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A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Abstract
A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) was undertaken for 6 outcomes: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicide, sexual promiscuity, victim-perpetrator cycle, and poor academic performance. Thirty-seven studies published between 1981 and 1995 involving 25,367 people were included. Many of the studies were published in 1994 (24; 65%), and most were done in the United States (22; 59%). All six dependent variables were coded, and effect sizes (d) were computed for each outcome. Average unweighted and weighted ds for each of the respective outcome variables were .50 and .40 for PTSD, .63 and .44 for depression, .64 and .44 for suicide, .59 and .29 for sexual promiscuity, .41 and .16 for victim-perpetrator cycle, and .24 and .19 for academic performance. A file drawer analysis indicated that 277 studies with null ds would be required to negate the present findings. The analyses provide clear evidence confirming the link between CSA and subsequent negative short- and long-term effects on development. There were no statistically significant differences on ds when various potentially mediating variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, type of abuse, age when abused, relationship to perpetrator, and number of abuse incidents were assessed. The results of the present meta-analysis support the multifaceted model of traumatization rather than a specific sexual abuse syndrome of CSA.
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“Similarly, a meta-analysis of psychopathology related to child sexual abuse did not find differences based on victim-offender relationship (Paolucci & Genuis, 2001)”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“and a second also did not identify gender differences in the association between child sexual abuse and psychopathology (Paolucci & Genuis, 2001).”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“and those that assessed multiple domains of psychopathology did not conduct statistical comparisons across domains (e.g., Chen et al., 2010; Golding, 1999; Paolucci & Genuis, 2001).”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“a meta-analysis failed to find differences in psychopathology between penetrative and nonpenetrative child sexual abuse (Paolucci & Genuis, 2001)”
From Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Paolucci & Genuis, 2001
In the citing paper
“the consequences of sexual abuse range from minimal effects to more serious problems, with social, emotional and/or psychiatric repercussions (Habigzang, Borges, Dell'Aglio, & Koller, 2010;Kendall-Tackett et al., 1993;Paolucci et al., 2001;Wherry, Baldwin, Junco, & Floyd, 2013).”
From Psychological and Behavioral Indicators in the Forensic Assessment of Child Sexual Abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Paolucci et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Sexually abused children tend to present more clinical symptomatology than those who have not been through this experience (Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2001).”
From Psychological and Behavioral Indicators in the Forensic Assessment of Child Sexual Abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2001
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Child Sexual Abuse in the Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Maniglio, R. (2013) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012470032 · Cited by 178
“Paolucci, Genuis, and Violato (2001) provided six meta-analyses to address the association of child sexual abuse with a number of psychological, behavioral, and sexual outcomes, including posttraumatic stress symptomatology.”
BackgroundWilson, H. W., & Widom, C. S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.149 · Cited by 221
Hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depressive disorder
Malykhin, N. V., & Coupland, N. J. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.047 · Cited by 190
Early life stress paradigms in rodents: potential animal models of depression?
Schmidt, M. V., Wang, X., & Meijer, O. C. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2096-0 · Cited by 179
“A number of meta-analyses and largescale studies indicated a significantly increased risk for depression in relation to early life stress, e.g., childhood abuse (Jumper 1995; Molnar et al. 2001; Paolucci et al. 2001).”
BackgroundEmotionally Focused Therapy for Couples and Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors
MacIntosh, H. B., & Johnson, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00074.x · Cited by 173
Attitudes Supportive of Sexual Offending Predict Recidivism
Helmus, L. M., Hanson, R. K., Babchishin, K. M., & Mann, R. E. (2012) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012462244 · Cited by 172
The Trauma of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Youth
Cole, J., Sprang, G., Lee, R., & Cohen, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514555133 · Cited by 170
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought
Kearney, C. A., Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., & Lemos-Miller, A. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0061-4 · Cited by 169
“Childhood sexual abuse produces a substantial effect size regarding outcome toward PTSD (.40), especially for reexperiencing symptoms (Paolucci et al. 2001).”
Early experience and depressive disorders: human and non-human primate studies
Gilmer, W. S., & McKinney, W. T. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(03)00046-6 · Cited by 171
“However, the meta-analysis unemployment and communication problems) were by Paolucci et al. (2001) found that gender did not present in families of children who had been sexually modify the CSA effect.”
BackgroundSachs‐Ericsson, N., Rushing, N. C., Stanley, I. H., & Sheffler, J. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1063107 · Cited by 179
“In a meta-analysis, Paolucci, Genuis, and Violato (2001) found the average unweighted and weighted ds for the relationship between sexual abuse (any unwanted sexual contact) and suicidality (suicidal ideation, plan or attempt) were .64 and .44, respectively.”
MethodHomma, Y., Wang, N., Saewyc, E., & Kishor, N. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.032 · Cited by 180
Hahm, H. C., Lee, Y., Ozonoff, A., & Wert, M. J. V. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9490-0 · Cited by 160
“This result is particularly notable because many studies have examined the association between sexual abuse and sexually-related outcomes, while ignoring other domains such as delinquency or suicidality (Arriola et al. 2005; Paolucci et al. 2001; Senn et al. 2008).”
Steine, I. M., Winje, D., Krystal, J. H., Bjorvatn, B., Milde, A. M., Grønli, J., Nordhus, I. H., & Pallesen, S. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.008 · Cited by 183
“…somatic symptoms as well as social problems, studies also document substantial symptom heterogeneity among those victimized (see for example Kendall-Tackett, Williams, & Finkelhor, 1993; Paolucci et al., 2001; Trickett et al., 2011), indicating the presence of factors moderating symptom outcomes.”
BackgroundChild Sexual Abuse: Consequences and Implications
Hornor, G. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.07.003 · Cited by 209
“Numerous studies have linked major depression and dysthymia with sexual abuse (Paolucci et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPutting community risk in perspective: A look at correlations, causes and controls
Hiday, V. A. (2006) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.08.010 · Cited by 150
Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Lowe, K., Stangl, D. K., Thielman, N. M., Swartz, M. S., Hanisch, L. J., & Scoyoc, L. V. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.063263 · Cited by 145
Informed decisions in child welfare: The use of attachment theory
Mennen, F. E., & O’Keefe, M. (2004) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.11.011 · Cited by 142
Psychological injury in victims of child sexual abuse: a meta-analytic review
Amado, B. G., Arce, R., & Herraiz, A. (2015) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.1016/j.psi.2015.03.002 · Cited by 140
“Psychological injury is classified according to two broad diagnostic categories: mood disorders and depressive disorders (as termed by the DSM-IV and DSM-V, respectively), and anxiety disorders (Jumper, 1995; Maniglio, 2009; Paolucci et al., 2001).”
BackgroundLewis, C., Simons, A., Nguyen, L., Murakami, J., Reid, M., Silva, S., & March, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.10.007 · Cited by 148
The impacts of institutional child sexual abuse: A rapid review of the evidence
Blakemore, T., Herbert, J., Arney, F., & Parkinson, S. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.006 · Cited by 139
Sexual Coercion in Men and Women: Similar Behaviors, Different Predictors
Schatzel-Murphy, E. A., Harris, D. A., Knight, R. A., & Milburn, M. A. (2009) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9481-y · Cited by 136
Emotion Reactivity and Regulation in Maltreated Children: A Meta-Analysis
Lavi, I., Katz, L. F., Ozer, E. J., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13272 · Cited by 168
An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents
Smith, D. J., & Ecob, R. (2007) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00169.x · Cited by 133
Association of reports of childhood abuse and all-cause mortality rates in women
Chen, E., Turiano, N. A., Mroczek, D. K., & Miller, G. E. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1786 · Cited by 128
“that (1) the concordance between objectively verified abuse and self-reports of abuse are not that high; (2) there is instability in self-reports of abuse over time; and (3) people may be hesitant to endorse sensitive experiences such as abuse in self-report questionnaires, leading to underreporting.”
BackgroundBanducci, A. N., Hoffman, E. M., Lejuez, C. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.12.007 · Cited by 125
Testa, M., VanZile‐Tamsen, C., & Livingston, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.6.1116 · Cited by 135
The Long-Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Cashmore, J., & Shackel, R. (2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e567322013-001 · Cited by 128
“Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato (2001) Meta-analysis of 37 studies published between 1981 and 1995 involving 25,367 people.”
BackgroundConroy, E., Degenhardt, L. J., Mattick, R. P., & Nelson, E. C. (2009) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.009 · Cited by 123
Austin, S. B., Roberts, A. L., Corliss, H. L., & Molnar, B. E. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.099473 · Cited by 124
Gámez-Guadix, M., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004 · Cited by 124
Metadata
- Authors
- Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-36
- ISSN
- 0022-3980 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-1019
- OpenAlex
- W2017439967
- Cited by
- 1,144
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, promiscuity, academic performance, long-term effects of abuse, mediators
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide
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