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A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Abstract
A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) was undertaken for 6 outcomes: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicide, sexual promiscuity, victim-perpetrator cycle, and poor academic performance. Thirty-seven studies published between 1981 and 1995 involving 25,367 people were included. Many of the studies were published in 1994 (24; 65%), and most were done in the United States (22; 59%). All six dependent variables were coded, and effect sizes (d) were computed for each outcome. Average unweighted and weighted ds for each of the respective outcome variables were .50 and .40 for PTSD, .63 and .44 for depression, .64 and .44 for suicide, .59 and .29 for sexual promiscuity, .41 and .16 for victim-perpetrator cycle, and .24 and .19 for academic performance. A file drawer analysis indicated that 277 studies with null ds would be required to negate the present findings. The analyses provide clear evidence confirming the link between CSA and subsequent negative short- and long-term effects on development. There were no statistically significant differences on ds when various potentially mediating variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, type of abuse, age when abused, relationship to perpetrator, and number of abuse incidents were assessed. The results of the present meta-analysis support the multifaceted model of traumatization rather than a specific sexual abuse syndrome of CSA.
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“Similarly, a meta-analysis of psychopathology related to child sexual abuse did not find differences based on victim-offender relationship (Paolucci & Genuis, 2001)”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“and a second also did not identify gender differences in the association between child sexual abuse and psychopathology (Paolucci & Genuis, 2001).”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“and those that assessed multiple domains of psychopathology did not conduct statistical comparisons across domains (e.g., Chen et al., 2010; Golding, 1999; Paolucci & Genuis, 2001).”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“a meta-analysis failed to find differences in psychopathology between penetrative and nonpenetrative child sexual abuse (Paolucci & Genuis, 2001)”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“the consequences of sexual abuse range from minimal effects to more serious problems, with social, emotional and/or psychiatric repercussions (Habigzang, Borges, Dell'Aglio, & Koller, 2010;Kendall-Tackett et al., 1993;Paolucci et al., 2001;Wherry, Baldwin, Junco, & Floyd, 2013).”
From Psychological and Behavioral Indicators in the Forensic Assessment of Child Sexual Abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Paolucci et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Sexually abused children tend to present more clinical symptomatology than those who have not been through this experience (Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2001).”
From Psychological and Behavioral Indicators in the Forensic Assessment of Child Sexual Abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2001
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Elklit, A., Christiansen, D. M., Palić, S., Karsberg, S., & Eriksen, S. B. (2014) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2014.964440 · Cited by 18
“However, gender, socioeconomic status, type of abuse, age of onset, relationship to perpetrator, and number of abuse incidents have failed to significantly account for the variance in PTSD severity and general distress across studies (Paolucci et al., 2001; Whiffen & MacIntosh, 2005).”
BackgroundFont, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2013.800934 · Cited by 18
Ullman, S. E., Lorenz, K., Kirkner, A., & O’Callaghan, E. T. (2018) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2018.1465807 · Cited by 18
Sexual Abuse at the Hands of Catholic Clergy
Dreßing, H. R., Dölling, D., Hermann, D., Kruse, A., Schmitt, E., Bannenberg, B., Hoell, A., Voß, E., & Salize, H. J. (2019) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0389 · Cited by 18
Perception and Attitude about Child Sexual Abuse among Vietnamese School-Age Children
Do, H. N., Nguyen, H. Q. T., Nguyen, L. T. T., Nguyen, H. D., Bui, T. P., Phan, N. T., Thi, H. T., Ha, G. H., Phan, H. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203973 · Cited by 24
“Living with other people places children at a higher risk of being abused [62]; thus, this may force children to have to be equipped with the knowledge and skills to protect themselves.”
BackgroundThe Evidence-Based Sexual Abuse Prevention Program: Strong With Sam
Urbann, K., Bienstein, P., & Kaul, T. (2020) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enaa019 · Cited by 20
Comprehending the Incomprehensible
Palmer, D. A., & Feldman, V. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108539524 · Cited by 22
Childhood Exposure to Family Violence and Attrition in the Navy
Merrill, L. L., Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., Crouch, J. L., & Milner, J. S. (2004) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.169.6.465 · Cited by 18
Klanecky, A. K., McChargue, D. E., & Tuliao, A. P. (2016) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2016.1139428 · Cited by 18
Forced Intercourse, Mental Health, and Human Capital
Rees, D. I., & Sabia, J. J. (2013) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.4284/0038-4038-2013.015 · Cited by 18
“1986; Paolucci et al. 2001; Saewyc et al. 2003; Senn et al. 2008). Some surveys have asked only a single, broad question in effect combining various forms of sexual abuse (Saewyc et al. 2003). Other surveys, such as the Add Health and the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), have employed more narrow definition…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCognition or Involvement? Explaining Sexual-coercion in High-school Dating
Enosh, G. (2007) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/107906320701900308 · Cited by 18
“other contexts have been grounded in the transmission of trauma through the victimperpetrator cycle (e.g., Anderson 2002; Eisikovits et al. 1998; Oddone-Paolucci et al. 2001), and in situational influences and learning (e.”
BackgroundThe Mental Health Needs of Female Sexual Offenders
Rousseau, M., & Cortoni, F. A. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470666715.ch5 · Cited by 18
Elkjær, H. K., Kristensen, E., Mortensen, E. L., Poulsen, S., & Lau, M. E. (2013) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12011 · Cited by 17
Babchishin, K., Curry, S. D., Fedoroff, J. P., Bradford, J. M. W., & Seto, M. C. (2017) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0952-2 · Cited by 14
Muck, C., Schiller, E.-M., Zimmermann, M., & Kärtner, J. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518755488 · Cited by 16
Giallo, R., Gartland, D., Seymour, M., Conway, L. J., Mensah, F. K., Skinner, L., Fogarty, A., & Brown, S. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000623 · Cited by 19
A Review of Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan Based on Data from “Sahil” Organization
Avais, M. A., Narijo, H., & Parker, M. (2020) · Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College · doi:10.35787/jimdc.v9i3.412 · Cited by 17
“These types of child abuse have not been reported for multiple reasons, such as family pressure, poverty, negligence of parents, social barriers, and political influence of offenders.(5,6) South Asia has 23% of the world's population and is also known as the world's most impoverished region.”
BackgroundLifetime poly-victimization and psychopathological symptoms in Mexican adolescents
Méndez-López, C., Pereda, N., & Guilera, G. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104883 · Cited by 17
Steine, I. M., Skogen, J. C., Hysing, M., Puigvert, L., Schønning, V., & Sivertsen, B. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13338 · Cited by 16
“…and assault with mental health problems, adverse educational and work- related outcomes (Barrett et al., 2014; Dworkin, 2018; Dworkin et al., 2017; Hailes et al., 2019; Paolucci et al., 2001), and later academic career opportunities (Amon, 2017; Edmunds et al., 2016; Sharoni & Klocke, 2019).”
BackgroundDolan, M., & Whitworth, H. (2013) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2013.751951 · Cited by 17
Pelisoli, C., Dobke, V., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2014) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2014.1-03 · Cited by 19
Sentencing in child sexual assault cases: factors influencing judicial decision-making
Lewis, T., Klettke, B., & Day, A. (2013) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2013.804603 · Cited by 18
“However, previous literature suggests that there is a direct link between CSA and promiscuity (Paolucci et al., 2001; Wilson & Widom, 2008).”
BackgroundMikaeili, N., Barahmand, U., & Abdi, R. (2012) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260512459377 · Cited by 18
“Paolucci (2000), too, reported that depression, anxiety, and other internalizing problems were as prevalent as externalizing problems such as conduct disorders and aggression in individuals who were abused in childhood.”
BackgroundForensic Assessment of Adults Reporting Childhood Sexualized Assault: Risk, Resilience, and Impacts
Barnes, R., & Josefowitz, N. (2014) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9184-0 · Cited by 18
“found that individuals exposed to CSA are at increased risk for poor academic achievement (Paolucci et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSexual Contact in Childhood, Revictimization, and Lifetime Sexual and Psychological Outcomes
Das, A., & Otis, N. P. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0620-3 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-36
- ISSN
- 0022-3980 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-1019
- OpenAlex
- W2017439967
- Cited by
- 1,144
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, promiscuity, academic performance, long-term effects of abuse, mediators
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide
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