Helicopter parenting, authenticity, and depressive symptoms: a mediation model

Abstract

Helicopter parenting is an overinvolved, overcontrolling parenting style that likely interferes with children's healthy development of authenticity. Authenticity refers to self-awareness and a genuine expression of the self and is important for college students as they traverse the opportunities and challenges of emerging adulthood. Authenticity appears to be a protective characteristic and is negatively related to depressive symptoms. The authors proposed and tested a model in which helicopter parenting was related to depressive symptoms through authenticity. In the present investigation, college students (n = 286) completed self-report instruments assessing perceptions of helicopter parenting, current states of authenticity (self-alienation, authentic living, external influence), and depressive symptoms. Path analysis was conducted with AMOS, and the data fit the model well (χ 2 (1) = .580, p = .446, TLI = 1.103, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = .000). Helicopter parenting was related to higher levels of self-alienation and external influence and lower levels of authentic living. Self-alienation and authentic living were related to depressive symptoms (external influence was not related to depressive symptoms). These findings demonstrate the importance of considering developmental predictors of authenticity and depression. Helicopter parenting is likely to inhibit authenticity in ways that may contribute to difficulties in emerging adulthood.