Cited by 1,144Child Abuse and TraumaMilitary, Security, and Education StudiesSexual Assault and Victimization Studies

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A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

Paolucci, Elizabeth ODDONE, Genuis, Mark L., Violato, Claudio·2001·The Journal of Psychology

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Abstract

A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) was undertaken for 6 outcomes: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicide, sexual promiscuity, victim-perpetrator cycle, and poor academic performance. Thirty-seven studies published between 1981 and 1995 involving 25,367 people were included. Many of the studies were published in 1994 (24; 65%), and most were done in the United States (22; 59%). All six dependent variables were coded, and effect sizes (d) were computed for each outcome. Average unweighted and weighted ds for each of the respective outcome variables were .50 and .40 for PTSD, .63 and .44 for depression, .64 and .44 for suicide, .59 and .29 for sexual promiscuity, .41 and .16 for victim-perpetrator cycle, and .24 and .19 for academic performance. A file drawer analysis indicated that 277 studies with null ds would be required to negate the present findings. The analyses provide clear evidence confirming the link between CSA and subsequent negative short- and long-term effects on development. There were no statistically significant differences on ds when various potentially mediating variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, type of abuse, age when abused, relationship to perpetrator, and number of abuse incidents were assessed. The results of the present meta-analysis support the multifaceted model of traumatization rather than a specific sexual abuse syndrome of CSA.

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Myths and Misunderstandings About Child Sexual Abuse in Criminal Investigations
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“Likewise, while many attorneys may not endorse CSA myths explicitly 6 Journal of Int personal Viol nce 0(0 Denne et al. NP1899 (Paolucci et al., 2001), they still may use CSA myths when questioning victims of abuse.”
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Developing Countries and the Potential of Mandatory Reporting Laws to Identify Severe Child Abuse and Neglect
Mathews, B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2425-9_21 · Cited by 11
“2002), sexual abuse (see e.g., Chen et al. 2010; Paolucci et al. 2001; Putnam 2003), and neglect (Perry 2002).”
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Psicologia jurídica e tomada de decisão em situações envolvendo abuso sexual infantil
Pelisoli, C., Gava, L. L., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2011) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/s1413-82712011000300009 · Cited by 11
Mothers who were sexually abused during childhood are more likely to have a child victim of sexual violence
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Doğangün, B., Gönültaş, B. M., Uzun-Oğuz, E., Oral, G., & Öztürk, M. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.010 · Cited by 12
Preventing violence against children at schools in resource-poor environments: Operational culture as an overarching entry point
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“…these findings may speak to why individuals with history of childhood trauma are more likely to exchange sex for money, drugs, or shelter (Goodman & Fallot, 1998; Parillo et al., 2001; see Paolucci et al., 2001 for a meta-analysis), a finding that, to date, has been mainly unaddressed empirically.”
Background
Are Child Abusers Sexually Attracted to Submissiveness? Assessment of Sex-Related Cognition With the Implicit Association Test
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The Role of Family Environment in the Dating Relationships and Readiness for Marriage of Young Adult Male Survivors of Non-Familial Childhood Sexual Abuse
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Theories of the Family and PolicyPreprint
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Understanding the Scope of Child Sexual Abuse: Challenges and Opportunities
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“…large-scale longitudinal studies and meta-analyses indicate CSA is associated with reduced cognitive ability and educational achievement (e.g., Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2001), impaired psychosocial functioning (e.g., depression) (e.g., Maniglio, 2009, 2013; Putnam, 2003), conduct problems…”
Background
Child sexual abuse and family outcomes
de Jong, R. R., & Bijleveld, C. C. J. H. (2015) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-015-0046-1 · Cited by 10
“1996), suffer more often from depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (Paolucci et al. 2001; Neumann et al. 1996; Jumper 1995; Chen et al. 2010), and have lower self-esteem (Jumper 1995) than those not sexually abused as a child.”
Background
Sexual Cognitions in Victims of Childhood and Adolescence/Adulthood Sexual Abuse
Moyano, N., & Sierra, J. C. (2015) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.40 · Cited by 10
Why Didn’t They Intervene? Examining the Role of Guardianship in Preventing Institutional Child Sexual Abuse
Lockitch, J., Rayment‐McHugh, S., & McKillop, N. (2022) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2022.2133042 · Cited by 12
“The negative sequalae of CSA victimization, including lifetime diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, higher rates of revictimization, and negative education outcomes (e.g., Fry et al., 2018; Paolucci et al., 2001), highlights the importance of preventing CSA from occurring in the first place.”
Background
Predictors of Unsafe Sex among At-Risk Heterosexual Women.
Elifson, K. W., Klein, H., & Sterk, C. E. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Greca, A. M. L., Taylor, C. J., & Herge, W. M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0008 · Cited by 10
Understanding the behavioral aspects of cyber sexual grooming
Hui, D. T. L., Xin, C. W., & Khader, M. (2015) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/1461355714566782 · Cited by 10
“Self-harming, suicidal ideations, eating disorders, avoidance behaviors, and low self-esteem are likely results of CSG (Dombrowski et al., 2003; Paolucci et al., 2001; Wachs et al., 2012).”
Background
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Coping as Young Adults: The Roles of Attachment and Mattering
Love, S., & Robinson, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520958647 · Cited by 10
“…et al., 2018) that include ineffective coping, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, and academic difficulties (Amado et al., 2015; Paolucci et al., 2001), interpersonal and intimate relationship problems (e.g., Lassri et al., 2018), and parenting problems (parent–child role…”
Background
Attention Problems and Comorbid Symptoms following Child Sexual Abuse
Mii, A. E., McCoy, K., Coffey, H. M., Meidlinger, K., Sonnen, E., Huit, T. Z., Flood, M. F., & Hansen, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2020.1841353 · Cited by 10
Overall and Gender-specific Associations between Dimensions of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Outcomes among Homeless Adults: Associations Générales et Sexospécifiques Entre les Dimensions des Expériences Défavorables de L’enfance et les Résultats de Santé Mentale Chez les Adultes Sans Abri
Liu, M., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Latimer, E. A., Aubry, T., Somers, J. M., Distasio, J., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743721989158 · Cited by 10
“Several past studies—including meta-analyses and prospective studies—have also found that childhood sexual abuse is associated with a wide variety of psychopathologies, including PTSD, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and suicidality.(37,38) A meta-analysis also demonstrated strong associations of nonsexual…”
Background
How Adults Tell: A Study of Adults' Experiences of Disclosure to Child Protection Social Work Services
Mooney, J. (2021) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2677 · Cited by 12
“…reviews have also shown that childhood sexual abuse can increase the risks of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, suicidality and engaging in victim–perpetrator cycles (Oddone et al., 2001), and is associated with a higher risk of various health and mental health problems (Maniglio, 2009).”
Background
How to Treat Childhood Sexual Abuse Related PTSD Accompanied by Risky Sexual Behavior: A Case Study on the Use of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD)
Steil, R., Schneider, A., & Schwartzkopff, L. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00421-6 · Cited by 15
“Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) has been associated with a variety of negative short- and long-term psychological consequences, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, substance abuse and low self-esteem (Kendall-Tackett et al., 1993; Neumann et al., 1996; Paolucci et al., 2001).”
Background
Therapeutic services for sexually abused children and young people: scoping the evidence base
Allnock, D. S., & Hynes, P. (2011) · Cited by 10
Les conséquences développementales de la maltraitance des filles1
Smith, C. A., & Ireland, T. O. (2005) · Criminologie · doi:10.7202/011486ar · Cited by 10
“77 Alors qu’une bonne partie de la littérature sur la maltraitance des filles porte sur l’abus sexuel (Kendler et al., 2000 ; Mannarino et al., 1991 ; Paolucci et al., 2001 ; Putnam, 2003 ; Siegel et Williams, 2003 ; Roberts et al., 2004), d’autres recherches se sont concentrées sur le concept…”
Background
Childhood sexual abuse and pubertal timing: implications for long-term psychosocial adjustment
Bergevin, T. A., Bukowski, W. M., & Karavasilis, L. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489716.011 · Cited by 10

Authors: Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C.
Affiliations: University of Calgary (CA)
ORCID: Paolucci, Elizabeth ODDONE
Violato, Claudio
Venue: The Journal of Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2001-01
Volume: 135
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-36
ISSN: 0022-3980 (ISSN-L)
1940-1019
DOI: 10.1080/00223980109603677
OpenAlex: W2017439967
Cited by: 1,144
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 3.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Keywords: child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, promiscuity, academic performance, long-term effects of abuse, mediators
MeSH terms: Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide

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A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

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