The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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“Statistical significance has its own limitations (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), but often provides an intuitive scale for identifying relevant features.”
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“Following the recommended best practice in the field of biostatistics (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), p values were not solely used in this study to determine the significance of results in this study.”
MethodStatistical Inferential Testing
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“Recent controversies over the use of p -values, which have arisen in a number of scientific contexts, suggest that, at the very least, this need is not being met, for example, see [1,2].”
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“Consistent with the guidance from the American Statistical Association, we interpret our coefficients based on strength of correlation as opposed to null hypothesis testing and p-values [66,67].”
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“This means that a test ’ s P - value does not carry any inherent meaning (Greenland et al. 2016; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), and well-powered DE studies can result in hundreds, if not thousands, of DE genes.”
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Gao, X., Wu, L., Li, Y., Wang, L., Huang, Z., Zhang, J., Su, Z., & Yang, B. (2025) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/09612033251371116 · Cited by 1
Metascience: Guidelines for the Practitioner
Turner, J. R., Brown, H. Q., Passmore, D. L., Nimon, K., Baker, R. M., Jeong, S., & Flatt, C. (2019) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1523422319870790 · Cited by 1
Significance ofpvalue in postgraduate thesis: do we need to change anything?
Ray, A., & Atal, S. (2020) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137439 · Cited by 1
Youden’s J and the Bi Error Method
Bleile, M. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80126-7_15 · Cited by 1
“05 has been clearly illustrated: the problem received official recognition by the ASA in 2016, culminating in the recent release of a special edition of The American Statistician, which featured 43 papers on the topic [15, 5] .”
BackgroundInfluentialSchmidt, X., Muehlfeld, K. S., & Peter, A. (2021) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/23970022211029291 · Cited by 1
“This is based on the notion that small p-values do not necessarily imply the existence of larger or more meaningful effects and can also arise from large sample sizes (cf. Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundRigat, F. (2021) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-021-09815-z · Cited by 1
Residual's influence index (RINFIN), bad leverage and unmasking in high dimensionalL2‐regression
Yatracos, Y. G. (2021) · Statistical Analysis and Data Mining The ASA Data Science Journal · doi:10.1002/sam.11550 · Cited by 1
Applying Biostatistics in Medical Research
Sapra, R. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5248-6_11 · Cited by 1
Brown, D. W. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108551045 · Cited by 1
Zengin, E. (2022) · Advances in Structural Engineering · doi:10.1177/13694332221076666 · Cited by 1
Statistical considerations when making potential multiple comparisons
Barnett, M. J., Doroudgar, S., Khosraviani, V., & Ip, E. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91888-6.00014-4 · Cited by 1
Sotelo, M., Santos, M. R., Grosholz, J. M., & Cecil, D. K. (2023) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2023.2173263 · Cited by 2
“Because we do not make any inferences outside of our data, we do not have sampling error, and hence our coefficients correspond to direct estimates of the population parameters instead of sample statistics (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Schilling, S., Powell, B. J., Stewart, P. W., & Wood, J. N. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-07024-y · Cited by 1
Section Editor's Note: Using Power Insights to Better Plan Experiments
Peck, L. R. (2023) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/10982140231154695 · Cited by 1
“Substantial debate in statistics and related fields focuses on “the p-value” and its value to establishing evidence (e.g., Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundDelaney, S., Hidalgo, A. P. C., White, T. J. H., Haneuse, S., Ressler, K. J., Tiemeier, H. W., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22398 · Cited by 2
“…consistent with guidance provided by the American Statistical Association based on effect magnitudes, effect directions, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in lieu of binary indicators of statistical significance, though we provide p-values as an interpretive heuristic (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Environnement et santé publique
Soto, J. C., Barakat, M., Hutter, J. A., et al. (2023) · Presses de l’EHESP eBooks · doi:10.3917/ehesp.goupi.2023.01.0305 · Cited by 1
Ziyab, A. H., Jones, A. D., Chen, S., Anthony, T. M., Mukherjee, N., Arshad, S. H., & Karmaus, W. (2023) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.13979 · Cited by 1
The chronicles of statistical methods employed in occupational hygiene
Burstyn, I., & Jones, R. M. (2023) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxad042 · Cited by 1
Influence of Occupational Stress on the Body Mass Index of Hospital Workers: A Systematic Review
de Lira, C. R. N., Akutsu, R. D. C. C. D. A., Coelho, L. G., da Silva, K. B. B., Pitangueira, J. C. D., Zandonadi, R. P., & Costa, P. R. D. F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15183944 · Cited by 3
“…is too limiting, so authors need to contextualize the p -value found with parameters such as quality of study design, internal validity, confidence intervals, numerical summaries and data graphics, as well as reinforce the difference between statistical significance and clinical relevance [62,63].”
Soriano, J. B., Peláez, A., Fernández, E., & Ancochea, J. (2023) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2023.04.027 · Cited by 1
Bayesian sample size determination for detecting heterogeneity in multi-site replication studies
Bourazas, K., Consonni, G., & Deldossi, L. (2024) · Test · doi:10.1007/s11749-023-00916-4 · Cited by 1
“There are multiple reasons for this, ranging from publication bias (Francis 2012) to poor experimental designs (Pashler and Harris 2012) and questionable statistical methodology (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
May, M., Milrad, S. F., Perdomo, D. M., Czaja, S. J., Jutagir, D. R., Hall, D. L., Klimas, N. G., & Antoni, M. H. (2024) · Fatigue Biomedicine Health & Behavior · doi:10.1080/21641846.2024.2306801 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, it is important to note that the e ff ects of V-CBSM re fl ect a medium e ff ect size and this may have more bearing than interpreting the p value in isolation [54].”
BackgroundÁlvarez-Bartolomé, M., Cruz‐González, I., Sanz, A. P., Zamorano, J. L., González, P., Martínez-Pérez, Ó., Cuervo, J., & Carnero, M. (2024) · REC CardioClinics · doi:10.1016/j.rccl.2024.02.006 · Cited by 1
Testing practical relevance of treatment effects
Ongaro, A., Migliorati, S., Ascari, R., & Ripamonti, E. (2024) · Statistical Papers · doi:10.1007/s00362-024-01549-x · Cited by 1
“…and social sciences, biology, economics, and ecology (Altman 2004; Cohen 1994, 1988; Greenland et al. 2016; Harlow et al. 2013; Krantz 1999; Lecoutre et al. 2001; Nickerson 2000; Sterne and Smith 2001; Thompson 2006; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Ziliak and McCloskey 2008; Zhou et al. 2020).”
Cook, M. A., Smolkowski, K., Shanley, L., Hermida, J., Linan‐Thompson, S., Doabler, C. T., & Clarke, B. (2024) · Journal of Numerical Cognition · doi:10.5964/jnc.11635 · Cited by 1
“The American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019) has strongly urged researchers to abstain from using bright-line rules for claims of “statistical significance” such as p < .05 or other metrics (e.g., effect sizes > 0.25).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHeijungs, R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49317-1_5 · Cited by 1
Staniaszek‐Kik, M., Żarnowiec, J., & Chmura, D. (2024) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100206 · Cited by 1
Open science practices in demographic research: An appraisal
Basellini, U. (2024) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2024.50.43 · Cited by 2
“…1998) or p -hacking (selectively choosing data and analysis that lead to statistically significant results, as measured by p -values) (See, e.g., Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), can be transparently avoided by pre-registering research hypotheses, methods, and analysis prior to conducting a…”
Redefining Significance: Robustness and Percent Fragility Indices in Biomedical Research
Heston, T. F. (2024) · Stats · doi:10.3390/stats7020033 · Cited by 1
“The American Statistical Association (ASA) released a statement in 2016 addressing the misuse and misinterpretation of p -values in scientific research [21].”
BackgroundLa replicabilidad en la ciencia y el papel transformador de la metodología estadística de knockoffs
Vásquez, A. R., Escarela, G., Núñez‐Antonio, G., & Urbina, J. U. M. (2024) · SAHUARUS REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE MATEMÁTICAS · doi:10.36788/sah.v8i1.148 · Cited by 1
“…la crisis y los eventuales debates, la Asociaci´on Estadounidense de Estad´ıstica (ASA por sus siglas en ingl´es) emiti´o dos declaraciones con el objetivo de aclarar el significado y uso de la significancia estad´ıstica y los valores-p (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019).”
BackgroundUsing predictive methods to assess observation and measure importance
Briggs, W. M. (2024) · Asian Journal of Economics and Banking · doi:10.1108/ajeb-05-2024-0066 · Cited by 1
Lu, Y., Zheng, Q., & Henning, K. S. S. (2024) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2024.2358233 · Cited by 1
“…an effort to clarify this confusion, stating that a ‘ p -value, or statistical significance, does not measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result … By itself, a p -value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis’ (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 132).”
Recommended improvements to the statistical guidelines
Frane, A. V. (2024) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.13369 · Cited by 1
“7,10,14,17,19 Even Bonferroni adjustment typically cannot remedy that problem.”
InfluentialA Bayesian network for modelling the Lady tasting tea experiment
., G. X. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307866 · Cited by 1
“…the very purpose of the lady tasting tea experiment is actually to assess the assumed ability level (hypothesis) of correctly identifying the cups served to this lady based on her performance (the observed sample data) and many of us would agree that this is beyond what p -values can do [4,5].”
BackgroundDavidsen, P. (2024) · History of European Ideas · doi:10.1080/01916599.2024.2365153 · Cited by 1
Morgan‐López, A. A., Saavedra, L. M., McDaniel, H. L., West, S. G., Ialongo, N. S., Bradshaw, C. P., Tonigan, A. T., Montgomery, B. W., Powell, N. P., Qu, L., et al. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.08.003 · Cited by 1
Rychtarik, R. G., Danaher, B. G., McGillicuddy, N. B., Tyler, M. S., Barrick, C., Leong, F. W., & Kosty, D. B. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/56119 · Cited by 1
Messner, W., & Migliorini, M. (2024) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2024.101190 · Cited by 1
Bejar, S. G. F., Purificacion, D. M. P., Aragones, L. V., Balais, M. M., Guia, A. P. O. D., Duya, M. V., Ong, P. S., & Duya, M. R. M. (2024) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-024-00465-z · Cited by 1
“…between sexes and between months, we reported sum-mary statistics and opted not to perform significance testing because of the small sample size per category, which reduces statistical power (Steidl et al., 1997) and produces unreliable and uninterpretable p -values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
COVID-19 and Weekly Hours Worked in Single-Person Households in the United States
Korkou, E. D. (2024) · International Advances in Economic Research · doi:10.1007/s11294-024-09920-2 · Cited by 1
“It is stressed that in all tables reporting p values with cut points, results that are listed as significant at the 10% level are at best marginally significant, keeping in mind that p-values are not an exact science, per the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Alam, I. Z., DiPrete, B. L., Pence, B. W., Planey, A. M., Marshall, S. W., Fulcher, N., & Ranapurwala, S. I. (2024) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnae119 · Cited by 1
Sprecher, U., Dsouza, J., Marisat, M., Barasch, D., Mishra, K., Kakhlon, O., Manor, J., Anikster, Y., & Weil, M. (2024) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2024.101172 · Cited by 1
“Throughout the manuscript, p 0.1 was considered significant as supported by these previously published works [21 – 23].”
InfluentialPetersen, N. (2025) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/21533687241299788 · Cited by 1
“The American Statistical Association notes that practical signi fi cance is essential when analyzing population data like ours (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Application of Bayesian Decision Theory in Detecting Test Fraud
Sinharay, S., & Johnson, M. (2025) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/01466216251316559 · Cited by 1
Koutentakis, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91790-2.00054-x · Cited by 1
Inequality and Total Effect Summary Measures for Nominal and Ordinal Variables
Mize, T. D., & Han, B. Q. (2025) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v12.a7 · Cited by 2
A holistic stochastic model for precipitation events
Weyant, A., Gershunov, A., Panorska, A. K., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77031-3 · Cited by 1
“To assess how well TED fits the data, we used a combination of statistical testing and scientific relevance, as suggested by the American Statistical Association 25 .”
Detrital zircon age distributions in Bayes-Hilbert spaces
Fernández-Suárez, J., Pawlowsky‐Glahn, V., & Egozcue, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Geochemical Exploration · doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107710 · Cited by 1
“This has been elegantly stated by Wasserstein and Lazar (2016): Statistical methods do not rid data of their uncertainty.”
Haghayegh, S., Hermida, R. C., Smolensky, M. H., Gallardo, M. J., Duran-Aniotz, C. A., Slachevsky, A., Behrens, M. I., Aguillon, D. F., Santamaría‐García, H. A., García, A. M., et al. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7010011 · Cited by 2
Real Time Intrusion Detection System Based on Web Log File Analysis
Abdalla, R. R., Jumaa, A. K., & Fadhil, A. F. (2025) · Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research · doi:10.24017/scence.2025.1.3 · Cited by 1
Kang, M.-S., Choi, Y., & Hong, K.-H. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13030833 · Cited by 1
Andersen, L. P., Aust, B., & Winding, T. N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02564-9 · Cited by 1
“However, recent recommendations encourage researchers not to draw conclusions solely based on statistically significant results but rather to consider the size and direction of the estimates [74].”
Rahim, R. A., Pilkington, R. M., D’Onise, K., & Lynch, J. (2025) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.70036 · Cited by 1
Silva, F., & Lomsdalen, T. (2025) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-025-02208-4 · Cited by 1
“Finally, it is important to highlight that p-values obtained from separate significance tests are not comparable and, therefore, cannot be used for model selection purposes (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Association Between Constipation and Fecal Incontinence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan
Nakagawa, H., Yamazaki, H., Ozaka, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2025.105581 · Cited by 1
Munkittrick, T. J. A., Scott, A. B., Varney, T. L., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70048 · Cited by 1
Migrants’ participation in voluntary groups and inter-ethnic strong ties
Stauder, J. E. A. (2025) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103189 · Cited by 1
Puyana‐Romero, V., Núñez-Solano, D., Molina, R. H., Fernández-Zacarías, F., Beira-Jiménez, J. L., & Ciaburro, G. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15091411 · Cited by 1
Adamowicz, M. A., Gortat, T., Czortek, P., et al. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71231 · Cited by 1
“Implementing this approach allowed us to assess the effect sizes of the observed patterns, shifting the focus from the mere statistical significance of the results obtained to their biological importance (Nakagawa and Cuthill 2007; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
CAEP 2024 Academic Symposium: adaptive platform trials in emergency medicine in Canada
Germain, N., Audet, M., Graves, L., Murthy, S., McLeod, S. L., Khangura, J. K., Golchi, S., McRae, A. D., Hohl, C. M., Cheng, I., et al. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s43678-025-00874-w · Cited by 1
“Methodologies in adaptive platform trials tend to privilege a Bayesian approach in lieu of a frequentist approach, which is what most researchers, clinicians, and reviewers are accustomed to appraising [38, 39].”
Esmaeili, A., Hagedorn, H., Garcia, C. C., Bangerter, A. K., Gustavson, A. M., Kenny, M. E., Miller, W., Ackland, P. E., Clothier, B. A., Noorbaloochi, S., et al. (2025) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342251336035 · Cited by 1
“31 These differences represented small absolute changes in visits for the ADaPT-OUD (0.04 and 0.00 visits/Veteran) and control (0.06 and 0.01 visits/Veteran) groups before and after the index date, respectively.”
InfluentialCollin, L. J., Johnson, C. E., Akonde, M., Kan, M., Bandera, E. V., Peres, L. C., Qin, B., Coté, M. L., Alberg, A. J., Peters, E. S., et al. (2025) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-025-01995-4 · Cited by 1
“No hypothesis testing was performed [30–33].”
Metcalfe, J. Z., & Olson, W. (2025) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113033 · Cited by 1
Belonging and Gender in Four Student-Centered STEM Courses
Casey, J. R., Emigh, P. J., Kita, K., Krishna, S., Liao, J., & Nissen, J. (2025) · The journal of college science teaching · doi:10.1080/0047231x.2025.2493680 · Cited by 3
Kim, T., Lee, H., Yang, S., et al. (2025) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2025.102896 · Cited by 1
Statistical Concepts and Publication Metrics for Clinical Researchers: A Practical Guide
Venkatesh, U., & Santhosh, V. N. (2025) · NMO journal · doi:10.4103/jnmo.jnmo_15_25 · Cited by 1
Clarity over complexity: Statistical reporting that resonates
Midway, S. R., & Daugherty, D. J. (2025) · Fisheries · doi:10.1093/fshmag/vuaf043 · Cited by 1
The dynamics and drivers of global market integration: Regional and cultural factors matter
Xiang, X., Lim, K., & Ong, S.-L. (2025) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.102975 · Cited by 1
How to bridge the gap between evidence-based and clinical management of endometriosis
Koninckx, P. R., Ussia, A., Miller, C. E., Guo, S., Lesaffre, E. M. E. H., Wattiez, A., & Adamyan, L. V. (2025) · Journal of Endometriosis and Uterine Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jeud.2025.100123 · Cited by 1
Fortunato, A. R., Barbosa, C., Araujo, A., & Fernández-Llimós, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1605458 · Cited by 1
“Following the recommendations of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), effect size measures (i.e., Cohen ’ s d) were obtained to supplement the null hypothesis tests.”
Cui, M., Shang, X., Ma, J., et al. (2025) · npj Heritage Science · doi:10.1038/s40494-025-01843-3 · Cited by 1
“Thereispertinenttonotethata p-value threshold of 0.05 was set as the criterion for determining statistical signi fi cance in all analytical procedures 55 .”
InfluentialStatistical Decision Theory and Empirical Practice
Armstrong, T. B., Kitagawa, T., & Tetenov, A. (2025) · Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics · doi:10.1086/737237 · Cited by 1
Mokhele, M. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17135776 · Cited by 1
Considering the fragility index in reporting trials on diverticular disease
Zbar, A. P., & Horesh, N. (2025) · Exploration of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.37349/edd.2025.100578 · Cited by 1
Sharaha, U., Hania, D., Bykhovsky, D., Lapidot, I., Huleihel, M., & Salman, A. (2025) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d5an00360a · Cited by 1
O’Brien, J. S., Grzywinski, M., Sexton, C. L., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0121 · Cited by 1
“The use of incense/scented candles was more common than not (25,012 [53%]), though air freshener exposures were less common (14,223 [30%]).”
Choi, J., & Garwe, T. (2025) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000004726 · Cited by 2
Wu, Z., Sabarwal, S., Basnet, D., Aber, J. L., & Cohen, G. L. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10097-7 · Cited by 1
“In lieu of stating whether we found statistically significant or non-significant results (as indicated in the binary NHST), the Bayesian framework allowed us to understand the preference of one hypothesis over another (conditional on the priors and the data) on a continuous scale.”
Forns, J., Pajouheshnia, R., Aurelius, T., Bouck, Z., Jose, C. J., Choi, J., Royo, A. C., Correcher-Martínez, E., Fernández-García, S., Fry, C., et al. (2026) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128723 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
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