The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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“have calculated the following different error rates associated with P values [Table 4].[7]”
BackgroundResultNewcomer, K. E., Hall, J. L., Pandey, S. K., Reginal, T., & White, B. P. (2023) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13688 · Cited by 15
“…a new era was ushered in when the American Statistical Association (ASA) in 2016 released a statement summarizing years of debate on the use of statistical significance testing, and concluded that the p-values were widely misused, misun-derstood, and misinterpreted (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Megafu, M. N., Megafu, E. C., Mian, H. S., Singhal, S. S., Nietsch, K. S., Yendluri, A., Tornetta, P., & Parisien, R. L. (2023) · The Foot · doi:10.1016/j.foot.2023.102047 · Cited by 15
Wattiez, A., Schindler, L., Ussia, A., Campo, R., Keckstein, J., Grimbizis, G., Exacoustós, C., Kondo, W., Nezhat, C., Canis, M. J., et al. (2023) · Facts Views and Vision in ObGyn · doi:10.52054/fvvo.15.3.094 · Cited by 16
Yang, H., Shi, P., Li, M., Kong, L., Liu, S., Jiang, L., Yang, J., Xu, B., Yang, T., Xi, S., et al. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115660 · Cited by 16
Cardiovascular Outcomes of α-Blockers vs 5-α Reductase Inhibitors for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Zhang, J., Latour, C. D., Olawore, O., Pate, V., Friedlander, D. F., Stürmer, T., Funk, M. J., & Jensen, B. C. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.43299 · Cited by 17
Campbell’s Law Explains the Replication Crisis: Pre-Registration Badges Are History Repeating
Klonsky, E. D. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241253430 · Cited by 23
Scene-Aware Foveated Neural Radiance Fields
Shi, X., Wang, L., Liu, X., Wu, J., & Shao, Z. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3429416 · Cited by 17
“We use p -value [61], Cohen’s d and its effect size [43] to evaluate the significance of our method’s synthesis quality compared with FoV - NeRF .”
Confidence intervals are no salvation from the alleged fickleness of the P value
van Helden, J. (2016) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3932 · Cited by 15
Hasan, S. A. (2018) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1508870 · Cited by 15
“8While all tests are conducted at the 5% level, following the recommendation of American Statistical Association that emphasizes focusing less of p-values but more on full reporting and transparency, we retained all the insignificant variables in our models (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundA Theory of Statistical Inference for Ensuring the Robustness of Scientific Results
Coker, B., Rudin, C. D., & King, G. (2021) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3818 · Cited by 25
“See Wicherts et al. (2016) for an attempt to enumerate a complete list.”
BackgroundProduction and preservation of the smallest drumlins
Hillier, J. K., Benediktsson, Í. Ö., Dowling, T., et al. (2018) · GFF · doi:10.1080/11035897.2018.1457714 · Cited by 15
“A convention of considering a 5% chance of the result occurring by random variation in sampling (i.e., 95% level, p 0.05) is arbitrary (Wasserstein & Lazar 2016), so both 5 and 10% levels are reported.”
MethodInfluentialLinks between fish abundance and ocean biogeochemistry as recorded in marine sediments
Kavanagh, L., & Galbraith, E. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199420 · Cited by 15
Greenland, S., Fay, M. P., Brittain, E., Shih, J. H., Follmann, D. A., Gabriel, E. E., & Robins, J. M. (2019) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2019.1575771 · Cited by 14
On one-sample Bayesian tests for the mean
Abdelrazeq, I., Al‐Labadi, L., & Alzaatreh, A. (2020) · Statistics · doi:10.1080/02331888.2020.1726918 · Cited by 15
Secondary data analysis to answer questions in human biology
Rosinger, A. Y., & Ice, G. H. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23232 · Cited by 18
“To help readers interpret the results, the point estimates should always be accompanied by the measure of uncertainty (standard errors and 95% confidence intervals), which provide more information than the P-value, which some fields wish to move away from (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Virji, M. A., Liang, X., Su, F., LeBouf, R. F., Stefaniak, A. B., Stanton, M. L., Henneberger, P. K., & Houseman, E. A. (2019) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxz043 · Cited by 17
Cumulative Science via Bayesian Posterior Passing
Brand, C. O., Ounsley, J., van der Post, D. J., & Morgan, T. J. H. (2019) · Meta-Psychology · doi:10.15626/mp.2017.840 · Cited by 17
Associations of food groups and cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers: does the meal matter?
Schwedhelm, C., Schwingshackl, L., Agogo, G. O., Sonestedt, E., Boeing, H., & Knüppel, S. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451900151x · Cited by 16
“and interpret results based on 95 % CI rather than showing the P-value, as it is prone to misinterpretations(50,51).”
BackgroundSchwab-McCoy, A. (2019) · Journal of Statistics Education · doi:10.1080/10691898.2019.1687369 · Cited by 15
“The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted. hypothesis significance testing (Trafimow and Marks 2015), and the statistics community has responded with both enthusiasm (McShane and Gal 2016; White and Gorard 2017) and skepticism (Carlin 2016; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundAwe, O. A., Woodside, A. G., Nerur, S., & Prater, E. L. (2019) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107556 · Cited by 14
The influence of religion on the determinants of capital structure: the case of Saudi Arabia
Alalmai, S. F., Al-Awadhi, A. M., Hassan, M. K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Islamic accounting and business research · doi:10.1108/jiabr-03-2018-0043 · Cited by 15
Reeves, J., Smith, C., Dierenfeld, E. S., & Whitehouse‐Tedd, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60577-3 · Cited by 15
Standard Errors in Quantitative Criminology: Taking Stock and Looking Forward
Sweeten, G. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09463-9 · Cited by 17
“2016; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Mate, K., & Mayo, N. E. (2020) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2019-047 · Cited by 15
Hall, M. R., Kalbaugh, C. A., Tsujimoto, T. H. M., & McGinigle, K. L. (2020) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.06.034 · Cited by 15
van Beers, L. W. A. H., van der Wal, B. C. H., van Loon, T. G., et al. (2020) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.1080/17453674.2020.1798658 · Cited by 15
“However, regarding this limitation we believe it is fair to compare groups in terms of dislocation rates with corresponding confidence intervals rather than strictly focusing on p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundWhy proper understanding of confidence intervals and statistical significance is important
Hemming, K., & Taljaard, M. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50926 · Cited by 16
Brew, B. K., Gibberd, A. J., Marks, G. B., Strobel, N., Allen, C. W., Jorm, L. R., Chambers, G. M., Eades, S., & McNamara, B. J. (2021) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216189 · Cited by 15
König, P. D., & Krafft, T. D. (2021) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.2020.1849932 · Cited by 15
“At the same time, highly signi fi cant e ff ects of predictors should not be mistaken for substantive importance of these variables (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundSurvival and transplant outcomes among young children requiring kidney replacement therapy
Larkins, N., Wong, G., Alexander, S. I., McDonald, S. P., Prestidge, C., Francis, A., Page, A. K. L., & Lim, W. H. (2021) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-021-04945-9 · Cited by 16
“This might be viewed as a limitation, but for our purposes was outweighed by the advantage ofmore accurately estimating the true relationship present, and is consistent with recommendations de-emphasizing the importance of hypothesis testing over accurate effect estimates and confidence intervals, which reflect both u…”
ResultWohlfahrt‐Veje, C., Tinggaard, J., Juul, A., Toppari, J., Skakkebæk, N. E., & Main, K. M. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab108 · Cited by 15
“We performed multiple tests according the guidelines of the American Society of Statistics [53]; we did not correct for this.”
MethodCosta, J. H., Mohanapriya, G., Bharadwaj, R., Noceda, C., Thiers, K. L. L., Aziz, S. R., Srivastava, S., Oliveira, M., Gupta, K. J., Kumari, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.673692 · Cited by 15
van Kollenburg, G., Bouman, R., Offermans, T., Gerretzen, J., Buydens, L. M. C., van Manen, H., & Jansen, J. J. (2021) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107466 · Cited by 15
“Since the sample size is limited and (almost) the entire population of Val de Loire wines was analyzed, further methods of inference, like significance tests and bootstrap procedures, are not appropriate ( Edwards and Bennett, 1991 ; Gorard, 2017 ; Johnson, 1999 ; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016 ).”
MethodCastle, R., Williams, M. A., Bushell, W. C., Rindfleisch, J. A., Peterson, C. T., Marzolf, J. R., Brouwer, K. C., & Mills, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s323356 · Cited by 15
Dmetrichuk, J. M., Rosenthal, J. S., Man, J., Cullip, M., & Wells, R. A. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100130 · Cited by 16
O’Keeffe, L. M., Bell, J. A., O’Neill, K. N., Lee, M., Woodward, M., Peters, S. A. E., Smith, G. D., & Kearney, P. M. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003636 · Cited by 15
Toh, L., & Watt, H. M. G. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102057 · Cited by 26
Bone, J. N., Bellad, M. B., Goudar, S. S., Mallapur, A. A., Charantimath, U., Ramadurg, U. Y., Katageri, G., Lesperance, M., Kinshella, M. W., Suleman, R., et al. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04714-y · Cited by 27
“Following guidance from the American Statistical Association and current practice in leading epidemiological journals, no null-hypothesis significance tests were performed [31].”
MethodElectrophysiological correlates of in vivo and virtual reality exposure therapy in spider phobia
Wiens, S., Eklund, R., Szychowska, M., Miloff, A., Cosme, D., Pierzchajlo, S., & Carlbring, P. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14117 · Cited by 16
“Although this data- driven approach increases the risk of false positives (Kriegeskorte et al., 2009; Makin & Orban de Xivry, 2019), we could not avoid it because we did not preregister the study before starting data analyses (Nosek et al., 2018).”
BackgroundReconsidering evidence-based management of endometriosis
Koninckx, P. R., Ussia, A., Al-Suwaidi, S., Amro, B., Keckstein, J., Adamyan, L. V., Donnez, J., Dan, M. C., & Wattiez, A. (2022) · Facts Views and Vision in ObGyn · doi:10.52054/fvvo.14.3.033 · Cited by 16
The state of the art of hypothesis testing in the social sciences
van Witteloostuijn, A. C., & van Hugten, J. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100314 · Cited by 15
Some Right Ways to Analyze (Psycho)Linguistic Data
Vasishth, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031220-010345 · Cited by 17
A search for transit timing variations within the exomoon corridor using Kepler data
Kipping, D., & Yahalomi, D. A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3360 · Cited by 15
Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Nexus: Evidence from a Maximum Entropy Approach
Macedo, P., & Madaleno, M. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16010277 · Cited by 15
A summary of the ComParE COVID-19 challenges
Coppock, H., Akman, A., Bergler, C., Gerczuk, M., Brown, C., Chauhan, J., Grammenos, A., Hasthanasombat, A., Spathis, D., Xia, T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1058163 · Cited by 17
“Note that Null-Hypothesis-Testing with p-values as criterion has been criticised from its beginning; see the statement of the American Statistical Association in [40] and [7].”
Labroo, M. R., Endelman, J. B., Gemenet, D. C., et al. (2023) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-023-04377-z · Cited by 15
“In accordance with recent guidelines of the statistical community, significance testing was not conducted Yijk = + Si + Hj + SHij + ijk and confidence intervals were interpreted (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Alexander and Davis 2022).”
MethodSoto‐Gordoa, M., Arrospide, A., Hernández, M. M., Mora, J., Fullaondo, A., Larrañaga, I., de Manuel, E., & Mar, J. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.002 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, as reported by the American Statistical Association, statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance, and so it does not measure the size of an effect or the importance of the result [37].”
BackgroundA Bayesian paradigm for decision-making in proof-of-concept trials
Pulkstenis, E. P., Patra, K., & Zhang, J. (2017) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543406.2017.1289947 · Cited by 15
“…on p-values which states ‘scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold’ and ‘by itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis’ (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundWakabayashi, M., & Kureishi, W. (2018) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12390 · Cited by 15
The evidential statistical paradigm in genetics
Strug, L. J. (2018) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22151 · Cited by 14
Influence of Perceptions of Sleep on Well-Being in Youth Athletes
Sawczuk, T., Jones, B. L., Scantlebury, S., & Till, K. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002857 · Cited by 15
“After the recent criticisms of both p values (43) and magnitude-based inferences (31), the results were analyzed for practical significance by observing the effect sizes and their 90% confidence intervals.”
Shorten, A., Shorten, B., Fagerlin, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12908 · Cited by 15
Holland, S. M. (2019) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2018.43 · Cited by 15
Ricci, C. A., Kamal, A. H. M., Chakrabarty, J. K., Fuess, L. E., Mann, W. T., Jinks, L. R., Brinkhuis, V., Chowdhury, S. M., & Mydlarz, L. D. (2019) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icz107 · Cited by 16
Jongeneel, G., Klausch, T. L. T., van Erning, F. N., Vink, G. R., Koopman, M., Punt, C. J. A., Greuter, M. J. E., & Coupé, V. M. H. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32629 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, it should be noted that statistical inference is increasingly questioned in the literature.(38,39) That is, a p-value does not measure the size of an effect nor the importance of a result.”
BackgroundTopical Tranexamic Acid Increases Early Postoperative Pain After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Wurtz, J. W., Wurtz, L. D., Ziemba-Davis, M. M., Deckard, E. R., & Meneghini, R. M. (2020) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2020.01.069 · Cited by 15
Fischer, L. M., Meyers, C. A., Cummins, R. G., Gibson, C. D., & Baker, M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Communications · doi:10.4148/1051-0834.2287 · Cited by 15
“Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) explained “scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only whether a p-value passes a specific threshold,” (p. 131) and instead, researchers should evaluate the results based on many contextual factors including inferences and effect…”
BackgroundGraham, K. V., Choi, M., & Lee, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1093/jisesa/ieaa078 · Cited by 15
“The American Statistical Association expressed concern with using P-values by itself as evidence about underlying effects (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-reported periodontitis and fecundability in a population of pregnancy planners
Bond, J. C., Wise, L. A., Willis, S. K., Yland, J. J., Hatch, E. E., Rothman, K. J., & Heaton, B. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deab058 · Cited by 15
Thermal differences between juveniles and adults increased over time in European forest trees
Carón, M. M., Zellweger, F., Verheyen, K., Baeten, L., Hédl, R., Bernhardt‐Römermann, M., Berki, I., Brunet, J., Decocq, G., Díaz, S. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13773 · Cited by 14
“…(in terms of e.g. temperature, humidity and light requirements) can change from seedlings to adult life stages (Grubb, 1977; Parrish & Bazzaz, 1985a), a process referred to as ontogenetic shift (Bertrand et al., 2011; Eriksson, 2002; Miriti, 2006; Parrish & Bazzaz, 1985b; Werner & Gilliam, 1984).”
Background(2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01586-w · Cited by 17
Mukherjee, P., Debnath, U., Chaudhary, H., & Mustafa, G. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/05/085 · Cited by 15
“A p-value 0.05 indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis [86].”
InfluentialMănescu, D. C. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13090298 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, statistical significance was assessed through simulated hypothesis tests, resulting in p -values [60] that indicate the probability of observing the predicted effects under the null hypothesis of no difference.”
Why we do need explainable AI for healthcare
Cinà, G., Röber, T. E., Goedhart, R., & Birbil, Ş. İ. (2025) · Diagnostic and Prognostic Research · doi:10.1186/s41512-025-00209-4 · Cited by 41
Mürner-Lavanchy, I. M., Koenig, J., Ando, A., Henze, R., Schell, S., Resch, F., Brunner, R. M., & Kaess, M. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100812 · Cited by 15
“Interpretation of our findings was based on overall patterns and magnitudes of associations, rather than p-values alone (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundTurczański, K., Dyderski, M. K., & Andrzejewska, A. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119870 · Cited by 15
Principles and Practices of Methodology and Methods in Cross-Cultural Psychology
Poortinga, Y. H., & Fontaine, J. R. J. (2022) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221221093811 · Cited by 17
“It may be noted that the logic of statistical inference is not at stake (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), but the way in which studies are being designed, and the data analyzed and interpreted.”
BackgroundHelman, T. J., Headrick, J. P., Vider, J., Peart, J. N., & Stapelberg, N. J. C. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25115 · Cited by 14
“…Association and others regarding the limitations of dichotomous P value thresholds in significance testing of continuous variables (Wasserstein et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we report individual p values for each test and note relevant trends where values fall between .05 and .10.”
BackgroundBerman, Y. E., Doherty, D. A., Mori, T. A., Beilin, L. J., Ayonrinde, O. T., Adams, L. A., Huang, R., Olynyk, J. K., Keelan, J. A., Newnham, J. P., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215244 · Cited by 14
Wright, A., Livera, A. M. D., Lee, K. H., Higgs, C., Nicholson, M., Gibbs, L. F., & Jorm, A. F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14836-9 · Cited by 15
Cooper, D. D. J., Popovic, G. C., & Grisham, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100799 · Cited by 14
Smith, A. L., Strickland, B. K., Leopold, B. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117742 · Cited by 14
Statistical Data Analysis of Microbiomes and Metabolomics
Xia, Y., & Sun, J. (2021) · ACS in focus · doi:10.1021/acsinfocus.7e5035 · Cited by 15
Furia, C. A., Torkar, R., & Feldt, R. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3611667 · Cited by 14
Rodríguez–Villegas, C., Figueroa, R. I., Baldrich, Á. M., et al. (2023) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2023.102495 · Cited by 14
Interpreting frequentist hypothesis tests: insights from Bayesian inference
Sidebotham, D. A., Barlow, C. J., Martin, J. E., & Jones, P. M. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-023-02557-5 · Cited by 17
Meier, M., & Bigler, C. (2023) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023 · Cited by 19
Validation of a Novel Allergy‐Specific Domain for the 22‐Item Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test
Feng, A. Y., Kim, M., Prince, A. A., Corrales, C. E., Li, A., Willard, E. G., Forrester, C. A., Piccirillo, J. F., & Shin, J. J. (2023) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.605 · Cited by 14
Optimizing Blood Transfusion in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Bloch, E. M., & Tobian, A. A. R. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2312741 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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