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Trust in automation: Part I. Theoretical issues in the study of trust and human intervention in automated systems
Abstract
Today many systems are highly automated. The human operator's role in these systems is to supervise the automation and intervene to take manual control when necessary. The operator's choice of automatic or manual control has important consequences for system performance, and therefore it is important to understand and optimize this decision process. One important determinant of operators' choice of manual or automatic control may be their degree of trust in the automation. However, there have been no experimental tests of this hypothesis until recently, nor is there a model of human trust in machines to form a theoretical foundation for empirical studies. In this paper a model of human trust in machines is developed, taking models of trust between people as a starting point, and extending them to the human-machine relationship. The resulting model defines human trust in machines and specifies how trust changes with experience on a system, providing a framework for experimental research on trust and human intervention in automated systems.
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“Most of the studies investigated how to maintain appropriate trust calibration by continuously presenting system information to prevent over-trust or under-trust.”
From Adaptive trust calibration for human-AI collaboration (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Successful collaborations between users and agents would require the users to appropriately adjust their level of trust with the actual reliability of the agents.”
From Adaptive trust calibration for human-AI collaboration (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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Items 101–200 of 875
A Conceptual Model of Trust, Perceived Risk, and Reliance on AI Decision Aids
Solberg, E., Kaarstad, M., Eitrheim, M. H. R., Bisio, R., Reegård, K., & Bloch, M. (2022) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011221081238 · Cited by 102
“Similarly, in the trust in technology and trust in automation literatures, it is understood that people do not simply base their trust in a technology on its technological attributes (McKnight et al., 2011; Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialDineen, B. R., Noe, R. A., & Wang, C. (2004) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20011 · Cited by 104
“…familiarity or comfort with the medium (Wiechmann & Ryan, 2003), perceptions of systems reliability (Hertzum, Andersen, Andersen, & Hansen, 2002; Muir, 1994), and the control mechanisms put in place to guard against system deficiencies or operator self-interest (Gefen et al., 2003; Tan &…”
BackgroundKraus, J., Scholz, D. D., & Baumann, M. R. K. (2020) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720820922653 · Cited by 107
“Interpersonal trust has been linked theoretically to automation trust (e.g., Lee & Moray, 1992; Lee & See, 2004; Madhavan & Wiegmann, 2007; Muir, 1994; Parasuraman, de Visser et al., 2014), but to date the only empirical evidence that dispositional interpersonal trust might be related to trust in…”
BackgroundTrust and intention to use autonomous vehicles: Manufacturer focus and passenger control
Waung, M., McAuslan, P., & Lakshmanan, S. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.05.004 · Cited by 103
Lu, Y., & Sarter, N. B. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2019.2930980 · Cited by 102
“This approach assumes that,while trust is considered an attitude, this attitude forms the basis for intentions [2] and, ultimately, mediates behavior [11], [29], [30].”
BackgroundTowards improving trust in context-aware systems by displaying system confidence
Antifakos, S., Kern, N., Schiele, B., & Schwaninger, A. (2005) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/1085777.1085780 · Cited by 103
“Muir [17] extended a model of trust between people, to trust between humans and machines.”
BackgroundInfluentialWalker, F., Wang, J., Martens, M., & Verwey, W. B. (2019) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.05.021 · Cited by 106
Trust in Human-AI Interaction: Scoping Out Models, Measures, and Methods
Ueno, T., Sawa, Y., Kim, Y., Urakami, J., Oura, H., & Seaborn, K. (2022) · Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519772 · Cited by 91
Comparison of a Brain-Based Adaptive System and a Manual Adaptable System for Invoking Automation
Bailey, N. R., Scerbo, M. W., Freeman, F. G., Mikulka, P. J., & Scott, L. A. (2006) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872006779166280 · Cited by 91
“To date, research has focused on the underlying factors influencing operator decisions to use automation, such as operator trust, operator self-confidence, and task complexity (Lee & Moray, 1994; Muir, 1987, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996; Parasuraman et al., 1993).”
BackgroundRequirements for Effective Function Allocation
Feigh, K. M., & Pritchett, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343413490945 · Cited by 90
“For example, models and measures of trust, social judgment, and roles have been extended from the social sciences and related studies of teams to human–automation interaction (see, for example, Bass & Pritchett, 2008; Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996; Woods, 1985; Woods & Hollnagel, 2006).”
BackgroundBuilding technology trust in ICT application at a university
Ejdys, J. (2018) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-07-2017-0234 · Cited by 94
A systematic review and meta-analysis of age-related differences in trust.
Bailey, P. E., & Leon, T. (2019) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000368 · Cited by 94
A Human–Machine Interaction Mechanism: Additive Manufacturing for Industry 5.0—Design and Management
Rani, S., Jining, D., Shoukat, K., Shoukat, M. U., & Nawaz, S. A. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16104158 · Cited by 90
Age differences in trust and reliance of a medication management system
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“The primary theoretical account of trust (Muir, 1987; 1994; Muir and Moray, 1996) in automation borrowed heavily from social psychological views of interpersonal trust (Barber, 1983; Rempel et al., 1985) to explain trust in automation.”
BackgroundUser Trust Dynamics: An Investigation Driven by Differences in System Performance
Yu, K., Berkovsky, S., Taib, R., Conway, D., Zhou, J., & Chen, F. (2017) · Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3025171.3025219 · Cited by 90
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The role of intervening variables in driver–ACC cooperation
Rajaonah, B., Tricot, N., Anceaux, F., & Millot, P. (2007) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.09.002 · Cited by 89
How we trust, perceive, and learn from virtual humans: The influence of voice quality
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Does projection into use improve trust and exploration? An example with a cruise control system
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“Trust (and distrust, which is its inseparable opposite) has been studied in relation to control of dynamic systems (Amalberti, 1996; Muir, 1994; Rajaonah et al., 2003), often within interpersonal frameworks (Rempel et al., 1985; Josang et al., 2005).”
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Dixon, L. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100113 · Cited by 86
Trust in a ‘trust-free’ system: Blockchain acceptance in the banking and finance sector
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User Trust in Intelligent Systems
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Israelsen, B. W., & Ahmed, N. R. (2019) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3267338 · Cited by 81
“Muir [98, 99] considered similar questions and concluded that making systems more ‘observable’ is one way to improve the trust between a human operator and an autonomous control system.”
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Moray, N. P., & Inagaki, T. (1999) · Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control · doi:10.1177/014233129902100408 · Cited by 83
Multi-task trust transfer for human–robot interaction
Soh, H., Xie, Y., Chen, M., & Hsu, D. (2019) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/0278364919866905 · Cited by 88
“As a general measure of trust, participants were also asked to complete Muir’s questionnaire [Muir, 1994, Muir and Moray, 1996] pre-and-post exposure to the robot demonstrations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrust: Recent concepts and evaluations in human-robot interaction
Law, T., & Scheutz, M. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819472-0.00002-2 · Cited by 83
A survey of human judgement and quantitative forecasting methods
Zellner, M., Abbas, A. E., Budescu, D. V., & Galstyan, A. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201187 · Cited by 100
Antecedents of trust in human-robot collaborations
Oleson, K. E., Billings, D. R., Kocsis, V., Chen, J. Y. C., & Hancock, P. A. (2011) · IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support · doi:10.1109/cogsima.2011.5753439 · Cited by 79
“Both involve receiving information or knowledge to form expectations about the system, and these experiences help an individual predict system behavior [ 15 ].”
BackgroundExploring the Trust Influencing Mechanism of Robo-Advisor Service: A Mixed Method Approach
Cheng, X., Guo, F., Chen, J., Li, K., Zhang, Y., & Gao, P. F. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11184917 · Cited by 91
Understanding human management of automation errors
McBride, S. E., Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (2014) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2013.817625 · Cited by 82
Human adaptation to latency in teleoperated multi-robot human-agent search and rescue teams
Khasawneh, A., Rogers, H., Bertrand, J., Madathil, K. C., & Gramopadhye, A. K. (2018) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2018.12.012 · Cited by 80
Jiao, J. R., Zhou, F., Gebraeel, N., & Duffy, V. G. (2020) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1722324 · Cited by 78
“Therefore, much like interpersonal trust (Lee and Moray 1994; Muir 1994), trust develops in the face of a sense of risk.”
BackgroundKumar, A., McMahon, G., Reid, T., & Jain, N. (2020) · IEEE Control Systems · doi:10.1109/mcs.2020.3019151 · Cited by 58
Lee, J., Abe, G., Sato, K., & Itoh, M. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.06.013 · Cited by 76
Lewis, P. R., & Marsh, S. (2021) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.11.001 · Cited by 72
“…heuristic usually used with other humans in the non-human domain; though (following Dennett, 1971) this is neither necessarily a bad thing, nor is it something we will ever stop people from doing anyway (Reeves & Nass, 1996), and it is also certainly not new either (Marsh et al., 2011; Muir, 1994).”
Simulator Training With a Forward Collision Warning System
Koustanai, A., Cavallo, V., Delhomme, P., & Mas, A. (2012) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720812441796 · Cited by 81
“In agreement with Muir (1994), we suggest that this tendency results from a better understanding of the FCW and more effective driver-system interactions.”
BackgroundÉmotions et activités professionnelles et quotidiennes
Cahour, B., & Lancry, A. (2011) · Le travail humain · doi:10.3917/th.742.0097 · Cited by 72
Drnec, K., Marathe, A. R., Lukos, J. R., & Metcalfe, J. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00290 · Cited by 81
“There are aspects of interpersonal trust that are analogous to TiA, in particular that there needs to be a sense of risk or vulnerability on the part of the trustor for trust to develop (Lee and Moray, 1994; Muir, 1994; Corritore et al., 2003; Lee and See, 2004; Evans and Krueger, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDo I trust my machine teammate?: an investigation from perception to decision
Yu, K., Berkovsky, S., Taib, R., Zhou, J., & Chen, F. (2019) · Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3301275.3302277 · Cited by 71
Xu, J., Kim, L., Deitermann, A. M., & Montague, E. N. H. (2014) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.04.012 · Cited by 83
“In addition, an individual’s trust in technology may also influence his/ her trust in other elements of the system, such as interpersonal trust and institutional trust (Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundThe influence of alarm timing on braking response and driver trust in low speed driving
Abe, G., & Richardson, J. (2005) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2005.04.006 · Cited by 71
Physiological Measures of Risk Perception in Highly Automated Driving
Perello-March, J. R., Burns, C. G., Birrell, S. A., Woodman, R., & Elliott, M. T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3146793 · Cited by 75
Designer driving: drivers' conceptual models and level of trust in adaptive cruise control
Kazi, T. A., Stanton, N. A., Walker, G. H., & Young, M. S. (2007) · International Journal of Vehicle Design · doi:10.1504/ijvd.2007.014909 · Cited by 70
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BackgroundInfluentialTrust Building in Virtual Salespersons Versus in Human Salespersons: Similarities and Differences
Komiak, S., Wang, & Benbasat, I. (2004) · e-Service Journal · doi:10.2979/esj.2004.3.3.49 · Cited by 74
“For example, several studies by Muir and his collaborators (e.g., Muir, 1987; Muir, 1994; Muir and Moray, 1996) have included a dimension of morality (e.g., responsibility) in their definition of trust in machines and automation.”
BackgroundExplainable recommendation: when design meets trust calibration
Naiseh, M., Al-Thani, D., Jiang, N., & Ali, R. (2021) · World Wide Web · doi:10.1007/s11280-021-00916-0 · Cited by 68
Calhoun, C. S., Bobko, P., Gallimore, J. J., & Lyons, J. B. (2019) · Journal of Trust Research · doi:10.1080/21515581.2019.1579730 · Cited by 74
Trust in new decision aid systems
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“He [ 24 ] also shows that the users weight each case differently, depending on the risk involved.”
BackgroundTrusting autonomous vehicles: An interdisciplinary approach
Raats, K., Fors, V., & Pink, S. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100201 · Cited by 75
Ng, M., Coopamootoo, K., Toreini, E., Aitken, M., Elliot, K., & van Moorsel, A. (2020) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW) · doi:10.1109/eurospw51379.2020.00034 · Cited by 94
“Furthermore, trust in automation changes with user experience of said system [82], [83].”
BackgroundLet Me Take Over: Variable Autonomy for Meaningful Human Control
Methnani, L., Tubella, A. A., Dignum, V., & Theodorou, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2021.737072 · Cited by 85
“Choosing one model of human oversight over another is entirely dependent on the context in which the system is deployed, the independent capabilities of the system, the user ’ s trust in the system (Muir, 1994), as well as the potential risks imposed on society.”
BackgroundAre households ready to engage with smart home technology?
Mulcahy, R. F., Letheren, K., McAndrew, R., Glavas, C., & Russell‐Bennett, R. (2019) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2019.1680568 · Cited by 67
“Indeed, trust in automation has long been a key concern of the literature – including ensuring that ‘errors in trust’ (dis/trusting the automation when not earned) are avoided (Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Is Key: An Analysis of Factors Pertaining to Trust in a Real-World Automation System
Balfe, N., Sharples, S., & Wilson, J. R. (2018) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720818761256 · Cited by 74
“Muir (1994) stated that if it was not possible to build automated systems that are trustworthy, then we could not build automated systems at all, and several studies have found a correlation between trust levels and use of automated systems (e.g., de-Vries, Midden, & Bouwhuis, 2003; Lewandowsky,…”
BackgroundThe impact of context-related reliability on automation failure detection and scanning behaviour
Bagheri, N., & Jamieson, G. A. (2005) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398299 · Cited by 65
“This appears to confirm Muir’s hypothesis [ 7 ] that educating operators about the automation competence (e.g., level of reliability) may lead to more accurate expectations of automation performance and thus to a more appropriate level of trust.”
BackgroundThe Illusion of Control: Placebo Effects of Control Settings
Vaccaro, K., Huang, D., Eslami, M., Sandvig, C., Hamilton, K., & Karahalios, K. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173590 · Cited by 65
A Unified Bi-Directional Model for Natural and Artificial Trust in Human–Robot Collaboration
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“Trust in automation is a dynamic construct [14] that can be directly measured with subjective scales [3], [15] or can also be estimated through behavioral variables [16], [17].”
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Plan, Repair, Execute, Explain — How Planning Helps to Assemble your Home Theater
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Accounting for the human in cyberspace: Effects of mood on trust in automation
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“reversed scored), several items tapped Muir’s [ 29 ] description of trust-related factors for automated tools (i.e., competence, responsibility, predictability, and dependability).”
BackgroundImproving the radiologist-CAD interaction: designing for appropriate trust
Jorritsma, W., Cnossen, F., & van Ooijen, P. M. A. (2015) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2014.09.017 · Cited by 61
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“We used validated questionnaires to assess perceived robot reliability [29, 65] and trust in the robot [39] before and after interaction with the HSR.”
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Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A., & Salmon, P. M. (2016) · International Journal of Vehicle Design · doi:10.1504/ijvd.2016.074419 · Cited by 70
“Calibration is "the process of adjusting trust to correspond to an objective measure of trustworthiness" (Muir, 1994, p. 1918) and it can be conceptualised in the manner shown in Figure 3.”
BackgroundTrust and technologies: Implications for organizational work practices
Ashleigh, M., & Nandhakumar, J. (2005) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.018 · Cited by 62
Trustworthiness and IT Suspicion: An Evaluation of the Nomological Network
Lyons, J. B., Stokes, C. K., Eschleman, K. J., Alarcon, G. M., & Barelka, A. J. (2011) · Hum. Factors · doi:10.1177/0018720811406726 · Cited by 59
“Increasingly, the role of humans is to supervise automated tools, monitor automated tool performance, and intervene when needed (Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodAutomated vehicles and behavioural adaptation in Canada
Robertson, R. D., Meister, S. R., Vanlaar, W. G. M., & Hing, M. M. (2017) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.08.005 · Cited by 60
A state of science on highly automated driving
Navarro, J. (2018) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2018.1439544 · Cited by 60
“Trust is a key cognitive dimension associated with automation in a variety of application areas (see for instance Lee and See 2004; Muir 1994).”
BackgroundRobot Capability and Intention in Trust-Based Decisions Across Tasks
Xie, Y., Bodala, I. P., Ong, D. C., Hsu, D., & Soh, H. (2019) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2019.8673084 · Cited by 61
“Muir’s seminal work on trust in automation [5], [6] and its effect on operator control allocation found that people’s reported subjective trust ratings were sensitive to the automation’s properties—the more reliable the automation, the higher the trust ratings, which subsequently led to increased automation reliance.”
BackgroundRoesler, E., Vollmann, M., Manzey, D., & Onnasch, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108008 · Cited by 66
Trust in artificial intelligence: Literature review and main path analysis
Henrique, B. M., & Santos, E. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100043 · Cited by 83
Trust and the use of adaptive cruise control: a study of a cut-in situation
Rajaonah, B., Anceaux, F., & Vienne, F. (2006) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-006-0030-3 · Cited by 58
“The belief that the ACC will perform its assigned task in any situation corresponds to what Muir (1994) defined as trust in automation.”
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Perkins, L., Miller, J. E., Hashemi, A., & Burns, G. N. (2010) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193121005402502 · Cited by 58
“Muir (1994) offers a trust equation that illustrates the role of predictability: Trust = Predictability + Dependability + Faith.”
BackgroundEmpirical Evaluations of Framework for Adaptive Trust Calibration in Human-AI Cooperation
Okamura, K., & Yamada, S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3042556 · Cited by 66
“‘‘trust calibration’’ [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialCalibrating Pedestrians' Trust in Automated Vehicles
Faas, S. M., Kraus, J., Schoenhals, A., & Baumann, M. R. K. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445738 · Cited by 63
TruBeRepec: a trust-behavior-based reputation and recommender system for mobile applications
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“Since trust is obviously correlated to use [21– 23], the usage could imply trust.”
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“Extensive empirical evidence has shown that there is a decline in trust when there is a defect in the automation [62]; negative”
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“Trust is a hypothetical construct that cannot be observed or measured in a direct, physical sense [78].”
BackgroundEnergy supply chain efficiency in the digital era: Evidence from China's listed companies
Fu, S., Ge, Y., Yu, H., Peng, J., & Tian, J. (2024) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107597 · Cited by 61
Validation of a trust in medical technology instrument
Montague, E. N. H. (2010) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.01.009 · Cited by 55
“…of trust relationships exist; trust between two or more people (interpersonal trust) (Larzelere and Huston, 1980), a person’s trust with a system or institution (social trust) (Castelfranchi and Falcone, 2002) and a person’s trust with a technology or device (technological trust) (Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundA Survey on Trust in Autonomous Systems
Shahrdar, S., Menezes, L., & Nojoumian, M. (2018) · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01177-2_27 · Cited by 60
“In the same line of research and based on [17], Muir [18] conducted two experiments to test the influential variables in human-machine trust, and provided experimental analysis on the theoretical trust model proposed a few years earlier.”
BackgroundMeasurement of trust in complex and dynamic systems using a quantitative approach
Uggirala, A., Gramopadhye, A. K., Melloy, B. J., & Toler, J. E. (2004) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2004.03.005 · Cited by 55
Trust Change in Information Technology Products
McKnight, D. H., Liu, P., & Pentland, B. T. (2020) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2020.1831772 · Cited by 64
Effect of automation failure type on trust development in driving automation systems
Mishler, S., & Chen, J. (2022) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103913 · Cited by 56
Calibrating Trust in Automation Through Familiarity With the Autoparking Feature of a Tesla Model X
Tenhundfeld, N. L., de Visser, E. J., Haring, K. S., Ries, A. J., Finomore, V. S., & Tossell, C. C. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343419869083 · Cited by 55
“The knowledge of what a vehicle is doing and in which mode is paramount in the development of trust (French, Duenser, & Heathcote, 2018; Koo et al., 2015; Muir, 1994; Sarter & Woods, 1995) and safe use (Casner & Hutchins, 2019).”
BackgroundIn AI We Trust? Factors That Influence Trustworthiness of AI-infused Decision-Making ProcessesPreprint
Ashoori, M., & Weisz, J. D. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.02675 · Cited by 117
“lity, accuracy, understandability, joy of use, and ease of use. Cahour & Forzy [7] evaluated peoples’ confidence in AI decisions based on predictability, reliability, safety, and efficiency. Muir [31], Madsen & Gregor [26], and Kelly et al. [20] argued that trust formation also depended upon machine competence…”
BackgroundAssessing the Impact of Automation on the Air Traffic Controller: The SHAPE Questionnaires
Dehn, D. M. (2008) · Air Traffic Control Quarterly · doi:10.2514/atcq.16.2.127 · Cited by 53
Function allocation in complex systems: reframing an old problem
Challenger, R., Clegg, C., & Shepherd, C. (2013) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.790482 · Cited by 53
“Indeed, 15 articles were published in the journal Ergonomics alone (Whitfield 1967; Noro and Okada 1983; Lee and Moray 1992; Muir 1994; Page 1995; Drury and Forsman 1996; Muir and Moray 1996; Older, Waterson, and Clegg 1997; Endsley and Kaber 1999; Moscoso, Wafler, and Windischer 1999; Hoc 2000;…”
BackgroundDriver Trust in Automated Driving Systems: The Case of Overtaking and Passing
Abe, G., Sato, K., & Itoh, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2017.2781619 · Cited by 53
Changes in Trust after Driving Level 2 Automated Cars
Walker, F., Boelhouwer, A., Alkim, T. P., Verwey, W. B., & Martens, M. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Transportation · doi:10.1155/2018/1045186 · Cited by 53
“As pointed out by Muir [20], trust can be built by giving to the user the chance to experience the system in a variety of situations.”
BackgroundResearch on trust: a bibliography and brief bibliometric analysis of the special issue submissions
Arnott, D. C. (2007) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090560710773408 · Cited by 57
Displaying System Situation Awareness Increases Driver Trust in Automated Driving
Sonoda, K., & Wada, T. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles · doi:10.1109/tiv.2017.2749178 · Cited by 52
“ing with earlier timing or more distance than that of each driver when passing other objects, which is expected to affect automation usage [16]–[18].”
BackgroundTrust and Artificial IntelligencePreprint
Stanton, B. C., & Jensen, T. (2021) · doi:10.6028/nist.ir.8332-draft · Cited by 53
“In her model of human-automation trust, Muir [25] proposed that the relative importance of different components of perceived trustworthiness (persistence, technical competence, fiduciary responsibility) is not equal, nor the same across contexts.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, J., Mishler, S., Hu, B., Li, N., & Proctor, R. W. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.05.010 · Cited by 50
McGrath, M. J., Duenser, A., Lacey, J., & Paris, C. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100200 · Cited by 51
Expression of Curiosity in Social Robots
Ceha, J., Chhibber, N., Goh, J., McDonald, C., Oudeyer, P., Kulić, D., & Law, E. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300636 · Cited by 65
“Effective teaching requires an understanding of the learning progress of the student, and not being able to figure out the internal state of an agent can lead to a loss of trust, satisfaction, and acceptance [28].”
BackgroundHuman-Swarm-Teaming Transparency and Trust Architecture
Hepworth, A., Baxter, D. P., Hussein, A., Yaxley, K. J., Debie, E., & Abbass, H. A. (2020) · IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica · doi:10.1109/jas.2020.1003545 · Cited by 57
“Similarly, the term “predictability” is used to denote different notions including: the ease of making predictions [72], behavior consistency [73], and the variance in estimation errors [74].”
BackgroundHeikoop, D. D., de Winter, J., van Arem, B., & Stanton, N. A. (2015) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2015.1101507 · Cited by 51
“The same applies to psychological models of automation (e.g., Dzindolet et al. 2001; Endsley 1995; Lee and See 2004; Muir 1994; Parasuraman and Manzey 2010; Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens 2000; Riley 1989; Wickens et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMontague, E. N. H., Xu, J., & Chiou, E. K. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2014.2325859 · Cited by 54
“Trust in technology influences how the technology is used and may influence a user’s trust in other elements of a work system, such as co-users and the institution which implements the technology [25], [26].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Culture on Trust in Automation: Reliability and Workload
Chien, S.-Y., Lewis, M., Sycara, K., Liu, J.-S., & Kumru, A. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3230736 · Cited by 58
“Trust has frequently been cited [9, 10] as a contributor to human decisions about monitoring and using automation.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- MUIR, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- MUIR, BONNIE M.
- Venue
- Ergonomics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1994-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1905-1922
- ISSN
- 0014-0139 (ISSN-L)
- 1366-5847
- OpenAlex
- W2032426551
- Cited by
- 873
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ergonomics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- trust in automation, human-machine trust, human intervention, manual control, automated systems, operator decision-making, trust model, human oversight
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