Cited by 1,144Child Abuse and TraumaMilitary, Security, and Education StudiesSexual Assault and Victimization Studies

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A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

Paolucci, Elizabeth ODDONE, Genuis, Mark L., Violato, Claudio·2001·The Journal of Psychology

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Abstract

A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) was undertaken for 6 outcomes: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicide, sexual promiscuity, victim-perpetrator cycle, and poor academic performance. Thirty-seven studies published between 1981 and 1995 involving 25,367 people were included. Many of the studies were published in 1994 (24; 65%), and most were done in the United States (22; 59%). All six dependent variables were coded, and effect sizes (d) were computed for each outcome. Average unweighted and weighted ds for each of the respective outcome variables were .50 and .40 for PTSD, .63 and .44 for depression, .64 and .44 for suicide, .59 and .29 for sexual promiscuity, .41 and .16 for victim-perpetrator cycle, and .24 and .19 for academic performance. A file drawer analysis indicated that 277 studies with null ds would be required to negate the present findings. The analyses provide clear evidence confirming the link between CSA and subsequent negative short- and long-term effects on development. There were no statistically significant differences on ds when various potentially mediating variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, type of abuse, age when abused, relationship to perpetrator, and number of abuse incidents were assessed. The results of the present meta-analysis support the multifaceted model of traumatization rather than a specific sexual abuse syndrome of CSA.

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“Studies by Paolucci, Genuis, and Violato (2001) and by Inderbitzen-Pisaruk, Shawchuck, and Hoier (1992) demonstrate causative psychological and behavioural effects of child sexual abuse.”
Background
Comparison of Psychopathological Symptoms in Adolescents Who Experienced Sexual Violence as a Victim and/or as a Perpetrator
Ohlert, J., Seidler, C., Rau, T., Fegert, J. M., & Allroggen, M. (2017) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1283652 · Cited by 6
“…& Violato, 2001), anxiety (Neumann et al., 1996; Rind et al., 1998), psychosis (Rind et al., 1998), and posttraumatic stress (Neumann et al., 1996; Paolucci et al., 2001) but also for anger, substance abuse, interpersonal problems (Neumann et al., 1996), alcohol abuse, and hostility (Rind et…”
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Trauma Assessment in Personal Injury and Employment Discrimination Cases
Foote, W. E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33106-1_13 · Cited by 6
Comparing the onset of child sexual abuse perpetration from adolescence into adulthood: Are there unique risks, and what does this mean for prevention?
McKillop, N., Rayment‐McHugh, S., & Bojack, R. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104630 · Cited by 8
Early Trauma and Later Sexual Victimization in College Women: A Multiple Mediation Examination of Alexithymia, Impulsivity, and Alcohol Use
Mullet, N. D., Hawkins, L. G., Tuliao, A. P., Snyder, H., Holyoak, D., McGuire, K. C., Klanecky, A. K., & McChargue, D. E. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211035876 · Cited by 7
“Understanding the relationship between early trauma and sexual victimization in adulthood is crucial as consequences of victimization can be seen both short and long term (Norman et al., 2012; Paolucci et al., 2001).”
Background
Psychotic Hallucinations
Bentall, R. P., & Varese, F. (2013) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262019200.003.0004 · Cited by 6
Children's Life Transition Following Sexual Abuse
Hatlevig, J. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2006.tb00078.x · Cited by 6
Childhood victimization and prostitution. A developmental victimology perspective
Pereda, N. (2015) · Crime Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/23744006.2015.1033152 · Cited by 6
Treatment Experiences of Child Sexual Offenders in Norway: A Qualitative Study
Cooper, E. S. N., & Holgersen, H. (2016) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1212958 · Cited by 6
Sexual Abuse Is Associated With an Abnormal Psychological Profile and Sleep Difficulty in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Taiwan
Lee, H., Liu, P.-Y., Wang, Y., Tsai, C.-F., Chang, F.-Y., & Lu, C. (2018) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm17004 · Cited by 6
Young people’s Experiences of Sexting and Online Sexual Victimization
Lunde, C., & Joleby, M. (2021) · Young people and learning processes in school and everyday life · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75319-1_7 · Cited by 6
Scientific Expert Testimony in CSA Cases: Legal, Ethical, and Scientific Considerations
Gratz, K. L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg035 · Cited by 6
Children’s Experiences of Trauma and Human Rights Violations Around the World
Wolf, M. R., Prabhu, S., & Carello, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_6 · Cited by 7
Is sexual abuse a part of war? A 4-year retrospective study on cases of sexual abuse at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya
Kuria, M. W., Omondi, L. A., Olando, Y. A., Makenyengo, M., & Bukusi, D. E. (2013) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4081/jphia.2013.e5 · Cited by 6
Expert Opinion on Child Sexual Abuse: Separating Myths from Reality
Wolfe, D. A., & Legate, B. L. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg031 · Cited by 6
Children's Socio-Emotional Development and Adjustment: Role of Maternal Trauma, Mentalization and Parenting Style
Kapeleris, A. R. (2014) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) · Cited by 6
A Critical Reflection
Hurley, M., & Arcshs. (2002) · Cited by 6
Physical and sexual victimization of persons with severe mental illness seeking care in central and southwestern Uganda
Mpango, R. S., Ssembajjwe, W. J., Rukundo, G. Z., Amanyire, P., Birungi, C., Kalungi, A., Rutakumwa, R., Tusiime, C., Gadow, K. D., Patel, V., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1167076 · Cited by 5
“It has been hypothesized that childhood sexual abuse impacts subsequent risky sexual behavior via three pathways: (1) psychopathology, including PTSD, depression, and dissociation; (2) drug use; and (3) adverse sexual adjustment including an obsession with sexual activities, an inability to sustain intimate relationsh…”
Background
Mediating Role of Self-esteem and Trust in the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Romantic Attachment in Indian Adults
Chaturvedi, S., & Arya, B. (2023) · Journal of Research and Health · doi:10.32598/jrh.13.5.2296.1 · Cited by 5
Community trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in Chinese children and adolescents
Yuan, T., Li, X., Liu, H., Guo, L., Li, J., Xu, G., Li, X., Sun, L., Wang, C., Liu, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151631 · Cited by 5
Snyder's hope theory: A beacon for teachers contending with secondary stress, compassion fatigue and burnout in relation to students' experiences of abuse
Slater, C. B. (2024) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100007 · Cited by 7
From child sexual abuse to psychiatric diagnoses and complex trauma in adolescence
Rousset, M., Essadek, A., Corcos, M., & Robin, M. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02682-0 · Cited by 5
“However, sexual abuse (SA) is a signifi - cant contributing factor to psychiatric disorders, accounting for 47% of mental health disorders in children, 30% of dis - orders emerging in adulthood [3], and up to 70% of cases in individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) [4 , 5 ].”
Typologies of childhood maltreatment and associations with internalizing symptoms among university students in Singapore: A latent class analysis
Lee, J., Munisamy, Y., Ai, T., Yoon, S., Kim, J., & Pon, A. K. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320851 · Cited by 5
“Many empirical investigations have demonstrated that CM contributes to a higher risk for a wide range of internalizing problems, such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorder, and suicidal activity [4,11,25–27].”

Authors: Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C.
Affiliations: University of Calgary (CA)
ORCID: Paolucci, Elizabeth ODDONE
Violato, Claudio
Venue: The Journal of Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2001-01
Volume: 135
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-36
ISSN: 0022-3980 (ISSN-L)
1940-1019
DOI: 10.1080/00223980109603677
OpenAlex: W2017439967
Cited by: 1,144
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 3.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Keywords: child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, promiscuity, academic performance, long-term effects of abuse, mediators
MeSH terms: Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide

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A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

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