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Trust in automation: Part I. Theoretical issues in the study of trust and human intervention in automated systems
Abstract
Today many systems are highly automated. The human operator's role in these systems is to supervise the automation and intervene to take manual control when necessary. The operator's choice of automatic or manual control has important consequences for system performance, and therefore it is important to understand and optimize this decision process. One important determinant of operators' choice of manual or automatic control may be their degree of trust in the automation. However, there have been no experimental tests of this hypothesis until recently, nor is there a model of human trust in machines to form a theoretical foundation for empirical studies. In this paper a model of human trust in machines is developed, taking models of trust between people as a starting point, and extending them to the human-machine relationship. The resulting model defines human trust in machines and specifies how trust changes with experience on a system, providing a framework for experimental research on trust and human intervention in automated systems.
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“Most of the studies investigated how to maintain appropriate trust calibration by continuously presenting system information to prevent over-trust or under-trust.”
From Adaptive trust calibration for human-AI collaboration (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Successful collaborations between users and agents would require the users to appropriately adjust their level of trust with the actual reliability of the agents.”
From Adaptive trust calibration for human-AI collaboration (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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Cited by
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Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605
“This is particularly true when considering how trust relates to automation (Cohen, Parasuraman, & Freeman, 1999; Muir,1994).”
BackgroundThe role of trust in automation reliance
Dzindolet, M. T., Peterson, S. A., Pomranky, R. A., Pierce, L. G., & Beck, H. P. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00038-7 · Cited by 1,276
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“Trust is seen as an intervening variable that mediates users' behavior with computers (Muir, 1994).”
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Self-citationTrust In and Adoption of Online Recommendation Agents
Benbasat, I., & Wang, W. (2005) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00065 · Cited by 873
“For example, Lerch et al. (1993) and Muir (1994) have explored other machine trust related beliefs such as reliability, predictability, dependability, and faith as they relate to machines.”
BackgroundThe elements of computer credibility
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Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y. C., Szalma, J. L., & Hancock, P. A. (2016) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720816634228 · Cited by 768
“If experience with a machine provides predictable outcomes, then operators start to and then continue to trust the system (Cahour & Forzy, 2009; Muir, 1994).”
Background'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions
Binns, R., Van Kleek, M., Veale, M., Lyngs, U., Zhao, J., & Shadbolt, N. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173951 · Cited by 691
“As users form mental models [52] of machine learning systems over time, such long-term exposure may lead to greater understanding [76] and greater trust and reliance [47].”
BackgroundAlmost human: Anthropomorphism increases trust resilience in cognitive agents.
de Visser, E. J., Monfort, S. S., McKendrick, R., Smith, M. A. B., McKnight, P. E., Krueger, F., & Parasuraman, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000092 · Cited by 614
“Although early research on trust in automation assumed that human trust was similar in character to human automation trust (Lee & Moray, 1992; Muir, 1987, 1994), this proposition has not been systematically and consistently tested by comparing humans and computers in the same study.”
BackgroundWhy and why not explanations improve the intelligibility of context-aware intelligent systems
Lim, B. Y., Dey, A. K., & Avrahami, D. (2009) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1519023 · Cited by 552
Metrics for explainable AI: challenges and prospects
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“Based on our review of the psychological literature on explanation, including theoretical and empirical work by Muir (1987, 1994) and by Cahour and Forzy (2009), we identified several key attributes of explanations: understandability, feeling of satisfaction, sufficiency of detail, completeness,…”
BackgroundStanton, N. A., Stewart, R., Harris, D., Houghton, R. J., Baber, C., McMaster, R., Salmon, P., Hoyle, G., Walker, G., Young, M. S., et al. (2006) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130600612762 · Cited by 418
“Research into trust and technology suggests that there are shared traits between interpersonal trust and technological trust (Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996).”
BackgroundSimilarities and differences between human–human and human–automation trust: an integrative review
Madhavan, P., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2007) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220500337708 · Cited by 577
“The concept of automation trust, in general, has been the focus of a vast body of research over the last decade (Muir 1987, 1994, Lee and Moray 1992, 1994, Blomqvist 1997, Lerch et al. 1997, Lee and See 2004).”
BackgroundMerritt, S. M., & Ilgen, D. R. (2008) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x288574 · Cited by 527
“The relationship of trust and automation use was examined in a series of studies using variations of the PASTEURIZER task (Lee & Moray, 1992, 1994; Muir, 1989; Muir & Moray, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodThe effects of transparency on trust in and acceptance of a content-based art recommender
Cramer, H., Evers, V., Ramlal, S., van Someren, M., Rutledge, L., Stash, N., Aroyo, L., & Wielinga, B. (2008) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-008-9051-3 · Cited by 448
“Users may have a level of trust in a device, but also have a level of trust in the success of cooperation with the device (see also Muir 1994; Muir and Moray 1996).”
BackgroundHybrid-augmented intelligence: collaboration and cognition
Zheng, N., Liu, Z., Ren, P., Ma, Y., Chen, S., Yu, S., Xue, J., Chen, B., & Wang, F. (2017) · Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1631/fitee.1700053 · Cited by 421
“In common machine learning methods, the initial iteration position is usually obtained at the sacrifice of the generalization abilities of the algorithm, such as the introduction of strong assumptions (Lippmann, 1987) and increasing human intervention (Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundTowards a cognitive approach to human–machine cooperation in dynamic situations
HOC, J.-M. (2001) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.2000.0454 · Cited by 387
The Perceived Utility of Human and Automated Aids in a Visual Detection Task
Dzindolet, M. T., Pierce, L. G., Beck, H. P., & Dawe, L. A. (2002) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/0018720024494856 · Cited by 386
“Trust is one social process in the framework of automation use that has been researched in the human factors literature (Cohen et al., 1998; Lee & Moray, 1992, 1994; Moray, Inagaki, & Itoh, 2000; Mosier & Skitka, 1996; Muir, 1987, 1994; Singh, Molloy, & Parasuraman, 1993).”
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“It also reflects reliability (Giddens, 1990; Hardin, 2001; Muir, 1994), consistency (Butler, 1991), or behaving as expected (Luhmann, 1979; Seligman, 1997; Sheppard & Sherman, 1998).”
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Psychosocial factors associated with intended use of automated vehicles: A simulated driving study
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“While it is acknowledged that trust is a multi-faceted concept and that multiple definitions of trust in automation exist (see: Muir, 1994; Walker et al., 2016), in the current study trust in automation was referred to as the drivers’ perception of the reliability of the conditional AV. Lee and…”
BackgroundAdaptive automation, trust, and self-confidence in fault management of time-critical tasks.
Moray, N. P., Inagaki, T., & Itoh, M. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037//1076-898x.6.1.44 · Cited by 345
Behavioural adaptation to adaptive cruise control (ACC): implications for preventive strategies
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Control Task Substitution in Semiautomated Driving
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“As used here, the term capability can be likened to that of “technical competence” as used by Muir (1994): “The expectation of technical competence is probably closest to our intuitive understanding of what it means to trust a machine; machines are designed to perform a task, and we expect them to…”
MethodDo travelers trust intelligent service robots?
Tussyadiah, I. P., Zach, F., & Wang, J. (2020) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.102886 · Cited by 373
“Consumer trust for machines can be extended from interpersonal trust and influenced by similar factors that determine trust between people (Muir, 1994; Yagoda and Gillan, 2012).”
BackgroundBeggiato, M., & Krems, J. F. (2013) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.12.006 · Cited by 328
Explanations in Autonomous Driving: A Survey
Omeiza, D., Webb, H., Jirotka, M., & Kunze, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3122865 · Cited by 355
“, since the introduction of interpersonal trust theories into the human-machine interaction domain by [38], [39], [40], [37].”
BackgroundMeasurement of trust in automation: A narrative review and reference guide
Kohn, S. C., de Visser, E. J., Wiese, E., Lee, Y.-C., & Shaw, T. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604977 · Cited by 315
“Other surveys focus on trustworthiness as a singular construct without component factors (Lee and Moray, 1992, 1994).”
BackgroundTheoretical Considerations and Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Trust in Automation
Körber, M. (2019) · Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96074-6_2 · Cited by 317
Determinants of customer satisfaction in chatbot use: evidence from a banking application in Turkey
Eren, B. A. (2021) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-02-2020-0056 · Cited by 336
The Role of Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Lewis, M., Sycara, K. P., & Walker, P. M. (2018) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64816-3_8 · Cited by 307
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“Trust, once lost, is hard to regain (Muir 1994).”
Driver behaviour with adaptive cruise control
Stanton, N. A., & Young, M. S. (2005) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130500252990 · Cited by 284
“A multidimensional trust scale based upon Muir (1994).”
BackgroundKraus, J., Scholz, D., Stiegemeier, D., & Baumann, M. (2020) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720819853686 · Cited by 276
“Relevant beliefs for trust calibration include perceived predictability, dependability, faith, competence, and reliability of the system (Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996).”
BackgroundImproving the Driver–Automation Interaction
Beller, J., Heesen, M., & Vollrath, M. (2013) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720813482327 · Cited by 283
“For a successful cooperation, the driver must trust the automation (Lee & See, 2004; Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996).”
BackgroundKelton, K., Fleischmann, K. R., & Wallace, W. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20722 · Cited by 274
Hoffman, R. R., Mueller, S. T., Klein, G., & Litman, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1096257 · Cited by 272
“Based on our review of the psychological literature, including theoretical and empirical work by Muir (1987, 1994) and by Cahour and Forzy (2009), we identified several key attributes of explanation 10.3389 /fcomp.”
MethodInfluentialAutomation failures on tasks easily performed by operators undermine trust in automated aids
Madhavan, P., Wiegmann, D. A., & Lacson, F. C. (2006) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872006777724408 · Cited by 268
“Nonetheless, the relationship between trust and operators’ reliance upon imperfectly reliable automation is often complex and multifaceted (e.g., Lee & Moray, 1992, 1994; Lerch, Prietula, & Kulik, 1997; Muir, 1987, 1994; Sheridan, 2002; Wiegmann, Rich, & Zhang, 2001).”
BackgroundVerberne, F. M. F., Ham, J. R. C., & Midden, C. J. H. (2012) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720812443825 · Cited by 264
“Previous studies have shown that trust is a crucial psychological factor that contributes to the acceptability of automation technology (e.g., Lee & Moray, 1992; Lee & See, 2004; Lewandowsky, Mundy, & Tan, 2000; Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996; Parasuraman & Riley, 1997; Riley, 1996).”
BackgroundAffective Processes in Human–Automation Interactions
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“…trust in an automated system is a more cognitive attitude (Parasuraman & Wickens, 2008) and is strongly associated with judgments of predictability, dependability, responsibility, and competence (Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996), liking encompasses a more affectively laden impression of the sys-tem.”
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Assessing demand for intelligibility in context-aware applications
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“Such a lack of application intelligibility can lead users to mistrust the system, misuse it, or abandon it altogether [ 22 ].”
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The dynamics of trust: Comparing humans to automation.
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Adaptive trust calibration for human-AI collaboration
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Evolving Trust in Robots: Specification Through Sequential and Comparative Meta-Analyses
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“As mentioned, miscalibrations of trust can lead to various forms of maladaptive interaction (Muir, 1994; Parasuraman & Riley, 1997).”
BackgroundBailey, N. R., & Scerbo, M. W. (2007) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220500535301 · Cited by 224
“Muir (1987, 1994) has also suggested that continued experience with highly reliable systems can further degrade monitoring performance.”
BackgroundInfluentialAutomated driving: Safety blind spots
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“Such a lack of intelligibility can mean that users may cease to use a selfadaptive system [35].”
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Designing Transparency for Effective Human-AI Collaboration
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“Trust is particularly important in the context of complex technical systems, which are characterized by steadily increasing levels of automation (Söllner et al., 2016b; Muir, 1994).”
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“…technologies, can lead to the opposite, but equally undesirable, effect: Pilots may not use the system-provided information or follow its recommendations when they should do so (Endsley, 1996; Endsley & Kiris, 1995; Lee & Moray, 1992, 1994; Muir, 1994; Parasuraman & Riley, 1997; Riley, 1996).”
BackgroundTrust in electronic environments
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“Moreover, researchers have found that user attitudes toward technology, and trust in particular, affect the use of that technology [6, 50].”
BackgroundInfluentialHow do visual explanations foster end users' appropriate trust in machine learning?
Yang, F., Huang, Z., Scholtz, J., & Arendt, D. L. (2020) · Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3377325.3377480 · Cited by 200
“While many definitions and models of trust were proposed[81, 119] in different contexts (e.g., human-human[70, 77], human-automation[37, 62, 93], and e-commerce[32, 64]), we use the definition for human-computer trust from Madsen and Gregor[72] which was adapted from McAllister[78]: “…”
MethodThe automation of leadership functions: Would people trust decision algorithms?
Höddinghaus, M., Sondern, D., & Hertel, G. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106635 · Cited by 219
Human resource information systems (HRIS) and technology trust
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Creating Appropriate Trust in Automated Vehicle Systems: A Framework for HMI Design
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“Supervisory control of automation has, for example, been considered to resemble the interaction between staff and manager [2], [4].”
BackgroundVehicle automation and driving performance
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Alarm timing, trust and driver expectation for forward collision warning systems
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Graduate Theses and Dissertations
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When computers take the lead: The automation of leadership
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Being Transparent about Transparency: A Model for Human-Robot Interaction
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JDL level 5 fusion model: user refinement issues and applications in group tracking
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Toolkit to support intelligibility in context-aware applications
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“This can frustrate users [4], and cause them to lose trust in the applications [ 29 ].”
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“…control a technology system that can be set to operate automatically is directly related to their level of trust in the technology and that a deterioration of trust is dependent on how transient or systematic the fault is perceived to be (Lee, 1994; Lee & Moray, 1992; Muir, 1994; Zuboff, 1988).”
BackgroundTrustworthy AI and robotics: Implications for the AEC industry
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“Adjusting human trust levels with the actual abilities of the AIR systems is a key process to ensure overtrust and undertrust are not happening (Muir 1994, Lee and See 2004).”
BackgroundHuman-machine Collaborative Decision-making: An Evolutionary Roadmap Based on Cognitive Intelligence
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“Muir [128] studies the timing and conditions of human-computer interaction from the perspective of obtaining mutual trust.”
BackgroundCooperation between drivers and automation: implications for safety
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“At this level, trust in automation and in one’s relations with automation, together with self-confidence, can be calibrated through the use of models elaborated by experience (Muir 1994, Lee and See 2004).”
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“This trust comes from an ability to predict the system's behavior through observation [20].”
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“The authors adopt the definition of calibration of trust as “the process 214 of adjusting trust to correspond to an objective measure of trustworthiness” (Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialHoffman, L. J., Lawson-Jenkins, K., & Blum, J. J. (2006) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1139922.1139924 · Cited by 133
The impact of cognitive feedback on judgment performance and trust with decision aids
Seong, Y., & Bisantz, A. M. (2008) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2008.01.007 · Cited by 129
A Survey on Socially Aware Device-to-Device Communications
Ahmed, M., Li, Y., Waqas, M., Sheraz, M., Jin, D., & Han, Z. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2820069 · Cited by 126
Gao, J., & Lee, J. D. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans · doi:10.1109/tsmca.2005.855783 · Cited by 124
A proposed psychological model of driving automation
Stanton, N. A., & Young, M. S. (2000) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220052399131 · Cited by 125
“Muir (1994) reviewed the literature on trust, and found s̀urprisingly little research’ on trust in other people.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWright, J. L., Chen, J. Y. C., & Lakhmani, S. G. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2019.2925717 · Cited by 137
“This finding suggests that in-depth knowledge of the underlying reasons for an agent’s actions and reasoning may bolster trust in the agent and mitigate the effects of unreliable automation, at least so far as specific functions are concerned [51], [52]–[54].”
BackgroundThe Influence of Task Load and Automation Trust on Deception Detection
Biros, D. P., Daly, M., & Gunsch, G. H. (2004) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1023/b:grup.0000021840.85686.57 · Cited by 120
“Trust in automation is one area that continues to generate interest among researchers (Fields 2001; Jian, Bisantz, Drury, and Llins 1998; Lee and Moray 1992; Muir 1994; Muir and Moray 1996; Sheridan 1988; Tseng and Fogg 1999).”
BackgroundTowards Effective Interface Designs for Collaborative HRI in Manufacturing
Marvel, J. A., Bagchi, S., Zimmerman, M., & Antonishek, B. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3385009 · Cited by 133
“Another metric of trust measurement was proposed by Muir that establishes trust as a combination of predictability, dependability, faith, competence, responsibility, and reliability [Muir 1994].”
BackgroundIndividual differences in human–machine trust: A multi-study look at the perfect automation schema
Lyons, J. B., & Guznov, S. Y. (2018) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2018.1491071 · Cited by 128
“2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group performance and intervene when necessary when errors were detected (Muir 1994), yet this assumes a human who is both “motivated” and “able” to scrutinize the automation.”
BackgroundInducing Sensitivity to Deception in Order to Improve Decision Making Performance: A Field Study1
Biros, D. P., George, J. F., & Zmud, R. W. (2002) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4132323 · Cited by 113
Impact of training and in-vehicle task performance on manual control recovery in an automated car
Payre, W., Cestac, J., Dang, N., Vienne, F., & Delhomme, P. (2017) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.02.001 · Cited by 110
Team Structure and Team Building Improve Human–Machine Teaming With Autonomous Agents
Walliser, J. C., de Visser, E. J., Wiese, E., & Shaw, T. H. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343419867563 · Cited by 124
“…interaction has been studied under a supervisory control framework, akin to a master–slave relationship (de Visser, Shaw, Mohamed-Ameen, & Parasuraman, 2010; Dzindolet, Pierce, Beck, Dawe, & Anderson, 2001; Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996; Satterfield, Ramirez, Shaw, & Parasuraman, 2012).”
Cameron, D. S., de Saille, S., Collins, E. C., Aitken, J. M., Cheung, H., Chua, A., Loh, E. J., & Law, J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106561 · Cited by 107
Where Is Computing Driving Cars?
Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A., & Young, M. S. (2001) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1302_7 · Cited by 108
“Trust in automation (Lee & Moray, 1992; Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996) has only recently begun to be examined in detail and is a factor that interacts with LoC.”
BackgroundModeling Trust in Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey
Khavas, Z. R., Ahmadzadeh, R., & Robinette, P. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62056-1_44 · Cited by 120
“other researchers have modeled the operator’s trust in automation, considering more factors affecting trust [24,14,31]. These models were finally classified into five groups [36]: regression-based models [37,29], time series models [30], qualitative models [47], argument based probabilistic models[9], and neural net model…”
BackgroundMethodInvestigating intelligibility for uncertain context-aware applications
Lim, B. Y., & Dey, A. K. (2011) · Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Ubiquitous computing · doi:10.1145/2030112.2030168 · Cited by 101
Shao, Z., Zhang, L., Brown, S. A., & Zhao, T. (2022) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2021.113716 · Cited by 107
Investigation of Behavioral Adaptation to Lane Departure Warnings
Rudin-Brown, C. M., & Noy, Y. I. (2002) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/1803-05 · Cited by 103
Driving automation: learning from aviation about design philosophies
Young, M. S., Stanton, N. A., & Harris, D. (2007) · International Journal of Vehicle Design · doi:10.1504/ijvd.2007.014908 · Cited by 102
“Indeed, models of trust in automation have been built upon models of interpersonal trust in humans (Muir, 1994), so it seems logical to apply another aspect of human-human cooperation to human-machine cooperation.”
BackgroundA Review on Human–Machine Trust Evaluation: Human-Centric and Machine-Centric Perspectives
Gebru, B., Zeleke, L., Blankson, D., Nabil, M., Nateghi, S., Homaifar, A., & Tunstel, E. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2022.3144956 · Cited by 101
“trust scale in [4] and the trust evolution and reliance scale in [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLanger, M., König, C. J., & Busch, V. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-020-09711-6 · Cited by 121
“Historically, automation predominantly affected production and aviation (Endsley, 2017) or supported monitoring tasks (e.g., monitor nuclear power plants; Muir, 1994).”
BackgroundTrusting a Virtual Driver That Looks, Acts, and Thinks Like You
Verberne, F. M. F., Ham, J., & Midden, C. J. H. (2015) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720815580749 · Cited by 101
“…is a crucial psychological factor that determines whether or not humans are willing to hand over control to that technology (e.g., Lee & Moray, 1992; Muir, 1994; Muir & Moray, 1996), because trust is necessary in a situation that is characterized by uncertainty and vulnerability (Lee & See, 2004).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- MUIR, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- MUIR, BONNIE M.
- Venue
- Ergonomics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1994-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1905-1922
- ISSN
- 0014-0139 (ISSN-L)
- 1366-5847
- OpenAlex
- W2032426551
- Cited by
- 873
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ergonomics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- trust in automation, human-machine trust, human intervention, manual control, automated systems, operator decision-making, trust model, human oversight
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