Measuring the ups and downs of pregnancy stress

DiPietro, JA; Ghera, MM; Costigan, K; Hawkins, M

doi:10.1080/01674820400017830

Cited by 198Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumPregnancy-related medical researchPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Measuring the ups and downs of pregnancy stress

DiPietro, JA, Ghera, MM, Costigan, K, Hawkins, M·2004·Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology

DOI 10.1080/01674820400017830

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Abstract

Despite substantial interest in the effects of stress on pregnancy, few instruments are available to measure pregnancy-specific stressors. Moreover, research has typically focused on the distressing, negative aspects of pregnancy. This report examines the reliability and validity of the Pregnancy Experience Scale (PES), a 41-item scale that measures pregnancy-specific daily hassles and uplifts. The PES was administered to two cohorts of low risk women at 24, 30, and 36 weeks (n = 52) or 32 and 38 weeks (n = 137). Women perceived their pregnancies to be significantly more intensely and frequently uplifting than hassling. Internal scale reliability was high (alpha = 0.91 to 0.95). Frequency and intensity scores for hassles and uplifts were stable over time (r's = 0.56 to 0.83) and patterns of convergent and discriminant validity emerged between the PES and existing measures of general affective intensity, daily stressors, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. These results indicate that (1) failure to measure pregnancy-specific stress will underestimate the degree to which pregnant women experience distress and (2) measurement of only the negative aspects of pregnancy will overestimate distress and fail to portray the degree to which women are psychologically elevated by their pregnancies. Measurement of hassles relative to uplifts may provide the most balanced assessment of pregnancy appraisal.

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Pregnancy anxiety is a more sensitive predictor of birth outcomes than general anxiety.
“Pregnancy anxiety has been suggested to be a more sensitive predictor of birth outcomes than general anxiety (Wadhwa et al., 1993; DiPietro et al., 2004; Roesch et al., 2004; Kramer et al., 2009)”
From High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children. (2010) · cites this paper as DiPietro et al., 2004
Pregnancy anxiety has higher predictive quality for birth outcomes and fetal/child development than general stress scales.
“This is emphasized by observations of pregnancy anxiety having a higher predictive quality for birth outcomes and fetal/child development than general stress scales (Wadhwa et al., 1993; Huizink et al., 2003; DiPietro et al., 2004; Roesch et al., 2004; Dipietro et al., 2006; Kramer et al., 2009; Davis & Sandman, in press)”
From High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children. (2010) · cites this paper as DiPietro et al., 2004

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Authors: DiPietro, J., Ghera, M., Costigan, K., & Hawkins, M.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Costigan, K
Hawkins, M
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 189-201
ISSN: 0167-482X (ISSN-L)
1743-8942
DOI: 10.1080/01674820400017830
OpenAlex: W2123199847
Cited by: 198
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 2.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD 27592, R01HD027592)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: pregnancy stress, daily hassles, uplift, scale reliability, scale validity, depressive symptoms, anxiety, low-risk pregnant women
MeSH terms: Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Psychology, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies

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Measuring the ups and downs of pregnancy stress

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