The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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“This and other misuses of the p-value were recently well summarized by (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
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“We determined the 95% confidence intervals, and we interpreted theP value according to the American Statistical Association guidelines.(15)”
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“In criminal investigations, the following should be considered in order for shoe abrasion patterns to be useful in terms of personal identification and suspect identification: First, significant results that can be used as evidence must be obtained where the sample size is large enough for generalization [4], so that…”
BackgroundInfluentialEngaging geography students through innovation in statistics teaching
Pering, T. D., & Temple, L. (2022) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098265.2022.2129602 · Cited by 2
King, W. C., Hinerman, A. S., & Subak, L. L. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.46057 · Cited by 2
Avorgbedor, F., McCoy, T. P., Gondwe, K. W., Xu, H., Spielfogel, E. S., Cortés, Y. I., Vilme, H., & Lacey, J. V. J. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.01.004 · Cited by 2
Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Adams, D., et al. (2023) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003185 · Cited by 2
Vijayalaxmi, V., & Foster, K. R. (2023) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553002.2023.2188936 · Cited by 2
“In 2016 the American Statistical Association published a statement that expresses the caution of statisticians about NHST and p-value (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016): …A conclusion does not immediately become ‘true’ on one side of the divide [of statistical significance] and ‘false’ on the other.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn item sorting heuristic to derive equivalent parallel test versions from multivariate items
Göbel, N., Cazzoli, D., Gutbrod, C., Müri, R. M., & Eberhard‐Moscicka, A. K. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284768 · Cited by 2
A reliable and efficient adaptive Bayesian method to assess static lower limb position sense
Wood, J. M., Morton, S. M., & Kim, H. E. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109875 · Cited by 4
“Thus, it naturally emphasizes estimation over binary decision rules in accordance with recommendations made by the American Statistical Association and others (Kruschke, 2013; Kruschke and Liddell, 2018; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Advanced Considerations in Quantitative Methods for New Directions in Engineering Education Research
Katz, A., Godwin, A., & Brozina, C. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003287483-36 · Cited by 3
A Tutorial of Analyzing Accuracy in Conceptual Change
Li, L. (2023) · Studies in big data · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29937-7_10 · Cited by 2
Grégory, J., Maino, C., Vilgrain, V., Ronot, M., & Boutron, I. (2023) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2023.05.021 · Cited by 2
Estimation of Near-Field and Far-Field Post-Accident Atmospheric Dispersion for Microreactors
Biwalkar, R., Redus, K. S., Stein, A., et al. (2023) · Nuclear Science and Engineering · doi:10.1080/00295639.2023.2204174 · Cited by 2
Pickering, J. W. (2023) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2023.02.019 · Cited by 2
Ethical Biases in Machine Learning-based Filtering of Internet Communications
Ilari, L., Rafaiani, G., Baldi, M., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Engineering, Science, and Technology (ETHICS) · doi:10.1109/ethics57328.2023.10154975 · Cited by 2
“, the sample mean/median difference between two compared fields) as extreme or more extreme than the one observed in the experiment [22].”
BackgroundSeeing Program Output Improves Novice Learning Gains
Leinonen, J., Hellas, A., & Edwards, J. (2023) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3587102.3588796 · Cited by 2
“When conducting statistical tests, we report 𝑝 -values of the tests as one component among others that together contribute to understanding of the results [41].”
MethodBetteridge, T., Finnis, M., Cohen, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/ana.0000000000000926 · Cited by 2
“” 19 All analyses were undertaken using Stata/MP 17.0 (StataCorp LP, Texas, USA).”
InfluentialQuality of Municipal Long-Term Care in Different Models of Care: A Cross-Sectional Study From Norway
Rostad, H. M., Burrell, L. V., Skinner, M. S., Hellesø, R., & Sogstad, M. (2023) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329231185537 · Cited by 5
Statistical guidance provided to authors by clinical neurology and neuroscience journals
Tumma, S., Sonneborn, C., Padate, A., & Hogue, O. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16013 · Cited by 2
“…(reporting the method of checking assumptions; guidance for appropriate presentation of descriptive statistics and graphs) [8, 9]; or commonly misreported/misunderstood (discussion about p - values, including recommendation to report exact values or caution against heavy reliance on them) [10].”
MethodEl Cálculo del Tamaño Muestral en Ciencias de la Salud: Recomendaciones y Guía Práctica
Fernández-Matías, R. (2023) · Journal of MOVE and Therapeutic Science · doi:10.37382/jomts.v5i1.915 · Cited by 6
Schulman, F. Y., Bertram, C., Meuten, D. J., et al. (2023) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1177/03009858231209409 · Cited by 2
Nuanced Interpretation of Research Results
Sessler, D. I. (2023) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000004753 · Cited by 2
Warren, J. L., Sundaram, M. E., Pitzer, V. E., et al. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001690 · Cited by 2
Abdeen, O., Ismael, M., & Abdou, A. (2023) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d3cp04788a · Cited by 2
Le rouge, le noir, et l'inégalité: tax policy and inequality in the European Union
Chen, J. M., Šimurina, N., & Solenički, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1282975 · Cited by 2
Hochstetler, A., Price, G., Baohan, A., Li, M., Lara, F. R., Lok, J. M., & Costine, B. A. (2024) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000536054 · Cited by 2
“Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism ® 9 and presented as means ± SD. Due to the heterogeneity of outbred swine and current consensus of “ difference ” by statisticians, p values 0.06 were considered signi fi cantly different [33].”
InfluentialYang, J., Kuang, Y., Yang, X., Li, C., Qi, M., Fu, P., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1159547 · Cited by 2
Parker, S. E., Annapragada, B., Chestnut, I. A., Fuchs, J., Lee, A., Sabharwal, V., Wachman, E. M., & Yarrington, C. (2024) · Hypertension in Pregnancy · doi:10.1080/10641955.2024.2308922 · Cited by 3
“Given the potential for small sample sizes in selected strata, the exploratory nature of our research question, and guidelines from the American Statistical Association, we do not rely solely on statistical significance ( p 0.05) for inference (31).”
InfluentialWhy it is important for nurses to understand basic statistics
Huang, C., Trapani, J., & Tume, L. N. (2024) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12976 · Cited by 2
Your P-values are significant (or not), so what … now what?
Pérez, H. E. (2024) · Seed Science Research · doi:10.1017/s0960258524000035 · Cited by 2
“Non-trivial differences may show up as not statistically significant in studies with small sample sizes or imprecise measurements (Cohen, 1988; Ellis, 2010; Greenland et al., 2016; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialEhweiner, A., Duch, C., & Brembs, B. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.146347.1 · Cited by 3
Human sensory adaptation to the ecological structure of environmental statistics
Neri, P. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.3.3 · Cited by 2
“I adopt a combination of confidence intervals and p -values to avoid the limitations associated with p -values alone (Cumming, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodReis, J. C., Costa, R. N., & Nali, R. C. (2024) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-024-05511-8 · Cited by 2
“( 1234567890) ( P = 0.04), and a trend of increase between the years 2014 and 2018 ( P = 0.07; Wasserstein & Lazar 2016).”
InfluentialWoziwoda, B., Dyderski, M. K., Gręda, A., & Frelich, L. E. (2024) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.11185 · Cited by 2
“While interpreting results, we followed the American Statisticians Association statement (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) and we relied on effect sizes rather than on p - values only, as this latter statistic is highly sample size dependent and can lead to misinterpretation of some significant findings.”
MethodPancreatic Beta Cell Function in Infants Varies by Maternal Weight
Staimez, L. R., Dutta, A., Beyh, Y. S., Gupta, R., Noule, H. K., Vyakaranam, S., Deepa, K. P., Stein, A. D., Narayan, K. M. V., Prabhakaran, D., et al. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14040208 · Cited by 2
The 2023 Merger Guidelines: A Post-Chicago and Neo-Brandeisian Integration
Salop, S. C. (2024) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/s11151-024-09959-9 · Cited by 2
“58 Wasserstein & Lazar (2016).”
Shao, R., Su, L., Wang, P., Han, X., Wang, T., Dai, J., Gu, Y., Luo, J., Deng, L., & Liu, J. (2024) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-024-04176-7 · Cited by 3
“Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.3.0 (http:// www.R-proje ct. org). p values of < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant but cautioned against misin-terpretations [38].”
InfluentialMengjie, C., Shang, X., Yan, D., & Yan-feng, L. (2024) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104523 · Cited by 2
The Limits of Empiricism: A Critique of Data-Driven Theory Development
Slyke, C. V., & Kamis, A. A. (2024) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3663682.3663689 · Cited by 2
“Making claims based on fixed criteria (such as specific p-value cut-offs) is inappropriate due to the contextual factors that affect the derivation of statistics, not the least of which is measurement quality (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundSeo, S.-H., Batterman, S., Karvonen-Gutierrez, C. A., & Park, S. K. (2024) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-024-00672-z · Cited by 2
Deriving the Distribution and Exploring the Utility of Partial $$R^2$$ in the Era of Big Data
Hawk, G. S., & Thompson, K. L. (2024) · Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications · doi:10.1007/s44199-024-00074-y · Cited by 2
“While p -values mathematically do not represent the magnitude or strength of a relationship, they are often interpreted as doing so in practice [2].”
Houck, D., deVelder, N., Maniaci, D., & Houchens, B. C. (2024) · Wind energy science · doi:10.5194/wes-9-1189-2024 · Cited by 1
Nunes, K. L., & Hatton, C. E. (2024) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2024.2358440 · Cited by 2
“Given the low statistical power afforded by our small sample and compelling criticisms of significance testing (e.g. Cumming, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we focused on the magnitude and direction of the effect sizes in our interpretation of the results more so than on whether p was less than…”
Research and scholarly methods: Appraising the available literature to inform a research project
MacDonald, B. J., Wang, E. H. Z., & Turgeon, R. D. (2024) · JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY · doi:10.1002/jac5.1987 · Cited by 2
Suzuki, J. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.16117 · Cited by 4
“The statement on the p - value by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) highlighted the widespread misuse and misunderstandings surrounding p values derived from null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and suggested alternative approaches such as Bayes factors.”
MethodLawrence, T. J., Kangogo, G. K., Fredman, A., Deem, S. L., Fèvre, E. M., Gluecks, I., Brien, J. D., & Shacham, E. (2024) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-024-01684-9 · Cited by 2
Rovetta, A. (2024) · Public Health Toxicology · doi:10.18332/pht/189530 · Cited by 2
Sundbakk, L. M., Wood, M. E., Gran, J. M., & Nordeng, H. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae159 · Cited by 2
Amro, B., Ramírez, M., Farhan, R., Abdulrahim, M., Hakim, Z., Al-Suwaidi, S., Al-Zahmi, E., Tahlak, M., Koninckx, P. R., & Wattiez, A. (2024) · Facts Views and Vision in ObGyn · doi:10.52054/fvvo.16.2.021 · Cited by 3
“According to the recommendations of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), exact P-values and, unless indicated otherwise, medians (10th – 90th percentiles) are given. and 23% had undergone one, two, three, or ≥4 C-sections, respectively.”
MethodNi, H., Price, P. C., & Jones, C. J. (2024) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2024.2365618 · Cited by 2
“Hence, publication bias is part of the general context of QRPs that often center on or prioritize statistical significance to an extend that could affect research rigor and integrity (Bishop, 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Doll, J. L., & Woodside, A. G. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-04-2023-0155 · Cited by 2
Best, A. M., Lang, T. A., Greenberg, B. L., Gunsolley, J. C., & Ioannidou, E. (2024) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2024.06.006 · Cited by 2
Shibre, G. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077532 · Cited by 2
Belachew, A., Cherbuin, N., Bagheri, N., & Burns, R. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643241273137 · Cited by 3
“In line with the recommendations of the American Statistical Association (ASA) (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we report exact probability values and emphasize reporting those effects based on the relative magnitude of the effect size reported.”
Looking back: Selected contributions by C. R. Rao to multivariate analysis
Smith, D. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1111/sjos.12749 · Cited by 2
Assessing the accuracy of directional forecasts
Bürgi, C. R. S. (2024) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2024.2393902 · Cited by 2
A Novel Approach to Automatically Digitize Analog Seismograms
Wang, M., Yang, F., Liao, X., Wang, B., Gao, K., Zhang, L., Guo, W., Jiang, J., Yan, B., Xu, Y., et al. (2024) · Seismological Research Letters · doi:10.1785/0220240220 · Cited by 2
Toward Better Reporting in Oral Health Research
Jakubovics, N. S., & Schwendicke, F. (2024) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345241275459 · Cited by 3
“Following recommendations of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), the OHStat Guidelines call for reporting calculated P values rather than simply whether this value does or does not meet an arbitrary threshold of P 0.05.”
InfluentialEvolutionary palaeoecology of European rhinocerotids across the Oligocene–Miocene transition
Hullot, M., Martin, C., Blondel, C., et al. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240987 · Cited by 2
“Following the recent statement of the American Statistical Association (ASA) on p -values [69], we favoured giving exact values and we tried to be critical regarding the classical thresholds of ‘statistical significativity’.”
Alberti, M., Gianelli, M., Panza, N., Zákutná, D., Matulková, I., & Caselli, A. (2024) · European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ejic.202400494 · Cited by 3
Hullot, M., Martin, C., Blondel, C., et al. (2024) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2024.10.005 · Cited by 2
Bing, Y., Bai, J., Dai, Y., et al. (2024) · Archaeological Research in Asia · doi:10.1016/j.ara.2024.100564 · Cited by 2
Htun, H. L., Lian, W., Phua, H. P., Lim, M. Y., Chew, D. E. K., Quek, T. P. L., & Lim, W. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16026 · Cited by 3
The effects of free tuition policy on university academic performance in Chile
Espinoza, Ó., Sandoval, L., Corradi, B., McGinn, N., Larrondo, Y., & Maldonado, K. (2024) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4094 · Cited by 3
Trends in null hypothesis significance testing: Still going strong
Emmert‐Streib, F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40133 · Cited by 5
“Also the American Statistical Association (ASA) released a “Statement on Statistical Significance and P-values” [22,23] to provide a policy statement on p-values and statistical significance.”
Writing a First Osteoarchaeology Article: Some Advice for Early Career Researchers
Bendrey, R., & Mitchell, P. D. (2024) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.3370 · Cited by 2
Significance of image brightness levels for PRNU camera identification
Martin, A. L., & Newman, J. (2024) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15673 · Cited by 4
Effects of the Getting Ready for School intervention on children's school readiness skills
Castaner, M. M., Merz, E. C., Wiltshire, C. A., Melvin, S. A., Henry, K. L., Landers, C., Noble, K. G., & Duch, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2024.1477476 · Cited by 3
Treating Patients, Not P Values
Hodzic-Santor, E., & Fralick, M. (2024) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evide2400405 · Cited by 2
Carimán, P., Niklitschek, E. J., Leisen, M., et al. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14010007 · Cited by 2
Ibrahim, H. A. A., Kaddah, S., Mohamed, R. M. E.-H., & Khedr, S. (2025) · Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition · doi:10.5223/pghn.2025.28.1.54 · Cited by 4
“Two-sided p -values less than or equal 0.05 was considered statistically significant [30-32].”
InfluentialClinical Predictors in Acute Optic Neuritis
Küchlin, S., Ihorst, G., Heinrich, S. P., et al. (2025) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.01.010 · Cited by 2
Tsunamoto, Y., Koike, S., Tayasu, I., et al. (2025) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-025-05663-x · Cited by 2
Celebrating 100 Years of Publishing Research in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Piccirillo, J. F. (2025) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2024.5192 · Cited by 2
Propp, L., Nakua, H., Bedard, A., Sanches, M., Ameis, S. H., & Andrade, B. F. (2025) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437251315519 · Cited by 2
Turner, C. G., Stanhewicz, A. E., Nielsen, K. E., Otis, J. S., Feresin, R. G., & Wong, B. J. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00159.2024 · Cited by 2
Ferr, H. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000242 · Cited by 2
“Policy decisions often rely on studies that prioritize statistical significance over methodological rigor [15].”
Johnson, R. R., Shabanova, V., & Langhan, M. L. (2025) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-025-02338-3 · Cited by 2
“Effects were reported with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with OR > 1 indicating higher odds of better preparedness [12, 13].”
Horning, M. L., Gorman, K. S., Wagner, S., Fulkerson, J. A., Wolfson, J. A., Laska, M. N., & Harnack, L. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099414 · Cited by 2
“24 While the main analyses will be conducted with an intent- to-treat approach, we will also perform dose-adjusted analyses, as sensitivity analyses, to investigate the association between frequency and volume of use of the mobile market and the outcomes of interest and whether these usage measures…”
Bershadskyy, D., Krüger, J., Çalıklı, G., et al. (2025) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.2650 · Cited by 2
“Observational Descriptions: Since sole statistical testing is often subject to misinterpretation and not recommended (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016; Wasserstein et al., 2019; Amrhein et al., 2019), we focused on describing our observations.”
Hsu, H.-L. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2476720 · Cited by 2
“Although the p -value comparing pre-survey and post-survey writing anxiety scores in the Intervention group was 0.056 (just above the conventional significance level of α = 0.05), it suggested a potential trend towards a significant effect (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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