y. (2023) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2023.101884 · Cited by 13
Sex Differences in the Systemic and Local Immune Response of Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Ahmed, A., Köhler, S., Klotz, R., Giese, N. A., Hackert, T., Springfeld, C., Jäger, D., & Halama, N. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15061815 · Cited by 14
“Indicators of significance are supplied according to current recommendations [20,21].”
BackgroundPredicting User Behavior in e-Commerce Using Machine Learning
Ketipov, R., Angelova, V., Doukovska, L., et al. (2023) · Cybernetics and Information Technologies · doi:10.2478/cait-2023-0026 · Cited by 13
Explorations in statistics: statistical facets of reproducibility
Curran‐Everett, D. (2016) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00042.2016 · Cited by 14
“We should expect this: a P value is a notoriously weak indicator of evidence (1, 4, 7, 21, 22, 30, 32).”
BackgroundMaugis, P.-A. (2016) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2016.09.005 · Cited by 13
Cystic Fibrosis is Associated with Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Washington State, 1996-2013
Ramos, K. J., Sack, C. S., Mitchell, K. H., Goss, C. H., & Starr, J. R. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.069 · Cited by 12
“05.(27) Institutional review board approval was obtained through the University of Washington.”
Can nursing epistemology embrace p‐values?
Ou, C. H. K., Hall, W. A., & Thorne, S. E. (2017) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.12173 · Cited by 18
“This general approach was adopted by the health and social sciences and perpetuated in the scientific community by its inclusion in textbooks and through expectations of journals and journal editors (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodComparative effectiveness research methodology using secondary data: A starting user’s guide
Sun, M., & Lipsitz, S. R. (2017) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.10.011 · Cited by 13
Low‐Choy, S., Riley, T., & Alston‐Knox, C. (2017) · Educational Media International · doi:10.1080/09523987.2017.1397404 · Cited by 13
“The corresponding interpretation of confidence intervals (and the related concept of p -values) relies on randomization (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016): In the long run (for a large number of random samples, of decisions), a 95% confidence interval for an effect (such as the effect of a student’s…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoss, E., Cervato, C., Genschel, U., et al. (2018) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.1080/10899995.2018.1411730 · Cited by 13
“We choose a D .1 as the level of significance for all subsequent statistical inference, but we encourage the interested reader to consider a statement made by the American Statistical Association (ASA) in 2016 on statistical significance and p-values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodInfluences on Australian adolescents’ recreational reading
Rutherford, L., Merga, M. K., & Singleton, A. (2018) · The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy · doi:10.1007/bf03652005 · Cited by 14
“Such an approach is consistent with recent efforts in quantitative research to use more theoretically appropriate ways of interpreting the data (see Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
ResultP-Value, Confidence Intervals, and Statistical Inference: A New Dataset of Misinterpretation
Lyu, Z., Peng, K., & Chuan-Peng, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00868 · Cited by 16
Shin, S. S., Carpenter, C. L., Ekstrand, M. L., Yadav, K., Shah, S. V., Ramakrishnan, P., Pamujula, S., Sinha, S., & Nyamathi, A. (2018) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2193-3 · Cited by 13
Beyond Average: Contemporary statistical techniques for analysing student evaluations of teaching
Kitto, K., Williams, C., & Alderman, L. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1506909 · Cited by 17
“The time is now ripe for action; a recent public statement by The American Statistical Association points to the misuse of p-values in many disciplines (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016); clearly it is inadvisable to ignore such advice.”
BackgroundTwenty-five ways clinical trials have changed in the last 25 years
May, M. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0314-1 · Cited by 13
TACKLING FALSE POSITIVES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH: A STATISTICAL TOOLBOX WITH APPLICATIONS
Kim, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12303 · Cited by 14
“There are growing concerns and accumulated evidence that most scientific findings are the outcomes of false positives (see, for example, Innoniades, 2005; Rao and Lovric, 2016; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVera, R. R., & Garcés, P. H. (2019) · Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales · doi:10.17138/tgft(7)1-13 · Cited by 13
“…× System and pastureage × SRw , since these variables were significant, but when comparing treatments, preference was given to standard errors of the mean (s.e.m.) and confidence intervals (CI) in view of current discussions on the value and interpretation of P values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Replicability of Machine Learning Models in the Social Sciences
Vijayakumar, R., & Cheung, M. W. ‐. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000344 · Cited by 14
“Although p-value does not represent the strength of effect (see e.g., Benjamin et al., 2018; Lakens et al., 2018; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), regression methods usually use p-values for selection of variables, for instance, in subset-selection algorithms.”
MethodDifferentially Private Inference for Binomial Data
Awan, J., & Slavković, A. (2020) · Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality · doi:10.29012/jpc.725 · Cited by 20
“…both the statistics and scientific community have been strongly arguing for providing more complete information on basic statistical inference when determining statistical significance, as the latter cannot and should not be equated with scientific significance (Nuzzo, 2014; Wasserstein et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTwo-phase study examining perspectives and use of quantitative methods in physics education research
Knaub, A. V., Aiken, J. M., & Ding, L. (2019) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.020102 · Cited by 13
Can Rust Belt or Three Cities Explain the Sociospatial Changes in Atlantic Canadian Cities?
Kaida, L., Ramos, H., Singh, D., et al. (2019) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12424 · Cited by 13
“In identifying the contributing composite measures, we consider statistical significance (p-value) of the coefficient, although we do not strictly use p = 0.05 as the threshold of our identification (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodInfluentialMoon, M., & Shim, J.-C. (2019) · Journal of Communication Management · doi:10.1108/jcom-01-2019-0002 · Cited by 13
Ferreira, D. L. S., Hübel, C., Herle, M., Abdulkadir, M., Loos, R. J. F., Bryant‐Waugh, R., Bulik, C. M., Stavola, B. L. D., Lawlor, D. A., & Micali, N. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9090191 · Cited by 13
Molecular Predictors for Advanced Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Recurrence
de Castro, T. P., Penha, R. C. C., Buexm, L. A., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00839 · Cited by 13
Suh, Y. A., & Yim, M. (2020) · Nuclear Technology · doi:10.1080/00295450.2020.1731405 · Cited by 13
Martín-Saavedra, J. S., & Ruiz-Sternberg, Á. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1080/08098131.2020.1761867 · Cited by 12
Are Combined Tourism Forecasts Better at Minimizing Forecasting Errors?
Gunter, U., Önder, İ., & Smeral, E. (2020) · Forecasting · doi:10.3390/forecast2030012 · Cited by 13
“In doing so, we follow a recent statement of the American Statistical Association (ASA) pointing out very clearly that the widespread use of statistical significance—to be understood as a 5% p-value threshold—as a justification for scientific findings leads to a biased perception of the scientific process [48].”
BackgroundStites, N. A., Berger, E., DeBoer, J. J., & Rhoads, J. F. (2020) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2020.1783208 · Cited by 13
“As recommended by the American Statistical Association in their statement on the use of p-values to make scientific conclusions (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), we contextualise and triangulate these statistical results with other sources of data and analyses before making conclusions.”
Background2017 International Aircraft Cabin Air Conference
Watterson, A., & Michaelis, S. (2019) · Journal of Health and Pollution · doi:10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191201 · Cited by 12
Malone, H., & Coyne, I. (2020) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr.2020.e1756 · Cited by 14
Bevis, L. E. M., & Hestrin, R. (2020) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-020-00698-w · Cited by 13
McLean, Z. L., Appleby, S. J., Wei, J., Snell, R. G., & Oback, B. J. (2020) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.23443 · Cited by 13
“Following statistical best practice and accepting uncertainty, we have not indicated arbitrary thresholds for p‐values and abandoned declarations of “statistical significance” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRolock, N., Ocasio, K., White, K. R., Havighurst, S. S., Cho, Y. I., Fong, R., Marra, L., & Faulkner, M. (2020) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2020.1846660 · Cited by 13
“Also, as noted in previous research, the p < .05 threshold is a somewhat arbitrary convention, even if commonly used (Shadish et al., 2002; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodMcDowell, L. J., Gough, K., King, M. T., Corry, J. F., & Rischin, D. (2021) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105309 · Cited by 13
Global virtual teams in education: Do peer assessments motivate student effort?
Román-Calderón, J. P., Robledo‐Ardila, C., & Vélez‐Calle, A. (2021) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2021.101021 · Cited by 13
A century-long record of plant evolution reconstructed from a coastal marsh seed bank
Blum, M. J., Saunders, C. J., McLACHLAN, J. S., et al. (2021) · Evolution Letters · doi:10.1002/evl3.242 · Cited by 13
“…be viewed with some caution due to low degrees of freedom (i.e., because inferential power is limited by small sample sizes (Button et al. 2013, Wasserstein and Lazar 2016)), it is notable that plants in the 1900 and 1908 cohorts exhibit higher salinity tolerance also exhibit distinct Bayesian…”
BackgroundLawton, M., Tan, M. M. X., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Baig, F., Barber, T. R., Klein, J. C., Evetts, S. G., Millin, S., Malek, N., Grosset, K. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-327376 · Cited by 13
Nojima, M., Tokunaga, M., & Nagamura, F. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021129 · Cited by 12
The relationship between frequency of performance and perceived importance of health behaviours
Nudelman, G., & Ivanova, E. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318770724 · Cited by 14
“In accordance with the recommendations of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016) and the ‘New Statistics’ (Cumming, 2014), estimations were based on effect sizes, confidence intervals (CIs) and meta-analytic calculations.”
MethodEditorial: P-values, theory, replicability, and rigour
Bijak, J. (2019) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2019.41.32 · Cited by 11
“Concerned about the misuse of some commonly used tools, the American Statistical Association has proposed a set of guidelines on the use, interpretation, and limitations of ubiquitous statistical measures such as p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Wasserstein, Schirm, and Lazar 2019).”
BackgroundMethodMore, S. J., Bampidis, V., Benford, D., Bragard, C., Hernández, A. F., Bennekou, S. H., Koutsoumanis, K. P., Lambré, C., Machera, K. A., Mennes, W. C., et al. (2024) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8866 · Cited by 13
Erceg-Hurn, D. M., Campbell, B. N. C., & McEvoy, P. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102676 · Cited by 13
Abarca-Alvarez, F. J., Campos-Sanchez, F. S., & Reinoso-Bellido, R. (2018) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.2495/sdp-v13-n7-941-953 · Cited by 12
“…the statistical significance of such belonging in relation to globality. to comply with recommendations by the American Statistical Association [27], for each variable and profile—in addition to the statistical significance by means of the bilateral Student’s t-test (p-value £ 0.05)—the effect…”
MethodInfluentialLotinga, M. J. B., Green, M. C., & Torija, A. J. (2025) · npj Acoustics · doi:10.1038/s44384-024-00001-6 · Cited by 12
Aasvik, O., Ulleberg, P., & Hagenzieker, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1531386 · Cited by 12
“By looking at effect sizes and not merely at p -values, we avoid some of the issues with potential false positives (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
A Salmonella subset exploits erythrophagocytosis to subvert SLC11A1-imposed iron deprivation
Roche, B., Claudi, B., Cunrath, O., Bleck, C. K. E., Antelo-Varela, M., Li, J., & Bumann, D. (2025) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2025.04.013 · Cited by 15
Moving Otology Beyond p < 0.05
Hayat, M. J., Chandrasekhar, R., Dietrich, M. S., Gifford, R. H., Golub, J. S., Holder, J. T., & Labadie, R. F. (2020) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000002662 · Cited by 12
Martinig, A. R., Mathot, K. J., Lane, J. E., Dantzer, B., & Boutin, S. A. (2020) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/araa136 · Cited by 12
Application of explicit precautionary principles in data-limited fisheries management
Fischer, S. H., Oliveira, J. A. A. D., Mumford, J. D., et al. (2021) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsab169 · Cited by 12
van Witteloostuijn, A. C., Vanderstraeten, J., Slabbinck, H., Dejardin, M., Hermans, J., & Coreynen, W. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100269 · Cited by 22
Brierley, M. L., Smith, L. R., Chater, A., & Bailey, D. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159186 · Cited by 13
“Cohen’s d was calculated to describe the magnitude of change [75], with d ≤ 0.”
MethodChen, P., Teo, D. W. H., Foo, D. X. Y., Derry, H. A., Hayward, B., Schulz, K. W., Hayward, C., McKay, T. A., & Ong, D. C. (2022) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-022-00135-w · Cited by 15
Dunne, S., McGillicuddy, F. C., Gibney, E. R., & Feeney, E. L. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.002 · Cited by 12
Bayesian (re)-Analyses of Clinical Trial Data
Siddique, J. (2022) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evide2200297 · Cited by 12
Randomized Trial of a Sexual Health Video Intervention for Black and Hispanic Adolescent Females
Jenner, E., Walsh, S. K., Henley, C., Demby, H., Leger, R., & Falk, G. (2023) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01499-0 · Cited by 12
“This is an overzealous interpretation of what hypothesis tests can do in general (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), and in this case, we believe it to be an oversimplification of what the data are telling us.”
MethodGütekriterien in der Soziologie
Otte, G., Sawert, T., Brüderl, J., Kley, S. A., Kroneberg, C., & Rohlfing, I. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Soziologie · doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2023-2006 · Cited by 18
Shining a Light on Forensic Black-Box Studies
Khan, K., & Carriquiry, A. L. (2023) · Statistics and Public Policy · doi:10.1080/2330443x.2023.2216748 · Cited by 15
“This type of decision-making can be problematic (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundEight decades of compositional change in a managed northern hardwood landscape
Ducey, M. J., Fraser, O. L., Yamasaki, M., et al. (2023) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2023.100121 · Cited by 12
Soriano, J. B., Peláez, A., Fernández, E., & Ancochea, J. (2023) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2023.04.020 · Cited by 14
Beyond statistical significance: Five principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting
Wedel, M., & Gal, D. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1379 · Cited by 12
Filho, O. C. D. S., Avanci, J. Q., Pires, T. D. O., et al. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04215-7 · Cited by 12
“In this sense, factors such as multiple adjustment and the incorporation of the sample plan of the complex sample into the analysis may have hindered the achievement of significant p-values [69].”
BackgroundNeighborhood Deprivation and Neural Tube Defects
Evans, S. P., Ailes, E. C., Kramer, M. R., Shumate, C., Reefhuis, J., Insaf, T. Z., Yazdy, M. M., Carmichael, S. L., Romitti, P. A., Feldkamp, M. L., et al. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001655 · Cited by 12
“To align with the American Statistical Association guidelines, 27 we considered ORs meaningful if they had an effect size 15% greater than the null.”
Zhou, S., & Chi, G. (2024) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2024.50.2 · Cited by 14
“However, the scientific community has acknowledged that relying solely on the p -value may not provide sufficient evidence for making valid and meaningful conclusions (Siegfried 2010; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundXiang, X., Li, Y., Wu, X., Cao, H., & Lin, X. (2024) · Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101769 · Cited by 12
Pacyga, D. C., Papandonatos, G. D., Rosas, L., Whalen, J., Smith, S. C., Park, J.-S., Gardiner, J. C., Braun, J. M., Schantz, S. L., & Strakovsky, R. S. (2024) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114380 · Cited by 11
Napit, I. B., Shrestha, D., Choudhury, S., Gkini, E., Ilozumba, O., Gill, P. S., Bishop, J. R. B., Neupane, K., Adhikari, A., Sartori, J., et al. (2024) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012088 · Cited by 10
“In line with the American Statistical Association Statement [38] we report point estimates and confidence intervals and p-values without dichoto-mising results into “significant” and “not significant”.”
BackgroundHobbs, N. Z., Papoutsi, M., Delva, A., Kinnunen, K. M., Nakajima, M., Laere, K. V., Vandenberghe, W., Herath, P., & Scahill, R. I. (2024) · Journal of Huntington s Disease · doi:10.3233/jhd-240016 · Cited by 11
“Widespread use of statistical inference methods in scientific research has received scrutiny as outlined in the “ASA Statement on Statistical Significance and P -values” [260].”
MethodKnutzen, S. M., Christensen, D. S., Cairns, P., Damholdt, M. F., Amidi, A., & Zachariae, R. H. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/58217 · Cited by 14
“…enable direct probability statements about the hypotheses themselves and avoid other issues associated with null hypothesis significance testing, such as the overreliance on relatively arbitrary P value thresholds and the dichotomization of results into “significant” and “nonsignificant” [66].”
BackgroundWagner, M. J., Jeewa, A., Pidborochynski, T., Lemaire‐Paquette, S., Khoury, M., Cunningham, C., Dhillon, S., Laroussi, N. A., Vaujois, L., Dallaire, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.033968 · Cited by 12
Female sexual function and distress and time-to-pregnancy in a prospective preconception cohort
Bond, J. C., Heaton, B., White, K. O., Abrams, J. A., Kuohung, W., Fisher, R. R., Wesselink, A. K., Fox, M. P., & Wise, L. A. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.09.117 · Cited by 14
Exploring LLM-Driven Explanations for Quantum Algorithms
d’Aloisio, G., Fortz, S., Hanna, C., Fortunato, D., Bensoussan, A., Usandizaga, E. M., & Sarro, F. (2024) · Proceedings of the ... ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement/International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement · doi:10.1145/3674805.3690753 · Cited by 12
“In addition, following the standard guidelines in [41], we support the obtained p-values for RQ 1 , RQ 2 and RQ 4 with the Cliff’s 𝛿 effect size to assess the difference magnitude [25].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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