Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two
Abstract
Concern exists that a constellation of negative maternal emotions during pregnancy generates persistent negative consequences for child development. Maternal reports of anxiety, pregnancy-specific and nonspecific stress, and depressive symptoms were collected during mid-pregnancy and at 6 weeks and 24 months after birth in a sample of healthy women with low risk pregnancies. Developmental assessment and cardiac vagal tone monitoring were administered to 94 children at age 2. Higher levels of prenatal anxiety, nonspecific stress, and depressive symptoms were associated with more advanced motor development in children after postnatal control for each psychological measure; anxiety and depression were also significantly and positively associated with mental development. Mild to moderate levels of psychological distress may enhance fetal maturation in healthy populations.
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Pregnancy-specific stress measures predict developmental outcomes better than general psychological distress measures.
“Further evidence suggests that measures of pregnancy specific stress are better than measures of generalized psychological distress for predicting developmental outcomes including, fetal behavior (DiPietro et al., 2002), infant cognitive and motor development (Huizink et al., 2003; Dipietro et al., 2006; Davis & Sandman, in press) and infant emotional regulation (Dipietro et al., 2006).”
From High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children. (2010) · cites this paper as Dipietro et al., 2006
Pregnancy anxiety scales better assess pregnancy-specific anxieties and worries than general stress, depression, and anxiety scales.
“Scales measuring pregnancy anxiety have been suggested to better assess anxieties and worries related specifically to pregnancy than general scales of stress, depression and anxiety (Huizink et al., 2004; Dipietro et al., 2006).”
From High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children. (2010) · cites this paper as Dipietro et al., 2006
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- Authors
- DiPietro, J. A., Novak, M. F. S. X., Costigan, K. A., Atella, L. D., & Reusing, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- DiPietro, Janet A
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-05-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 573-587
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2167395906
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 11.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD027592)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- maternal distress, prenatal anxiety, prenatal stress, maternal depressive symptoms, motor development, cognitive development, cardiac vagal tone, fetal maturity, low-risk pregnancy, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Arousal, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Neurologic Examination, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Assessment, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Psychomotor Performance, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Infant Behavior, Fetal Development
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