The authentic personality: a theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the authenticity scale
Open accessAbstract
This article describes the development of a measure of dispositional authenticity and tests whether authenticity is related to well-being, as predicted by several counseling psychology perspectives. Scales were designed to measure a tripartite conception of authenticity, comprising self-alienation, authentic living, and accepting external influence, which was supported with exploratory factor analysis. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor loadings were invariant across sample, ethnicity, and gender. The scale showed substantial discriminant validity from the Big Five personality traits, nonsignificant correlations with social desirability, and 2- and 4-week test-retest correlations ranging from r = .78 to .91. Each subscale was strongly related to self-esteem and aspects of both subjective and psychological well-being. This article provides the first direct test of several theoretical models that view authenticity as integral to well-being.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Authenticity has been associated with higher personal and interpersonal well-being.
“Authenticity has been associated with higher personal (145–147) and interpersonal well-being (148, 149).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [147]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.
Ryff, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 · Cited by 14,847 · see citing works
On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 · Cited by 11,567 · see citing works
The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285 · see citing works
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587 · see citing works
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,149 · see citing works
(1999) · Cited by 7,995 · see citing works
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification
Morrow, C. E. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-0624 · Cited by 6,166 · see citing works
The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
Goldberg, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 · Cited by 5,530 · see citing works
A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02296192 · Cited by 5,282 · see citing works
The structure of phenotypic personality traits.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.1.26 · Cited by 4,816 · see citing works
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543 · see citing works
O’connor, B. P. (2000) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200807 · Cited by 4,116 · see citing works
(1988) · Cited by 4,111 · see citing works
A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006824100041 · Cited by 4,071 · see citing works
The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment
Winnicott, D. W. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429482410 · Cited by 3,689 · see citing works
The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112 · Cited by 3,664 · see citing works
On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy
Rogers, C. R. (1961) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 3,637 · see citing works
Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5 · Cited by 3,462 · see citing works
Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 · Cited by 3,322 · cited 4× · see citing works
“SWB and PWB are separate concepts, with different theoretical positions, causes, correlates, and consequences (Keyes et al., 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2001; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain.
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 · Cited by 3,139 · see citing works
Two-component models of socially desirable responding.
Paulhus, D. L. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598 · Cited by 3,013 · see citing works
Offenkrantz, W. C. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.7.1002 · Cited by 2,926 · see citing works
Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals Toward Emotional Well-Being
Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00431 · Cited by 2,655 · see citing works
Domains and Facets: Hierarchical Personality Assessment Using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1995) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2 · Cited by 2,080 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8 · Cited by 1,961 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As there has been much recent interest in a sixth (humility) factor of personality, which is not represented in the Big Five ( Lee & Ashton, 2004 ), we also provide correlations between the Authenticity Scale and a scale measuring this factor.”
BackgroundKoch, S., & Albert, E. (1962) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196210000-00015 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image.
Winch, R. F., & Rosenberg, M. (1965) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575639 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Strengths of character and well-being
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
What (and Why) is Positive Psychology?
Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.103 · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Kernis (2003) has posited that authenticity should be related more to secure self-esteem than to insecure self-esteem, and this could now be tested directly.”
BackgroundResultRogers, C. R. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed.
John, O. P., Robins, R. W., & Pervin, L. A. (1999) · Cited by 1,530 · see citing works
Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022 · Cited by 1,393 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although such traits as insincerity and secure self-esteem are difficult to measure, considerable advances have been made into measuring these traits through implicit measures (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000).”
BackgroundUses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1987) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.34.4.414 · Cited by 1,286 · see citing works
Diener, E. F. (1985) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t01069-000 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
Testing for Multigroup Invariance Using AMOS Graphics: A Road Less Traveled
Byrne, B. M. (2004) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1102_8 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J., & Ilardi, B. C. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1380 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Horney, K. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315010526 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Positive Adjustment to Threatening Events: An Organismic Valuing Theory of Growth through Adversity
Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.262 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself.
McGregor, I., & Little, B. R. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.494 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Velicer, W. F., Eaton, C. A., & Fava, J. L. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_3 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future
Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2005) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500372796 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of Health.
Gold, D. T., Spacapan, S., & Oskamp, S. (1990) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073512 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00088-7 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
A Scaled Difference Chi-Square Test Statistic for Moment Structure AnalysisPreprint
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2000) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.199064 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
indicated, N. A. (1951) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0050756 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Character Strengths and Virtues
Nansook Park, M. B., & Zhao, Y. (2018) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development · doi:10.4135/9781506307633.n128 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Coping Style as a Psychological Resource of Grateful People
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.1076 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.5.2.164 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Carl Rogers' Helping System: Journey and Substance
Barrett‐Lennard, G. T. (1998) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446217894 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being.
Goldman, B., & Kernis, M. H. (2002) · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person.
Rogers, C. R. (1964) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046419 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
On building, defending, and regulating the self : a psychological perspective
Tesser, A., Wood, J. V., & Stapel, D. A. (2005) · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Ehlers, A., Maercker, A., & Boos, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.45 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Preliminary development and validation of a measure of relationship authenticity.
Lopez, F. G., & Rice, K. G. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.362 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Raad, D. B., & Perugini, M. (2002) · Hogrefe Publishing eBooks · Cited by 248 · see citing works
One Personality, Multiple Selves: Integrating Personality and Social Roles
Roberts, B. W., & Donahue, E. M. (1994) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00291.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Contributions of Existential Psychotherapy.
May, R. (1958) · Basic Books · doi:10.1037/11321-002 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
A Model of the Effects of Perceived Parent and Peer Support on Adolescent False Self Behavior
Harter, S., Marold, D. B., Whitesell, N. R., & Cobbs, G. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01738.x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
May, R. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., & Joseph, S. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.028 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Social roles as mechanism for psychological need satisfaction within social groups.
Bettencourt, B. A., & Sheldon, K. M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1131 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
A Model of the Effects of Perceived Parent and Peer Support on Adolescent False Self Behavior
Harter, S., Marold, D. B., Whitesell, N. R., et al. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131819 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Positive Therapy: A Meta-Theory for Positive Psychological Practice
Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2006) · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Formulations of the person and the social context
Koch, S. (1959) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1987) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.34.4.414 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Problems and solutions in human assessment : honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy
Jackson, D. N., Goffin, R. D., & Helmes, E. (2000) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Joseph, S. (2004) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608304322874281 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Tesser, A., Wood, J. V., & Stapel, D. A. (2005) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203998052-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Person-Centered Personality Theory: Support from Self-Determination Theory And Positive Psychology
Patterson, T. G., & Joseph, S. (2006) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167806293008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Neff, K. D., & Harter, S. (2002) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1021692109040 · Cited by 87 · cited 6× · see citing works
“…studies that researched authenticity (e.g., Bettencourt & Sheldon, 2001; Goldman & Kernis, 2002; Harter et al., 1996; McGregor & Little, 1998; Neff & Harter, 2002; Sheldon et al., 1997) and several theoretical literatures from humanistic psychology (Rogers, 1959, 1964, 1980), psychodynamic…”
BackgroundInfluentialPerson-centred psychopathology : a positive psychology of mental health
Joseph, S., & Worsley, R. (2005) · PCCS Books · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Counseling Psychology's Positive Psychological Agenda: A Model for Integration and Inspiration
Linley, P. A. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000005284393 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Schmid, P. F. (2005). Authenticity and alienation: Towards an understand- ing of the person beyond the categories of order and disorder. In S. Joseph & R. Worsley (Eds.), Person-centred psychopathology (pp. 75- 90). Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS Books.
- Wyatt, G. (2001). Rogers' therapeutic conditions: Evolution, theory and practice. Vol. 1: Congruence. Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS Books.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005 · Cited by 2,131 · see citing works
Authenticity under threat: When social media influencers need to go beyond self-presentation
Audrezet, A., de Kerviler, G., & Guidry Moulard, J. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.008 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale
Morhart, F., Malär, L., Guèvremont, A., Girardin, F., & Grohmann, B. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.11.006 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life.
Wong, P. (2011) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0022511 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., & Donnellan, M. (2010) · Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903435208 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Positive Clinical Psychology: A new vision and strategy for integrated research and practice
Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.003 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationReinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.030 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets
Wood, A., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Cable, D. M., Francesca Gino, B., & Staats, B. R. (2013) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839213477098 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Reducing Self-Stigma by Coming Out Proud
Corrigan, P. W., Kosyluk, K. A., & Rüsch, N. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301037 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature
Kaufman, S., Yaden, D., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Schmader, T., & Sedikides, C. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734080 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Newheiser, A.-K., & Barreto, M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.002 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Branded Service Encounters: Strategically Aligning Employee Behavior with the Brand Positioning
Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., III, & Mandel, N. (2013) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.11.0485 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Inclusion: Conceptualization and measurement
Jansen, W. S., Otten, S., van der Zee, K. I., & Jans, L. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2011 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Lehman, D. W., O’Connor, K., Kovács, B., & Newman, G. E. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0047 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Emotional Labor and Burnout: A Review of the Literature
Jeung, D.-Y., Kim, C., & Chang, S. J. (2018) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.187 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Authenticity and festival foodservice experiences
Robinson, R. N. S., & Clifford, C. (2011) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.06.007 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
The impact of brand authenticity on brand trust and SME growth: A CEO perspective
Eggers, F., O’Dwyer, M., Kraus, S., Vallaster, C., & Güldenberg, S. (2012) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2012.07.018 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The index of autonomous functioning: Development of a scale of human autonomy
Weinstein, N., Przybylski, A. K., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.007 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Kifer, Y., Heller, D. A., Perunovic, W. Q. E., & Galinsky, A. D. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612450891 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Francesca Gino, B., Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610366545 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Tourism and Existential Transformation: An Empirical Investigation
Kirillova, K. A., Lehto, X. Y., & Cai, L. A. (2016) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287516650277 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Vainio, M. M., & Daukantaité, D. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9688-7 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., Black, W. W., & Rosenkrantz, D. E. (2016) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000202 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
From Synchronizing to Harmonizing: The Process of Authenticating Multiple Work Identities
Caza, B. B., Moss, S. E., & Vough, H. C. (2017) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839217733972 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Living the good life: A meta-analysis of authenticity, well-being and engagement
Sutton, A. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109645 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Geraghty, A. W. A., Wood, A. M., & Hyland, M. E. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.007 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Does “Being Real” Feel? The Experience of State Authenticity
Lenton, A. P., Bruder, M., Slabu, L., & Sedikides, C. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00805.x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Being Your True Self at Work: Integrating the Fragmented Research on Authenticity in Organizations
Cha, S. E., Hewlin, P. F., Roberts, L. M., Buckman, B. R., Leroy, H., Steckler, E. L., Ostermeier, K. K., & Cooper, D. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2016.0108 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Ryan, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000162 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues
Joseph, S., & Wood, A. M. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.002 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Promoting Well-Being: The Contribution of Emotional Intelligence
Fabio, A. D., & Kenny, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01182 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Emodiversity and the emotional ecosystem.
Quoidbach, J., Gruber, J., Mikolajczak, M., Kogan, A., Kotsou, I., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0038025 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Fabio, A. D., & Peiró, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10072413 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
McAllister, M., Wood, A. M., Dunn, G., Shiloh, S., & Todd, C. J. (2011) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01636.x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Alienation and its correlates: A meta-analysis
Chiaburu, D. S., Thundiyil, T. G., & Wang, J. (2013) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2013.06.003 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
McCluney, C. L., Durkee, M. I., Smith, R. E. T., Robotham, K. J., & Lee, S. S.-L. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104199 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
A multifactor Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Positive Identity Measure (LGB-PIM).
Riggle, E. D. B., Mohr, J. J., Rostosky, S. S., Fingerhut, A. W., & Balsam, K. F. (2014) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000057 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Striving for Self-Verification during Organizational Entry
Cable, D. M., & Kay, V. S. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0397 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Authentic self-expression on social media is associated with greater subjective well-being
Bailey, E. R., Matz, S., Youyou, W., & Iyengar, S. S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18539-w · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Existential Authenticity and Anxiety as Outcomes: The Tourist in the Experience Economy
Kirillova, K. A., Lehto, X. Y., & Cai, L. A. (2016) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2080 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Understanding the Relationship Between Perceived Authenticity and Well-Being
Rivera, G. N., Christy, A. G., Kim, J., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Schlegel, R. J. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000161 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Authenticity at Work: Development and Validation of an Individual Authenticity Measure at Work
van den Bosch, R., & Taris, T. W. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9413-3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation Corrections
Ecker, U. K. H., & Ang, L. C. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12494 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., English, T., John, O. P., Oveis, C., Gordon, A. M., & Keltner, D. J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212437249 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Remembering the real me: Nostalgia offers a window to the intrinsic self.
Baldwin, M., Biernat, M., & Landau, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038033 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Thomaes, S. C. E., Sedikides, C., van den Bos, N., Hutteman, R., & Reijntjes, A. H. A. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12867 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Beyond Passion and Perseverance: Review and Future Research Initiatives on the Science of Grit
Datu, J. A. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545526 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Evaluating the Big Five as an organizing framework for commonly used psychological trait scales.
Bainbridge, T. F., Ludeke, S. G., & Smillie, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000395 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Slepian, M. L., Chun, J. S., & Mason, M. F. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000085 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The role of brand communications on front line service employee beliefs, behaviors, and performance
Baker, T. L., Rapp, A. A., Meyer, T., & Mullins, R. R. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0376-7 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior
Elche, D., Ruiz‐Palomino, P., & Linuesa‐Langreo, J. (2020) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-05-2019-0501 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
MartÃnez-MartÃ, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01253 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Existential authenticity and destination loyalty: Evidence from heritage tourists
Fu, X. (2019) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Di Fabio, A., & Palazzeschi, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01367 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The true self and psychological health: emerging evidence and future directions
Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00401.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Sedikides, C., Slabu, L., Lenton, A. P., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417713296 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Constructing Authenticity on TikTok: Social Norms and Social Support on the "Fun" Platform
Barta, K., & Andalibi, N. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3479574 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Fabio, A. D., & Kenny, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00361 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
van den Bosch, R., & Taris, T. W. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.820684 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Influencer Marketing and Authenticity in Content Creation
Kapitan, S., van Esch, P., Soma, V., & Kietzmann, J. (2021) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1177/18393349211011171 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Revisiting Reflection in HCI: Four Design Resources for Technologies that Support Reflection
Bentvelzen, M., Woźniak, P. W., Herbes, P. S. F., Stefanidi, E., & Niess, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3517233 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Artificial empathy in healthcare chatbots: Does it feel authentic?
Seitz, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100067 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Gil-Or, O., Levi‐Belz, Y., & Turel, O. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00099 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Psychology of Authenticity
Newman, G. E. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000158 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
From inconsistency to hypocrisy: When does “saying one thing but doing another” invite condemnation?
Effron, D. A., O'Connor, K. S., Leroy, H., & Lucas, B. J. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.10.003 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A Framework for the Experience of Meaning in Human-Computer Interaction
Mekler, E., & Hornbæk, K. (2019) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300455 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1865 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Opie, T. R., & Phillips, K. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01311 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Johnson, J., & Wood, A. M. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9728-y · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Authenticity, life satisfaction, and distress: A longitudinal analysis.
Boyraz, G., Waits, J. B., & Felix, V. A. (2014) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000031 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Kwak, H., Puzakova, M., & Rocereto, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.13.0410 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Evans, J. A., Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0115 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Feeling Authentic on Social Media: Subjective Authenticity Across Instagram Stories and Posts
Kreling, R., Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221086235 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
State Authenticity in Everyday Life
Lenton, A. P., Slabu, L., & Sedikides, C. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2033 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Brand authenticity: literature review, comprehensive definition, and an amalgamated scale
Campagna, C. L., Donthu, N., & Yoo, B. (2022) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2021.2018937 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2022.2070528 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Chung, J., Ding, Y., & Kalra, A. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad019 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Towards a Theory of Minimalism and Wellbeing
Lloyd, K., & Pennington, W. T. (2020) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-020-00030-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Complementary Roles of Eudaimonia and Hedonia and How They Can Be Pursued in Practice
Huta, V. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch10 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Authenticity, Social Context, and Well-Being in the United States, England, and Russia
Robinson, O. C., Lopez, F. G., Ramos, K., & Кимовна, Н.-Б. С. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112465672 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Knoll, M. S., & van Dick, R. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.804113 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The effects of MDMA on socio-emotional processing: Does MDMA differ from other stimulants
Bershad, A. K., Miller, M. A., Baggott, M. J., & de Wit, H. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116663120 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A Proposed Model of Self-Perceived Authenticity of Social Media Influencers
Balaban, D. C., & Szambolics, J. (2022) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v10i1.4765 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Moments of Truth: Examining Transient Authenticity and Identity in Service Encounters
Yagil, D., & Medler-Liraz, H. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0252 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
I feel good, therefore I am real: Testing the causal influence of mood on state authenticity
Lenton, A. P., Slabu, L., Sedikides, C., & Power, K. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.778818 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Psychological Benefits of Being Authentic on Facebook
Grieve, R., & Watkinson, J. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Oc, B., Daniels, M., Diefendorff, J. M., Bashshur, M. R., & Greguras, G. J. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.04.008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The motivational potency of nostalgia: The future is called yesterday
Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2019) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2019.05.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Developing a New Instrument for Assessing Acceptance of Change
Fabio, A. D., & Gori, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00802 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Perceived authenticity in romantic partners
Wickham, R. E. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Authenticity at work – a job-demands resources perspective
Metin, U. B., Taris, T. W., Peeters, M. C. W., van Beek, I., & van den Bosch, R. (2016) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-03-2014-0087 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Twomey, C., & O'Reilly, G. (2017) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0247 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
I want to believe theyreallycare
Gruber, T. (2011) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/09564231111106938 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Joseph, S., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Stockton, H., Hunt, N. C., & Regel, S. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0024740 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Lin, Y., & Cheng, M. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102369 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Trait and State Authenticity Across Cultures
Slabu, L., Lenton, A. P., Sedikides, C., & Bruder, M. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022114543520 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Petrocchi, N., Pistella, J., Salvati, M., Carone, N., Laghi, F., & Baiocco, R. (2019) · Sexuality Research & Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-018-0373-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Andonopoulos, V., Lee, J., & Mathies, C. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103521 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Coventry (United Kingdom) (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 385-399
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2127184359
- Cited by
- 1,237
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 21.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Warwick
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Authenticity Scale, self-alienation, authentic living, psychological well-being, subjective well-being, self-esteem, Big Five personality traits, scale development, measurement invariance, test-retest reliability, social desirability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
