The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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Lin, E., Garmo, H., Hemelrijck, M. V., Zethelius, B., Stattin, P. E., Hagström, E., Adolfsson, J., & Crawley, D. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.25600 · Cited by 11
Xing, A., & Lin, L. (2022) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13787 · Cited by 11
Leukel, J., Özbek, G., & Sugumaran, V. (2022) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-022-00960-1 · Cited by 12
“We suggest to interpret p-values under consideration of contextual factors, including meaningful strength of relationships for the population of older adults, width of confidence intervals, and sample size, rather than derive scientific conclusions based on passing of a specific threshold [76].”
Analysis of In Vivo Skin Anisotropy Using Elastic Wave Measurements and Bayesian Modelling
Nagle, M., Price, S. M., Trotta, A., Michel Destrade, A., Fop, M., & Annaidh, A. N. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03185-2 · Cited by 11
“It is now commonly accepted that there are significant issues with the use of p-values in scientific research [26].”
InfluentialAdolescents and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease
Kuisell, C., Ploutz-Snyder, R. J., Williams, D. A., Voepel‐Lewis, T., Hutchinson, R. J., Dudding, K. M., Bridges, C. M., & Smith, E. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001119 · Cited by 11
A prospective ultrasound study of cigarette smoking and uterine leiomyomata incidence and growth
Wesselink, A. K., Wegienka, G., Coleman, C. M., Geller, R. J., Harmon, Q. E., Upson, K., Lovett, S. M., Henn, B. C., Marsh, E. E., Noel, N. L., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.041 · Cited by 14
Kim, D., Chin, J., Kim, J.-H., et al. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129053 · Cited by 11
Enhancing the sensory properties and consumer acceptance of warm climate red wine through blending
Nandorfy, D. E., Likos, D., Lewin, S., Barter, S. R., Kassara, S., Wang, S., Kulcsar, A. C., Williamson, P., Bindon, K. A., Bekker, M. Z., et al. (2023) · OENO One · doi:10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.3.7651 · Cited by 15
“Attention was given to the level of statistical evidence (P-value), the magnitude of effect size (F-value) and absolute effect value (sample mean values) to interpret and draw conclusions about the effects of chemical and sensory significance (Sullivan and Feinn, 2012; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al.,…”
BackgroundJan de Leeuw and the French School of Data Analysis
Husson, F., Josse, J., & Saporta, G. (2016) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v073.i06 · Cited by 11
“What can be highlighted is that many of the modern arguments about data sciences, machine learning, statistics (see Donoho 2015, for a nice overview), and inference (see for instance the ASA statement on p-values in Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) were already debated.”
BackgroundDie Interpretation des p -Wertes – Grundsätzliche Missverständnisse
Hirschauer, N., Mußhoff, O., Grüner, S., Frey, U. J., Theesfeld, I., & Wagner, P. (2016) · Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik · doi:10.1515/jbnst-2015-1030 · Cited by 12
Blanchard, B. E., Stevens, A. K., Littlefield, A. K., Talley, A. E., & Brown, J. L. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.003 · Cited by 11
“…acknowledge that the examined gender-NMDU interactions failed to reach conventional statistical significance, we also provided effect sizes and marginal effects in light of the American Statistical Association's statement which promotes moving into a “post p b 0.05 era” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialExpected p -values in light of an ROC curve analysis applied to optimal multiple testing procedures
Vexler, A., Yu, J., Zhao, Y., et al. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280217704451 · Cited by 11
“, partial EPV’s; (2) developing optimal tests via the minimization of EPV’s; (3) creation of novel methods for optimally combining multiple test statistics.”
BackgroundMethodAlgorithms for evaluating reference scaled average bioequivalence: power, bias, and consumer risk
Tóthfalusi, L., & Endrényi, L. (2017) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7440 · Cited by 11
On the intrinsic timescales of temporal variability in measurements of the surface solar radiation
Bengulescu, M., Blanc, P., & Wald, L. (2018) · Nonlinear processes in geophysics · doi:10.5194/npg-25-19-2018 · Cited by 11
“The associated p values are presented numerically in each cell for the sake of completeness completeness and transparency (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundPromotion of secure software development assimilation: stimulating individual motivation
Song, M., Penghua, W., & Yang, P. (2018) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-01-2017-0005 · Cited by 12
Hjalmarson, M. A., & Moskal, B. (2018) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20202 · Cited by 17
Archipelago reserves, a new option to protect montane entomofauna and beta-diverse ecosystems
Moctezuma, V., Halffter, G., & Arriaga-Jiménez, A. (2018) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.3.2446 · Cited by 11
“We calculated the 95% confidence intervals for all of the estimates of diversity (CI95%), given that these allow statistically rigorous comparisons (Colwell et al., 2012; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodMoote, J. (2019) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2019.1568533 · Cited by 11
“…been adopted to control for this, we additionally focus on the interpretation of effect sizes rather than p values to reduce the risk of Type 1 errors and provide insight into the practical implications of the magnitude of the reported differences (Cumming et al. 2012; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Holtkamp, P., Soliman, W., & Siponen, M. T. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.755 · Cited by 11
Murphy, T. E., Tsang, S. W., Leo-Summers, L. S., Geda, M. E., Kim, D. H., Oh, E. S., Allore, H. G., Dodson, J. A., Hajduk, A. M., Gill, T. M., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research · doi:10.6000/1929-6029.2019.08.01 · Cited by 11
“In contrast with the rather abstract meaning of a traditional p-value [9, 10], the PEP is the probability that the given predictor’s association with the outcome is not equal to zero.”
BackgroundEffort‐reward imbalance and ambulatory blood pressure among female Las Vegas hotel room cleaners
Feaster, M., Arah, O. A., & Krause, N. (2019) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22980 · Cited by 13
Predictors of attrition and attendance in a fatherhood education program
Laxman, D. J., Higginbotham, B. J., & Bradford, K. P. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.007 · Cited by 15
Extending Levelt’s Propositions to perceptual multistability involving interocular grouping
Jacot-Guillarmod, A., Wang, Y., Pedroza, C., Öğmen, H., Kilpatrick, Z. P., & Josić́, K. (2017) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.12.017 · Cited by 10
“Instead of using a fixed threshold for significance, we provide the probabilities that a change in color saturation affects the perception ofthe stimuli, given the data (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Scalable Provisioning of Virtual Network Functions via Supervised Learning
Scalingi, A., Esposito, F., Muhammad, W., et al. (2019) · IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization · doi:10.1109/netsoft.2019.8806638 · Cited by 11
“[20].”
Roubertoux, P. L., Tordjman, S., Caubit, X., di Cristopharo, J., Ghata, A. S., Fasano, L., Goff, L. K., Gubellini, P., & Carlier, M. (2019) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-019-09970-x · Cited by 13
The use and misuse of p values and related concepts
Brereton, R. G. (2019) · Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems · doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2019.103884 · Cited by 11
To P or not to P? The Usefulness of P‐values in Quantitative Political Science Research
Troeger, V. E. (2019) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12377 · Cited by 13
Likelihood, Replicability and Robbins' Confidence Sequences
Pace, L., & Salvan, A. (2019) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/insr.12355 · Cited by 21
“This led to the ASA statement, Wasserstein and Lazar (2016), and to the subsequent 2019 The American Statistician’s special issue Statistical Inference in the 21st Century: A World Beyond p 0.05.”
BackgroundInfluentialLew, M. J. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_286 · Cited by 13
“In response to the widespread expressions of concern over the misuse and misunderstanding of P-values, the ASA convened a group of experts to consider the issues and to collaborate on drafting an official statement on P-values [Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEllul, S., Marx, W., Collier, F., Saffery, R., Tang, M. L. K., Burgner, D. P., Carlin, J. B., Vuillermin, P., & Ponsonby, A. (2020) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102099 · Cited by 11
Miyachi, Y., Yagi, S., Hirata, M., Iwamura, S., Yao, S., Shirai, H., Okumura, S., Iida, T., Ito, T., Uozumi, R., et al. (2020) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1002/lt.25814 · Cited by 10
“However, according to the previous recommendation of the American Statistical Association,(19,20) we avoided describing P < 0.”
ResultInfluentialSustained Effects From a School-Based Intervention Pilot Study for Children With Asthma and Anxiety
McGovern, C. M., Arcoleo, K. J., & Melnyk, B. M. (2020) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840520934178 · Cited by 11
“The tests of significance were set at .10 instead of .05 because of the small pilot study sample size to avoid making Type 2 errors (Polit, 2010; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMaking Narrative Statements to Describe Treatment Effects
Murad, M. H., Fiordalisi, C. V., Pillay, J., Wilt, T. J., O’Connor, E., Kahwati, L. C., Hernández, A. V., Rutter, C. M., Chou, R., Balk, E. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06330-y · Cited by 11
“For decades, statisticians and methodologists have advised against making conclusions solely based on statistical significance and also suggested commenting on the magnitude of the effect and the clinical importance of the findings.(3) Two recent approaches were proposed by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organiza…”
BackgroundLi, Y., Gao, X., An, S., et al. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101967 · Cited by 11
Bylow, H., Rawshani, A., Claesson, A., Lepp, M., & Herlitz, J. D. (2021) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100090 · Cited by 13
Kenett, R. S., & Rubinstein, A. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-03914-1 · Cited by 11
Nieberding, F., Wille, C., Ma, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2021jg006441 · Cited by 11
“However, exceeding a certain significance level should not be used alone for binary hypothesis testing or model interpretation (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLv, N., Lefferts, W. K., Xiao, L., Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., Wielgosz, J., Lavori, P. W., Simmons, J. M., Smyth, J. M., Stetz, P. C., Venditti, E. M., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab280 · Cited by 11
Paradoxical facilitation alongside interhemispheric inhibition
Belyk, M., Banks, R. K., Tendera, A., Chen, R., & Beal, D. S. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06183-9 · Cited by 10
Marcuzzi, A., Bach, K., Nordstoga, A. L., Bertheussen, G. F., Ashikhmin, I., Boldermo, N. Ø., Kvarner, E.-N., Nilsen, T. I. L., Marchand, G. H., Ose, S. O., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047921 · Cited by 11
Stevens, N. T., & Hagar, L. (2021) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2021.2000495 · Cited by 11
“It was here that the American Statistical Association (ASA) released an official statement challenging the statistical community to develop alternatives to, and adaptations of, the traditional hypothesis testing framework (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundHeberer, M.-T., Roggendorf, H. C., Faber, F.-J., et al. (2021) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-021-04238-3 · Cited by 11
“1 3 were used to evaluate the crack increases between the groups [37].”
MethodStatistical significance versus practical importance in information systems research
Sen, A., Smith, G., & Note, C. V. (2021) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962211062236 · Cited by 11
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) issued a statement on statistical signi fi cance and p -values espousing six principles that are intended to “ improve the conduct and interpretation of quantitative science ” (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016: 131).”
BackgroundMasharipov, R. S., Knyazeva, I., Nikolaev, Y., Korotkov, A. D., Didur, M., Cherednichenko, D. V., & Kireev, M. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2021.738342 · Cited by 12
Statistical Tools for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes
D’Amico, G. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe8020090 · Cited by 11
“4 The misuse and misinterpretation of statistical tests in the scientific community led the American Statistical Association (ASA) to release in 2016 a statement [5] on the correct use of statistical significance and p-values.”
BackgroundYears of Life Lost After Complications of Coronary Artery Bypass Operations
Freundlich, R. E., Maile, M. D., Hajjar, M. M., et al. (2016) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.09.048 · Cited by 11
Confidence is epistemic probability for empirical science
Schweder, T. (2017) · Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference · doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2017.09.016 · Cited by 11
Iyer, A. P., Lanham-New, S. A., Khoja, S., Al-Ghamdi, M. A., & Doghaither, H. A. A. (2017) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2017.1092.1097 · Cited by 9
Andersen, L. P., Høgh, A., Gadegaard, C. A., & Biering, K. (2019) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-192911 · Cited by 11
“However, the associations were not statistically significant, but in any case, the risk estimates may provide important information and be of practical relevance regardless of statistical signifi-cance [62].”
An economic theory of statistical testing
Tetenov, A. (2016) · doi:10.1920/wp.cem.2016.5016 · Cited by 11
Calculation of a distribution free estimate of effect size and confidence intervals using VBA/ExcelPreprint
Goedhart, J. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/073999 · Cited by 15
“Several papers have highlighted misinterpretation of NHST and resulting p-values (Goodman, 2008; Halsey et al. , 2015; Ivarsson et al. , 2015; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016) and have called for use of estimation statistics as alternative (Nakagawa and Cuthill, 2007; Cumming, 2014; Claridge-Chang and…”
MethodIrvine, L. M., Palacios, D. M., Lagerquist, B. A., Mate, B. R., & Follett, T. M. (2019) · Movebank · doi:10.5441/001/1.47h576f2 · Cited by 11
Chave, A. D. (2021) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26050-7_32-1 · Cited by 11
Invited Commentary: Bayesian Inference with Multiple Tests
Jewsbury, P. A. (2023) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09604-4 · Cited by 11
Vavasour, I. M., Elliott, C., Arnold, D. L., Gaetano, L., Clayton, D., Magon, S., Bonati, U., Bernasconi, C., Traboulsee, A. L., & Kolind, S. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585251316519 · Cited by 13
Urbano, T., Wise, L. A., Fiore, G., Vinceti, M., & Filippini, T. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf049 · Cited by 12
Chlorophyll trends are negative for lakes but positive for estuarine–coastal waters
Cloern, J. E., & Jassby, A. D. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2502289122 · Cited by 10
“We followed the American Statistical Association’s guidance on “statistical significance” and p - values as described in a statement (39) and a later dedicated issue (40).”
Determining Significance in the New Era for P Values
Pineda, S., & Sirota, M. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002120 · Cited by 10
“The American Statistical Association (ASA) already advised in 2016 about the use of P values (1) and another statistical coalition of 72 researchers recently proposed to lower P value thresholds to 0.”
BackgroundEnglish and Empire: Literary History, Dialect, and the Digital Archive
Brown, D. W. (2018) · Cited by 10
Willis, L., Shaukat, S., & Low‐Choy, S. (2021) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3761 · Cited by 10
Towards a pragmatic use of statistics in ecology
Castilho, L., & Prado, P. I. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12090 · Cited by 11
Nguyên, Q. D., Moodie, E. E. M., Desmarais, P., Goulden, R., Forget, M., Peters, E., Saeed, S., Keezer, M. R., & Wolfson, C. M. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01445-0 · Cited by 12
Smolkowski, K., Marquez, B., Marquez, J., Vincent, C. G., Pennefather, J. T., Walker, H. M., & Strycker, L. A. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22710 · Cited by 19
Slota, M. C., McLaughlin, M. K., Vittone, S. B., & Crowell, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.03.012 · Cited by 11
Glassman, J. R., Jauregui, A., Milstein, A. S., & Kaplan, R. M. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac063 · Cited by 9
Scale reliability of alternative cultural theory survey measures
Johnson, B. B., & Swedlow, B. (2023) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-023-01653-4 · Cited by 9
Langius-Wiffen, E., Nijholt, I. M., van Dijk, R. A., et al. (2023) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-023-10048-w · Cited by 10
Sullivan, A., Miller, J. D., & Stoler, J. B. (2023) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000154 · Cited by 10
Farhart, P. J., Beakley, D., Diwan, A. D., Duffield, R., Rodriguez, E., Chamoli, U., & Watsford, M. L. (2023) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00732-1 · Cited by 13
“Approaches such as Bayesian methods, likelihood ratios, and Bayes Factors may more directly address the size and certainty of effects, or whether a hypothesis is correct [71, 88].”
MethodPartner’s unemployment and subjective well-being: The mediating role of relationship functioning
Voßemer, J., Baranowska-Rataj, A., Heyne, S., & Loter, K. (2024) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2024.100606 · Cited by 11
New Anticancer Drugs: Reliably Assessing “Value” While Addressing High Prices
Stewart, D. J., Bradford, J., Sehdev, S. R., Ramsay, T., Navani, V., Rawson, N. S. B., Jiang, D., Gotfrit, J., Wheatley‐Price, P., Liu, G., et al. (2024) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol31050184 · Cited by 10
“Importantly, p -values are a measure of certainty and are only an indirect measure of effect size [153,154].”
BackgroundPartial Nicotine Reduction and E-Cigarette Users’ Puffing Behaviors Among Adults Aged 21 to 35 Years
Ferdous, T., Roy, S., Chowdhury, S., Jebai, R., Maya, L. B., DeCaprio, A. P., Bursac, Z., & Maziak, W. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22954 · Cited by 10
Baldwin, A., Willacker, J., Johnson, B., Janssen, S., & Eagles-Smith, C. (2024) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c00789 · Cited by 9
Azuma, T., Usui, M., Hasei, T., & Hayashi, T. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13080711 · Cited by 10
“A paired t -test was conducted to evaluate the difference in inactivation rates between water samples with a statistical significance of p < 0.05 [110,111].”
MethodInfluentialLytras, C., Lyberatos, V., Lytras, G., Papadopoulou, K., Vlysidis, A. A., & Lyberatos, G. (2024) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-024-02697-9 · Cited by 11
“To assess the statistical significance of our Linear Regression model’s results, the p-value metric [27] was employed.”
The assessment of replicability using the sum of p -values
Held, L., Pawel, S., & Micheloud, C. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240149 · Cited by 16
“The first example also illustrates that replication success is impossible if the original study just missed statistical significance, no matter how convincing the replication study is.”
BackgroundThe central limit theorem: the remarkable theory that explains all of statistics
Sidebotham, D. A., & Barlow, C. J. (2024) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16420 · Cited by 10
Holmes, D. E., Hart, A., Powell, D. R., Stoute, B. J., Chodorow, N. J., Davids, M. F., Dennis, E., Glover, W., González, F. J., Hamer, F. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651241253623 · Cited by 10
Underpowered studies in muscle metabolism research: Determinants and considerations
Houtvast, D. C. J., Betz, M. W., Hooren, B. V., Vanbelle, S., Verdijk, L. B., van Loon, L. J. C., & Trommelen, J. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.10.152 · Cited by 11
Guerrero, T. N., Le-Minh, N., Fisher, R. M., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178192 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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